Blockchain Papers

Sirojev Muhriddin Ramazonov Iftixor

Ushbu maqolada cloud computing muhitida ta'lim muassasalarining maxfiy ma'lumotlarini himoya qilishda encryption (shifrlash) texnologiyasini qo'llash masalalari ko'rib chiqilgan. Zamonaviy ta'lim tizimlarida raqamlashtirishning jadal rivojlanishi axborot xavfsizligiga yangi talablar qo'ymoqda. Tadqiqotda AES, RSA, ECC kabi simmetrik va asimmetrik shifrlash algoritmlari tahlil qilingan, ularning ta'lim platformalarida qo'llanilishi, samaradorligi va cheklovlari o'rganilgan. Shuningdek, end-to-end encryption, zero-knowledge proof va post-kvant kriptografiya kabi ilg'or yondashuvlar ko'rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, to'g'ri tanlangan va tatbiq etilgan shifrlash tizimi ta'lim muassasalarining ma'lumotlar xavfsizligini 97% gacha ta'minlashi mumkin. Maqola dasturchilar, ta'lim texnologiyalari mutaxassislari va axborot xavfsizligi sohasidagi tadqiqotchilar uchun amaliy ahamiyat kasb etadi.

G'oyibnazarova Aziza Abdullo qizi

Mazkur ilmiy tezisda blokcheyn texnologiyasining xavfsizlik jihatlari, ayniqsa markazlashmagan tarmoqlarda yuzaga keladigan asosiy tahdidlar va ularni bartaraf etish usullari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida 51% hujumi, Sybil hujumi, Double Spending, smart-kontrakt zaifliklari, kriptografik kalitlar bilan bog'liq muammolar hamda DDoS hujumlarining blokcheyn infratuzilmasiga ta'siri o'rganildi. Shuningdek, Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, Multi-signature, shifrlash algoritmlari va audit mexanizmlarining xavfsizlikni ta'minlashdagi roli ilmiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot natijalari blokcheyn texnologiyasining yuqori darajadagi himoya imkoniyatlariga ega ekanligini ko'rsatsa-da, inson omili va dasturiy zaifliklar sababli xavfsizlikka tahdidlar saqlanib qolayotganini ko'rsatadi.

