Blockchain Papers

Mingjie Wang, Jing Zhao

No abstract is available for this record.

Sergey Abrahamyan

Abstract Zero-knowledge range proofs (ZKRPs) allow a prover to convince a verifier that a committed value lies in a given interval without revealing the value itself. Such proofs are widely used in financial applications and cryptocurrencies. This paper presents a new noninteractive ZKRP protocol derived from an order-revealing encryption (ORE) construction, enabling comparisons over encrypted data. The proposed protocol adapts a large-domain ORE structure to obtain an efficient range-proof mechanism and introduces a corresponding key-management/setup procedure. We discuss correctness, security considerations under standard ORE leakage, and provide performance and memory estimates.

Qingshui Xue, Sida Fan, Mengyao Shi

No abstract is available for this record.

Jian Rao, Juan Peng

With the development of educational modernization, digital technology has become a key force driving educational progress. As a decentralized, secure and reliable technology, blockchain has application potential in educational resource management, information management and the construction of basic platforms. At present, the cross-disciplinary integration in design faces many challenges, such as the problem of disciplinary barriers, the difficulty in protecting resource property rights, technical obstacles, the high cost of resource sharing, and the lack of a dynamic monitoring and evaluation system, etc. This paper studies the connotation, characteristics of blockchain and its coupling in interdisciplinary integration, designs an interdisciplinary integration resource platform based on blockchain, including network architecture, functions, learning coins and supply levels. This platform, through technological approaches such as distributed ledgers and smart contracts, enhances the effectiveness of cross-disciplinary integration, improves the level of copyright protection, reduces sharing costs, and realizes the automated operation of the regulatory system, providing new ideas and practical methods for the high-quality development of design education.

Xuejie Liu

At present, the existing databases in medical institutions are characterized by singularity and centralization in storage methods. This makes it difficult to guarantee the security, integrity, and traceability of electronic medical data, thus posing a threat to patients' medical privacy. Although some studies have proposed data security storage solutions based on cloud storage and the like, such solutions rely on a completely trustworthy third-party to ensure the reliability of interactions. To address the above-mentioned problems, this paper proposes a decentralized health management data storage mechanism by integrating blockchain technology based on the improved PBFT consensus algorithm. This mechanism uses the improved PBFT consensus algorithm and the optimized Hash encryption algorithm to securely and effectively store health management data in a distributed database, ensuring the integrity and traceability of the data. At the same time, a new data interaction system is designed to prevent direct interaction between the third-party and the database, preventing untrustworthy third-parties from maliciously damaging the data and ensuring data security. In addition, through access control and the Lucene retrieval mechanism, patient privacy is protected and rapid retrieval of health management data is achieved. Experimental analysis shows that compared with algorithms such as Proof of Work (POW) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS), the improved PBFT consensus algorithm endows the medical blockchain system with better stability and throughput. Compared with the ordinary database interaction method, the designed data interaction system effectively prevents direct operations on the database and has good security and anti-tampering properties. Experimental data indicates that the decentralized health management data storage system constructed by integrating blockchain technology based on the improved PBFT consensus algorithm realizes the secure storage, traceability, and anti-tampering of health management data, overcomes the problems of centralized storage, non-traceability, and vulnerability to attacks of health management data, and lays a foundation for the in-depth application and development of blockchain technology in the medical information field.

Xiaoxin Cui

The combination of blockchain technology provides an innovative solution to the widespread application and critical security challenges of big data in the current digital era. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel blockchain-based secure storage strategy for unstructured big data, which utilizes blockchain's distributed ledger technology to ensure the integrity and traceability of data storage, and strengthens the security protection of the data in the transmission and storage process by employing advanced encryption algorithms, such as asymmetric encryption and hash functions. Finally, we use MongoDB in conjunction with blockchain technology to realize a system architecture aimed at enhancing data confidentiality and tamper resistance through efficient encryption techniques.

