This study aims to examine and analyze the validity of agreements that use cryptocurrency as a means of payment, as well as the legality of asset ownership arising from transactions involving cryptocurrency-based payments in Indonesia. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results demonstrate that agreements utilizing cryptocurrency as a means of payment are null and void *ab initio* because they fail to satisfy the objective requirement of a lawful cause, as stipulated in Article 21 of Law Number 7 of 2011 on Currency, which mandates the use of the Indonesian Rupiah for all payment transactions conducted within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Furthermore, the legal status of assets transferred under agreements that use cryptocurrency as a means of payment is not recognized under the prevailing legal framework. Consequently, such assets do not receive legal protection, and in the event of a dispute, ownership rights over the object of the agreement shall revert to the original lawful owner.
Kemajuan pesat teknologi digital telah mendorong perkembangan ekosistem investasi mata uang kripto di Indonesia, sekaligus memicu maraknya penipuan investasi kripto yang belum ditangani secara memadai melalui instrumen hukum pidana positif. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis kekosongan norma dalam penanganan tindak pidana penipuan investasi kripto dari perspektif hukum pidana positif Indonesia dan hukum pidana Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE), serta Undang-Undang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan (UU P2SK) masih memiliki kesenjangan normatif karena belum dirancang untuk mengakomodasi karakteristik khusus kejahatan kripto, seperti desentralisasi, anonimitas pelaku, sifat lintas batas, volatilitas tinggi, dan ketidakjelasan status hukum aset kripto. Dalam perspektif fiqh jinayah, penipuan investasi kripto dikualifikasikan sebagai at-tadlis yang termasuk dalam kategori jarimah ta’zir, dengan prinsip sadd ad-dzari’ah sebagai dasar pencegahan. Analisis maqashid syariah menunjukkan bahwa penipuan investasi kripto mengancam hifzh al-mal (perlindungan harta), sehingga nilai-nilai Islam dapat ditempatkan sebagai rechtsidee dalam mengisi kekosongan hukum. Sebagai ius constituendum, penelitian ini merekomendasikan pembentukan undang-undang khusus mengenai kejahatan aset digital yang mengatur penipuan kripto, sanksi ta’zir yang berorientasi pada restitusi bagi korban, mekanisme pembuktian berbasis forensik blockchain, serta penguatan kerja sama internasional.
The development of blockchain technology has given rise to the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), a new business organizational model that operates through smart contracts in a decentralized manner, without a conventional management structure. The existence of DAOs has not been accommodated in the Indonesian corporate legal system, creating a legal vacuum regarding legal subject status, accountability, legal standing, taxation, and dispute resolution. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of DAOs from a corporate law perspective and the urgency of convergence between corporate law and blockchain technology in its regulation in Indonesia. The study employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results indicate the need for regulations that recognize and regulate DAOs as digital business entities to achieve legal certainty, legal protection, and a sustainable digital investment climate.
Rahmat, Agus Surono, Agung Iriantoro, Maslihati Nur Hidayati
The digital transformation of land administration in Indonesia has accelerated the adoption of electronic land certificates as an instrument for improving administrative efficiency, data security, and legal certainty. This study examines the legal status of electronic land certificates within Indonesia’s national land law system and identifies the principal legal, institutional, governance, and technological challenges affecting their implementation. Employing a qualitative descriptive design with a normative juridical approach, the study analyzes the Basic Agrarian Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, regulations issued by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN), and relevant legal and scholarly literature. The findings demonstrate that electronic land certificates have a valid legal foundation and offer significant advantages, including faster administrative procedures, enhanced document authentication through certified electronic signatures, improved protection of land records, and reduced risks of physical loss and document forgery. Nevertheless, their implementation remains constrained by regulatory inconsistencies, institutional capacity gaps, unequal digital infrastructure, cybersecurity risks, data protection concerns, and potential disputes arising from electronic system failures. The study further identifies permissioned blockchain as a potential complementary mechanism for strengthening data integrity, traceability, and transactional transparency, provided that its adoption is supported by appropriate legal and institutional safeguards. This study contributes an integrated legal–institutional–technological framework for understanding electronic land administration and argues that regulatory harmonization, strengthened digital governance, institutional capacity development, and resilient cybersecurity infrastructure are essential to ensuring legal certainty and sustainable protection of land rights in Indonesia.