Toshniyozov Sherali Kamoliddinovich

Annotatsiya.Ushbu maqolada blockchain texnologiyasining moliyaviy tranzaksiyalarni nazorat qilishdagi arxitekturaviy imkoniyatlari IMRAD metodologiyasi doirasida tahlil qilinadi. Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), smart-kontraktlar va kriptografik audit izlarining moliyaviy nazorat tizimiga integratsiyasi nazariy va empirik jihatdan asoslantirilgan. Yettita konsensus algoritmi (PoW, PoS, PBFT, DPoS, PoA, Raft) moliyaviy sektor uchun qiyosiy baholangan. An’anaviy va blockchain asosidagi nazorat tizimlarining olti o‘lchamda qiyosiy tahlili o‘tkazildi. ISO 31000:2018 asosida yettita asosiy risk (R₁–R₇) baholandi. Estoniya, Dubay, Singapur, JPMorgan, Braziliya va O‘zbekiston misolida xalqaro tajriba sintezi amalga oshirildi. Samaradorlik tahlili shuni ko‘rsatadiki, blockchain asosidagi nazorat tizimi tranzaksiya narxini 40–60%, operatsiya vaqtini 60–70%, xatoliklar sonini 80–90% va audit jarayonini 50–60% qisqartirishi mumkin. O‘zbekiston uchun Hyperledger Fabric + PBFT/PoA konsensus asosidagi ruxsatli blockchain modeli tavsiya etiladi. Kalit so‘zlar: blockchain, distributed ledger technology (DLT), smart-kontrakt, konsensus algoritmi, kriptografik audit izi, moliyaviy nazorat, zero-knowledge proof, CBDC, Hyperledger Fabric, O‘zbekiston raqamli moliyasi. Аннотация. В данной статье в рамках методологии IMRAD анализируются архитектурные возможности технологии блокчейн в сфере контроля финансовых транзакций. Теоретически и эмпирически обоснована интеграция технологии распределенного реестра (DLT), смарт-контрактов и криптографических аудиторских следов в систему финансового контроля. Проведена сравнительная оценка семи алгоритмов консенсуса (PoW, PoS, PBFT, DPoS, PoA, Raft) для финансового сектора. Осуществлен сравнительный анализ традиционных и основанных на блокчейне систем контроля по шести параметрам. На основе стандарта ISO 31000:2018 оценены семь ключевых рисков (R1-R7). Выполнен синтез международного опыта на примере Эстонии, Дубая, Сингапура, JPMorgan, Бразилии и Узбекистана. Анализ эффективности показывает, что система контроля на основе блокчейна может сократить стоимость транзакций на 40-60%, время операций - на 60-70%, количество ошибок - на 80-90% и длительность аудита - на 50-60%. Для Узбекистана рекомендуется модель разрешенного блокчейна на базе Hyperledger Fabric с консенсусом PBFT/PoA. Ключевые слова: блокчейн, технология распределенного реестра (DLT), смарт-контракт, алгоритм консенсуса, криптографический аудиторский след, финансовый контроль, доказательство с нулевым разглашением, CBDC, Hyperledger Fabric, цифровые финансы Узбекистана. Abstract. This article analyzes the architectural capabilities of blockchain technology in monitoring financial transactions, utilizing the IMRAD methodology. It provides theoretical and empirical justification for integrating Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), smart contracts, and cryptographic audit trails into financial monitoring systems. Seven consensus algorithms (PoW, PoS, PBFT, DPoS, PoA, Raft) are comparatively evaluated for their suitability in the financial sector. A comparative analysis of traditional and blockchain-based monitoring systems is conducted across six dimensions. Seven key risks (R1-R7) are assessed in accordance with ISO 31000:2018. A synthesis of international experience is presented, drawing on case studies from Estonia, Dubai, Singapore, JPMorgan, Brazil, and Uzbekistan. The efficiency analysis indicates that a blockchain-based monitoring system can reduce transaction costs by 40-60%, operational time by 60-70%, error rates by 80-90%, and audit process duration by 50-60%. For Uzbekistan, a permissioned blockchain model based on Hyperledger Fabric, utilizing a PBFT or PoA consensus algorithm, is recommended. Keywords: blockchain, distributed ledger technology (DLT), smart contract, consensus algorithm, cryptographic audit trail, financial monitoring, zero-knowledge proof, CBDC, Hyperledger Fabric, Uzbekistan digital finance.

Vladlen D. Afonin, Sergey Zapechnikov

В статье рассматривается проблема применимости отечественных криптографических алгоритмов в современных системах доказательств с нулевым разглашением (zero-knowledge proofs, ZKP), которые находят широкое применение в блокчейнах, цифровой идентификации, медицинских и биометрических системах, а также в задачах машинного обучения и защиты конфиденциальных данных. Особое внимание уделено использованию алгоритма хэширования ГОСТ 34.11-2018 «Стрибог» в качестве случайного оракула в протоколах доказательств, где этот компонент играет ключевую роль для обеспечения корректности и безопасности вычислений. В работе проводится краткий обзор современных парадигм построения систем доказательства выполнения произвольных вычислений. В качестве объекта анализа выбран постквантовый протокол FRI, который активно применяется в агрегируемых ZKP-системах и опирается на использование хэш-функций для построения деревьев Меркля и генерации случайных элементов поля. Авторами реализована экспериментальная версия протокола FRI на языке Python с возможностью замены криптографических примитивов и проведения замеров производительности. В рамках эксперимента стандартные хэш-функции семейства Keccak были заменены на «Стрибог», что позволило провести сравнение времени работы протокола. Результаты показали, что использование ГОСТ 34.11-2018 приводит к замедлению генерации доказательства примерно в два раза, однако такое снижение производительности не является критичным для приложений, где ключевым фактором выступает соответствие национальным стандартам и регуляторным требованиям. Сделан вывод о принципиальной возможности применения алгоритма «Стрибог» в ZKP-протоколах и обозначены направления дальнейшей оптимизации его использования, включая аппаратные ускорения и адаптацию к современным моделям построения хэш-губок.