Xiaoyan Huang

According to the rapid development of the Greater Bay Area of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao, a talent evaluation system was developed in this study based on blockchain technology. The system was an accurate, transparent, and secure tool for industry and education. An evaluation system was developed, too for distributed identity verification, decentralized skill authentication, and smart contracts. It was designed based on the result of the analysis of the industrial structure and talent demand of the Greater Bay Area. Several determination criteria were used to improve the accuracy and uniqueness of the evaluation. Blockchain technology was used to ensure the compatibility of the information with the incentive mechanism to enhance transparency. Smart contracts were used for the automation of the evaluation process to optimize the evaluation efficiency. A simulation was carried out with the hash value of the blockchain's distributed ledger, the skill-matching degree parameters, and academic authenticity parameters to ensure the safe transmission and storage of private information. The results showed that the application of the blockchain-based talent evaluation system met the industry's demand for high-quality talent and provided intuitive and comprehensive feedback for educational institutions and the in-depth development of the integration of industry and education. The system, as an advanced blockchain technology, provides theoretical guidance for the integration of industry and education and a solid foundation for the innovative development of talent cultivation.

Huanyu Wang, Xiaogang Ma

No abstract is available for this record.

Abbas Yazdinejad, Elnaz Rabieinejad, Ali Dehghantanha, Reza M. Parizi · 5 authors

With the advancement of information and communication technology, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), popularly known as drones, have also increased. The drones have been noted for their wide range of applications such as military, search and rescue operation, disaster detection and monitoring, agriculture, and delivery. Each type of drone has different characteristics and functionality based on its application, making them a security threat for some city zone. Therefore, there is an essential need for efficient drone management based on their type and application in different zones. To do this, we proposed a Machine learning (ML) based Software Defined Network (SDN) drone management framework. In this framework, the SDN controller uses ML with the drone’s radio frequency feature to detect its type and application and, according to its application, authenticate it and assign communication rules. SDN controller records authentication information in a DAG-based Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) available for other SDN controllers. When a drone desires to migrate to another zone, the destination SDN controller can achieve authentication information by referring to DAG-based DLT, and there is no need for re-authentication. The experimental result shows authentication delay reduction in our proposed framework. Moreover, we adopted ML algorithms includes Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LR), to evaluate our proposed framework in drone’s type classification. The result shows that the RF algorithm shows the best performance with 92.81% accuracy in the classification of the drone’s type.

Fangqing Liu, Huang Han, Xiang Yi, Zhifeng Hao

<p indent="0mm">Reentrancy vulnerability commonly exists in smart contracts and results in serious economic losses. The existing symbolic execution-based static analyzing tools detect the reentrancy vulnerability by evaluating the default rules. However, the incompleteness of the default rules can lead to false positive judgments. We attempt to solve this problem from the perspective of test case generation based on dynamic execution. In this paper, the application scenario is abstracted as a mathematical model of the automated test case generation for path coverage (ATCG-PC) with reentrancy loop paths. The reentrancy vulnerability can be detected by executing the test cases of the reentrancy loop paths. The swarm intelligence algorithm represented by the pigeon optimization algorithm is a common method for solving the black-box optimization problem. The pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm searches in the neighbor of the population optimal solution; however, the optimal solution of the large-scale black-box optimization problem may not be in this neighbor. An improved pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm is proposed herein to improve the path coverage rate of the pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm for the ATCG-PC. The proposed algorithm allocates more computational resources to the subspace related to the target path, consequently improving the effectiveness of the pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm. It helps the pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm to cover the reentrancy loop path. The experimental results show that the improved pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm can effectively generate path coverage test cases in different smart contracts. The proposed method can also find all possible paths and accurately detect the reentrancy vulnerabilities when other tools (i.e., Oyente, Securify, and Smartcheck) make false positive judgments in the eight selected benchmarks. The recognition accuracy of the reentrancy vulnerabilities is improved by 12.5%, 12.5%, and 25%.

Hongjiao Wu, Ashutosh Dhar Dwivedi, Gautam Srivastava

The essence of “blockchain” is a shared database in which information stored is un-falsifiable, traceable, open, and transparent. Therefore, to improve the security of private information in medical systems, this article uses blockchain technology to design a method to protect private information in medical systems and effectively realize anti-theft control of private information. First, the Patient-oriented Privacy Preserving Access Control model is introduced into the access control process of private information in medical systems. Next, a private information storage platform is built by using blockchain technology, and information transmission is realized using standard cryptographic algorithms. In this process, file authorization contracts are also used to guarantee the security of private information and further prevent theft of medical private information. Our simulation results show that the storage response time of this method is kept below 1,000 ms, and the maximum information throughput rate reaches 550 kbit/s, which indicates that this method has strong performance in information storage and transmission efficiency. Moreover, the reliability and bandwidth utilization of data transmission across domains is higher, so the method has higher information security control performance and superior overall performance.