Islambek Saymanov, Iouliia Skliarova, Boykuziev Ilkhom, Orif Allanov

No abstract is available for this record.

O. Yu. Averkov, Alexandr Kuznetsov, I.V. Lysytska

Relevance: Starting with the invention of the Internet, the world began to change rapidly, and the pace of change is increasing, so the problem of data storage and processing is becoming more and more relevant. The ZK-STARK protocol is a new cryptographic zero-knowledge proof protocol that is not yet widely used in practice and allows you to check a message or a transaction on the blockchain network for authenticity without reproducing it completely. At the moment, gaps and problems related to this protocol are identified: computational complexity, possible poor compatibility with other protocols, and resistance to attacks from quantum computers. Therefore, the paper aims to supplement the coverage of the problem associated with computational complexity and to propose solutions to this problem. Purpose: on the basis of the theoretical implementation of the first stage named Arithmetization of the ZK-STARK protocol, to test its software implementation in order to provide recommendations on its most computationally efficient version. Research methods: mathematical statements on interpolation theory, group theory, number theory; information on Fibonacci numbers; information on the Euler function; generating element of a group; cyclic groups; Lagrange interpolation polynomial and the sequence of calculations of Arithmetization; Visual Studio 2022 programming environment, C++ programming language, NTL library, Microsoft Excel. Results of work: The result of the work is the theoretical implementation of the first stage of the ZK-STARK protocol and the effectiveness testing of the first stage, and providing recommendations for its most effective version. Conclusion: Testing has shown that the practical implementation of the Arithmetization based on the inverse fast Fourier transform has a time complexity , that is in times less than the time complexity of the Arithmetization based on inverse matrices method and Gaussian method for interpolation, that speeds up the work of Arithmetization of the ZK-STARK protocol.

K P Premalatha, Kuldip Kumar Sahu, Murli Manohar Gour

This paper explores the performance of implemented cryptography algorithms used for various blockchain technologies, which include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger. Diverse techniques for assessing cryptographic algorithm implementations and their relative performances are mentioned, inclusive of efficiency (variety of bits processed in step with unit time), strength intake, and hardware overhead. Through studying the computational complexity, conversation complexity, and garage ability, the paper assesses commonplace operations together with key era, key alternate, virtual signature, and encryption/decryption for a ramification of algorithms. Further, the scalability of the algorithms on big networks is tested and analyzed. ultimately, an assessment of the security of the algorithms is executed by measuring security parameters, which include facet-channel assault resistance, nonce reuse resistance, and quantum resistance. This paper provides an overview of the overall performance of applied cryptography algorithms, which allows researchers and developers to pick out the algorithm that is most appropriate for their blockchain utility.