Hongzhi Yang, Linyun Yuan, Shu Wang

In view of the current blockchain network transaction data information is completely open and transparent, which causes that identity privacy information of the trading parties is faced major security risks, a smart contract scheme based on ring signature is proposed after the research and analysis of the blockchain smart contract. The ring signature algorithm is invoked during the transaction to authenticate the identity of the transaction initiator, so that the identity of the sender can be hidden in a group of public key rings, and the user can achieve the anonymous transaction on the blockchain. Furthermore, the smart contract based on ring signature is applied to the on-chain storage of data information of Internet of Things devices, and its related functions are verified and analyzed by experiments. It proves that this scheme is feasible, and can effectively realize the secure on-chain storage and management of data information of Internet of Things devices.

Shukun Liu, Yinglong Dai, Zuowei Cai, Xianmin Pan · 5 authors

Based on the cloud platform, the concept and importance of double-precision teaching in wisdom teaching is analyzed, and the basic framework of online and offline wisdom teaching based on blockchain technology is constructed in this paper. Based on the characteristics of blockchain such as security and decentralization, an accurate learning resource teaching model based on knowledge representation of learners and teaching resources is proposed. A double-precision collaborative strategy of accurate perception of wisdom teaching demand and accurate supply of resources is proposed. The framework of wisdom teaching is constructed, in which the accurate perception of wisdom teaching demand and the accurate supply of resources based on big data technology is analyzed. Based on blockchain technology, tracking the learning records of learners at each stage of learning is helpful. It effectively promotes the distribution and sharing of learning resources, efficiently bridges teaching resources and learning requirements, and provides more accurate, personalized learning support, and services for learners. It provides a secure data access strategy for both teachers and learners. The precise wisdom teaching framework based on blockchain technology has far-reaching practical value for the efficient development of online and offline teaching.

Deepa Elangovan, Chiau Soon Long, Faizah Safina Bakrin, Ching Siang Tan · 10 authors

Hospital Information System (HIS) is a comprehensive, homogenized information system, whereas blockchain is normally defined as blocks joined together by using cryptographic secure hash function, which forms a chain that is time-stamped. The most important features or functions of blockchain technology are decentralized, distributed ledger, immutable, private, and agent of trust instead of centralized, hidden, exclusive, and alterable architecture. The objective of the initiation of HIS is to improve the quality of public healthcare services particularly in enhancing patient satisfactions and management of record. On the other hand, through blockchain technology, confidential and verified transactions can be carried out directly among third parties by mass collaboration. In this comparative review, the type of HIS and the purpose of HIS are presented. The advantages of HIS in terms of a reduction in transcription error and duplication of information entries as well as monitoring of drug usage are also discussed. On the other hand, disadvantages of HIS in terms of fragmented health data, insufficiency of financial sources, maintenance requirement by different departments, confidentiality issues, low acceptance level, technical and infrastructure issues, and system breakdown are elucidated. Meanwhile, the history of blockchain technology, fundamental properties of blockchain technology, and types of blockchain technology are also presented. Blockchain technology was found to be useful in the real healthcare environment, mainly on the management of electronic medical records, biomedical research and education, remote patient monitoring, pharmaceutical supply chain, health insurance claims, health data analytics, and some other potential areas. The need of blockchain technology and its advantages in healthcare sector such as patient data management, payments and reimbursement, drug and medical device traceability, medical research, regulatory procedure, and clinical trials are discussed. Disadvantages of blockchain technology in healthcare sector are also presented. The loss of key which is used to access information is a real threat in blockchain technology. Key is defined as a unique series of digits and characters in blockchain technology. Other issue that may arise from the application of blockchain technology in the future might be the lack of awareness and adoption. A shallow understanding regarding the blockchain technology and its mechanism will lead to problems in the development of blockchain technology in the future. Greater operation and development costs are needed in the blockchain technology in the healthcare sector, which will be defined by the government as well as the healthcare sector. The main reasons for the implementation of blockchain technology in the healthcare sector were identified, namely, data integrity, access control, data logging, data versioning, and non-repudiation. This review makes a comparison of the functions of blockchain technology and HIS in the real healthcare environment. An overall understanding on the usability of blockchain technology as well as HIS in healthcare sector is analyzed. This study will help other researchers and practitioners to gain better understanding of blockchain technology and HIS in the healthcare sector.

Nurilla Mahamatov, Avaz Kuvnakov, Bakhtiyor Yokubov

The development of fast-growing blockchain technology is encourages for the review and rethinking of many of the fundamental facts of our traditional education systems. As experience shows, the blockchain increases security and accessibility tremendously, such concepts as confidence, assessment and identity, currently doesn't satisfy users desires and there a reasonable necessity for the improvements. In this paper, we will consider providing of new methods for the database system in education, implementing the new blockchain technology in education since a new scheme can increase transparency and security in the education system.

Gang Zhao, Bingbing Di, Hui He

In recent years, online education service platform has swept the world due to its high quality, openness and variety of education resource, and user registered in online platform has increased dramatically. However, the traditional centralized information storage method based on the third-party may cause problems such as the loss and disclosure of the transaction subject identity data, seriously threatening the legitimate rights and interests of users. Therefore, based on education service theory, this paper applies blockchain technology to identity authentication to design and implement a blockchain-based digital education transaction subject identity authentication system. The system proposed in this study can store identity information in ciphertext form and is jointly verified and maintained by the entire network node, thus it can guarantee the security and reliability of identity data in the digital identity authentication.

Li Zhongzhen, Gao Chaoyue, Min Liu, Chengqin Dai · 5 authors

Student status management is a key part in university information construction and an important basis for talents certification. The emergence of blockchain technology provides a new way to improve the student status management system. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology in nature, with its decentralized and nontamperable features, the security and authenticity of student information can be ensured. Based on the application of blockchain technology such as smart contracts in "Smart Campuses", this paper proposes and designs a decentralized student status management systim. With Fabric framework, we developed a prototype of student status management system its demonstraiton.

Minghui Zheng, Yangyang DUAN, Hanxiao LYU

In order to solve the problem of illegal member’s tracking attack, which caused by the vehicle units’ privacy disclosure in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), a vehicle identity authentication protocol based on lightweight group signature was proposed by analysis of topology and communication characteristics of VANETs in this paper, which can authenticate the vehicles anonymously in a fast and efficient way. The protocol has five stages. In the initialization phase, the public/private key pairs and system parameters of the group were generated by the VANETs system, then the group public key and system parameters were distributed to the on-board units by the roadside auxiliary facilities. The group private key was kept by the group manager. When a vehicle unit entered VANETs, the unit’s own identity was submitted to the group manager by the blind signature. A group certificate would be distributed to the vehicle unit by the group manager when authentication passed. In the cooperative communication stage, the vehicle member who owned the group certificates signed the state information with the valid certificate and group public key, then sent it to the nearby vehicle units by the car sensors, and achieved cooperative driving with surrounding vehicles. In the message verification stage, only can the legal vehicle members open the received status information by using group public key, but couldn’t know the true identity of the message sender. In this way, the anonymous communication among vehicles was realized. In the stage of signature verification, when a vehicle unit broadcasted a false message for the purpose of exclusively using road resource and caused traffic accident, the group manager can open the signature of the message by using the group private key, and traversed the corresponding vehicle members to carry on the accountability. The innovation of the paper was the usage of improved lightweight group signature technology, which could ensure that the length of group public key and group signature didn’t depend on the number of group members. Zero knowledge proof was also used as a means of membership authentication which improved the speed of authentication among the members. The security of the protocol was analyzed and proved mathematically in this paper, and a LAN simulation platform composed of 100 PC machines was built to simulate the cooperative communication among vehicle units in VANETs. The experimental results showed that authentication time of the protocol was about 7 ms among 100 vehicle users. The performance of the proposed protocol is superior to the contrasted schemes. It greatly reduced the storage and calculation burden of the vehicle units during the process of identity authentication.

Tao Li

No abstract is available for this record.