N. Jeyakkannan, G. Subathra, R. Karthika, A. Lavanya · 5 authors

The perception and functional infrastructure of smart networks are changing as a result of the advent of blockchain technology and the proliferation of IoT-driven devices. Deploying Ethereum's smart contracts, the blockchain allows secure administration, authentication, and access to IoT equipment. Blockchain-IoT systems are creating a high amount of sensitive data due to increased demand and growth. DDoS assaults pose the most serious danger to smart contracts in blockchain-IoT systems, according to a new report. Smart contracts in blockchain-IoT systems currently lack any kind of security mechanism. Artificial intelligence approaches for threat categorization utilizing Adaptive Weighted MLP ("Multi-Layer Perceptron") are used first in the proposed security architecture to provide complete autonomy in making decisions. The primary job of the transaction handling engine is to use adaptive weighted MLP to categorize transactions into regular and attack kinds. If the transaction is legitimate, the smart contract will carry out its business logic and add it to the blockchain network in the cloud, where it will be included to future transactions. SHA-256 hash value calculation is used to generate the certificate key. Ethereum Blockchain-based proof of authority is used for data aggregation and transaction addition in the Consensus blockchain mechanism. Homomorphic cryptography schemes are also applied to enhance security. To avoid intrusions, the security of the system is improved. The proposed framework's performance is measured against a real-world IoT dataset, called BoT-IoT20,21, which comprises current DoS ("Denial-of-Service"), DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack"), and other IoT-based attack samples. We used a variety of assessment measures to determine how effective the suggested distributed system is in finding DDoS attacks. It's also been likened to some of the most modern approaches in the field.

Evgeny A. Basinya, MEPhl", , Moscow, 115409, Russian Federation, N. Karapetyants · 5 authors

The lack of a user identification system and the existence of a variety of ways to obfuscate a transaction on the Bitcoin network is of great interest to attackers and can be used by them to conduct illegal activities. There is a need to develop new methods of cash identification in the Bitcoin network. The purpose of this work is to develop a method of transaction verification in the Bitcoin network to improve the efficiency of the process of identification of illegally obtained funds and their sources. The work solves the following tasks: the development of a method for transaction verification in the Bitcoin network and the development of a decision support system, which includes the proposed method. The article describes each of the stages of the method: collection, aggregation, processing and analysis of information. The information analysis stage proposes a clustering method that takes into account an extended set of empirical rules (heuristics) of transaction analysis, as well as information about Bitcoin network address owners. The scientific novelty lies in increasing the efficiency of the identification process of illegally obtained funds and their sources through a comprehensive analysis of transactions, including the extended collection of information and its subsequent aggregation in the multi-model database of the decision support system. In contrast to existing methods, the reliability of the identification of Bitcoin network subjects is increased through the use of intelligent methods of data analysis. The results of this work will provide an opportunity to develop new and improve existing transaction analysis tools in future research, which will allow more effective identification of funds in the Bitcoin network associated with illegal activities.

Evgeny A. Basinya, Nikolay Karapetyants, M. Karapetyants

Today, the Bitcoin network faces a number of challenges, such as flawed user identification and fraudulent transaction methods that are used by criminals to conduct illegal activities. As a result, there is a growing need to improve existing tools for tracking transactions, as well as to develop new methods for identifying money in the Bitcoin network. The paper presents a study and systematization of the subject area problems, and also considers possible approaches to neutralize it. The purpose of this work is to analyze the existing methods of transaction verification of the Bitcoin network. Within the framework of the work, a system architecture is proposed, which includes a comprehensive approach to the process of transaction analysis. Each of the stages of this process is described: information gathering, aggregation, processing and analysis. An extended set of empirical rules (heuristics) for transaction analysis, which are used in existing clustering methods, is considered. The results of this work will provide an opportunity to improve the existing Bitcoin transaction verification methods and develop a new one with the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the process of identification of illegally obtained funds and their sources.

Gayrat Juraev, Kuvonchbek Rakhimberdiev, Bekzod Sultonmurodovich Toshpulov

No abstract is available for this record.

Yu. Kryvenko

Кривенко Ю

Ernazar Reypnazarov, Halimjon Khujamatov, Debasis Das, Doston Khasanov · 6 authors

The rapid growth of wireless communication technologies has led to an exponential increase in the demand for spectrum resources. Spectrum management, the process of allocation and control of limited radio frequency spectrum, is critical to the efficient and equitable distribution of this scarce resource. However, traditional methods of spectrum management face many problems, including inefficiency, lack of transparency and proneness to fraud. In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a potential solution to these problems. The emergence of smart contracts using blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize spectrum trading and improve spectrum management practices. This paper explores the application of blockchain in spectrum management and discusses its potential to revolutionize the way spectrum resources are allocated and managed. Also, the concept of smart contracts and their application in spectrum trading are studied. It discusses the benefits of using smart contracts for transparent and efficient spectrum transactions, implementation challenges, and potential solutions. Through the use of smart contracts, a secure and decentralized market for spectrum resources can be created, facilitating dynamic and flexible allocation of spectrum.

Kuvonchbek Rakhimberdiev, Akram Ishnazarov, Oydinoy Khayitova, Otabek K Abdullayev · 5 authors

Currently, artificial intelligence technologies are rapidly entering many areas of our society. It should be said that currently several reforms are being implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the development of artificial intelligence technologies. In particular, the decision of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On measures to create conditions for the rapid introduction of artificial intelligence technologies" dated February 17, 2021, No. PQ-4996 defines the main tasks in this regard. One of the most pressing issues studied by modern researchers is the issues related to the topic of digitalization of the educational process. In this article, the stages of development of artificial intelligence, and its application in the field of modern education are presented. The potential of artificial intelligence in education is also considered. At the same time, the processes of intellectual education are modeled mathematically. Algorithms of intellectual educational processes are proposed using CCN, and SHAP algorithms for organizing intellectual educational processes.Also, issues of ensuring the immutability and confidentiality of student evaluation results on distance education platforms, a strategy for ensuring the security of student test and control data using blockchain technology are presented.

Dmitry Kushnir, Maxim Kovtsur, Ammar Muthanna, Anastasiia Kistruga · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Juraev Gayrat Umarovich, Rakhimberdiev Kuvonchbek Bakhtiyorovich

In this article, the credit system is finalized to ensure the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 12, 2020 No. 5992 «On the Strategy for Reforming the Banking System in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2025». Information security problems in the credit system and their solutions, as well as effective modeling of lender-borrower relations, model iterative calculation and quantitative analysis of the assessment of loan funds by credit institutions based on established criteria, the introduction of a two-way graphical method for assessing the decision-making process, development of decision-making models by banks and other credit organizations as an integral part of the UzBCS credit platform (Uzbekistan Blockchain Credit System), a mathematical model of an integrated decision-making process has been proposed that allows banks and other organizations to evaluate and select reliable borrowers.

Исломжон Абдуллаев

Блокчейн тақсимланган реестр технологияси (distributed ledger technology) номи билан ҳам кенг тарқалган бўлиб, ўзида турли транзакциялар ва операцияларни блоклар занжирида тарқатилган тартибда сақлайди ҳамда ушбу амалиётларни амалга оширишда учинчи тараф талаб этилмайди. Ҳозирги кунга қадар ушбу технология ўзгармас эканлиги (хавфсизлик нуқтаи назаридан), яхлитлиги ҳамда ишончлилик ҳолатларини аллақачон исботлаб улгурган. Ушбу мақолада мавжуд технологиянинг ақлли тизимлар хавфсизлиги ва ишончлилигини таъминлашда фойдаланиш ҳолатлари ўрганиб чиқилган.

A. V. Siriak, Valentina Turchyna

The problem of constructing a NIZK proof of knowledge of a multivariate polynomial’s zero is considered. A previously developed method for SNARK construction based on Quadratic Arithmetic Programs and Pinocchio protocol is adapted to solve the stated problem efficiently.

Mikhail Gorodnichev, E. G. Kukharenko, T. U. Salutina, Marina Moseva · 5 authors

Abstract This article is devoted to the development of an information system for conducting financial transactions on a cryptocurrency exchange based on blockchain technology. The paper provides a brief overview of the underlying technology, the advantages and disadvantages are identified, the design of the information system and user interface is carried out.