Ilfa Stephane, Heru Saputra, Nasrudin Alhaj, Lakry Maltaf Putra
Many marine product companies currently have not implemented blockchain potentials in tracking systems. There could be found many errors in the transactions record. The purpose of this research is to implement blockchain as a fraud prevention system for transactions in marine product companies. This research is qualitative-exploratory research with data collection using documentation techniques from related literature. This study concludes that Blockchain can be used as an alternative to fraud prevention. Blockchain can be used because there is transparency with a distributed system, which makes the whistleblowing system more effective and independent, in fully implementing the principles of GCG (Good Corporate Governance). The results of the advanced system designed at a marine product company are to facilitate data collection of all goods to be sent this providing high-security guarantees because it implements a blockchain security system in this system, and places an integrated tracking system so that data and goods sent during the transaction can be tracked.
The first and second generations of human rights which are established on individuality fall short of offering full protection to cultural heritage. Recognition of the solidarity among entities even beyond the geographical and temporal limit is an essential prerequisite of the right to culture as common heritage of mankind. Furthermore, cultural heritage serves as the basis of human identity which leads to human dignity and cultural heritage itself has its own value to be protected regardless of its use. These factors support Karel Vasak’s argument of the ownership of the common cultural heritage of humanity as one of the third generation human rights. However, the third generation human right to cultural heritage not only conflicts with property rights but also entails contradiction between different group interests. With the power of the blockchain technology which enables openness, transparency, anonymity, decentralization and trust, DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) hand out clues to solve the problems of the third generation human right to cultural heritage. The provisions in the Korean civil act regarding an association that is not a juristic person also provide useful legal methods to realize the collective ownership of cultural heritage. If DAOs have the legal status of the association without juristic personality in Korean civil act and the Articles of DAOs clearly stipulate the public nature of the ownership and the solidarity with others including future generations, the third-generation human right to cultural heritage can be enforced effectively. In Korea, the National Treasure DAO tried to be the first DAO with the purpose of public ownership of two Korean national treasures. Though it failed, it gave enough insight to make a future breakthrough. It cannot be emphasized enough that DAOs and its collective ownership alone leave a vast lacuna in guaranteeing the public access and participation in the cultural heritage with a common value. Public law research that carves out the details of solidarity in cultural heritage must fill the blank. It should be incarnated in the Articles of DAOs to keep the common value of cultural heritage intact. Also, the public law research results should guide states, public authorities, museums, and other specialists who will take the initiative of the cultural heritage DAOs in near future.
Virtual currency was designed as an alternative legal tender, originally for use in virtual communities, and certain online gaming sites. The number of such virtual currencies is constantly growing and reaching out to activities in the real world. Currently there are a large number of virtual currencies in circulation and they can be obtained either directly (through mining, bilateral transactions with investors, from companies that sell virtual currencies, purchase of certain goods, etc.) or indirectly through the exchange of virtual currencies. Cryptocurrency can also be referred to as unformed commercial objects; it is actually a digital form which can be used in electronic transactions. This study aims to analyze the existence of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia and find out the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (cryptocurrency) in stock trading. The research method used is normative legal research. The results showed that the existence of virtual uag (cryptocurrency) in stock trading in Indonesia when used as currency unification, transacting, trading or as a means of payment with businesses in this case, especially stock trading in Indonesia, can be said to be invalid in terms of its use7 Of 2011 On Currency. Users of virtual money (cryptocurrency) in Indonesia are quite widely used in terms of business, which can be seen in Indonesia itself already circulating virtual money (cryptocurrencies) such as Bitcoin and Centcoin. Then, the responsibility of money laundering perpetrators who use virtual money (Cryptocurrency) in stock trading which is very negative for the state of Indonesia, especially in terms of business because people who have committed these crimes take advantage of technological advances unwisely so that perpetrators can be charged based on law no. 8 of 2010 on the prevention and eradication of money laundering. Keywords: Stock Trading, Cryptocurrency, Special Crimes
Regulation of money or currency in Indonesia is based on Law (UU) Number 7 of 2011 concerning Currency. Money is a symbol of state sovereignty that must be respected and proud of by all Indonesian citizens. In this study, the author discusses the implementation of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia according to the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market for Crypto Assets (Crypto Assets) on the Futures Exchange, and discusses the Legal Protection in Cryptocurrency Transactions according to the Agency Regulations. Commodity Futures Trading Supervisor Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Crypto Asset Market on the Futures Exchange in Indonesia. This writing uses descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study state that legal protection for the community is currently familiar with digital transactions and specifically during this pandemic.Keywords: Legal Protection; Cryptocurrencies; Crypto Asset AbstrakPengaturan uang atau mata uang di Indonesia didasarkan pada Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 tentang Mata Uang. Uang merupakan simbol kedaulatan negara yang harus dihormati dan dibanggakan oleh seluruh warga negara Indonesia. Dalam Penelitian ini, penulis membahas mengenai Pelaksanaan Transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia menurut Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto (Crypto Asset ) Di Bursa Berjangka, dan membahas tentang Perlindungan Hukum Dalam Transaksi Cryptocurrency Menurut Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto (Crypto Asset) Di Bursa Berjangka di Indonesia. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Adapun hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap masyarakat saat ini sudah banyak mengenal transaksi digital dan khusus dimasa pandemic ini.Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum; Cryptocurrency; Crypto Asset
Perkembangan teknologi berdampak pada kegiatan investasi khususnya jual beli Non Fungible Token (NFT) oleh Ghozali di Open Sea yang menggunakan smart contract dan cryptocurrency sebagai alat pembayarannya yang menimbulkan permasalahan mengenai sah atau tidaknya transaksi NFT mengingat belum terdapat peraturan hukum yang khusus mengatur transaksi NFT di Indonesia. Di lain pihak status hak ekonomi atas suatu karya NFT belum jelas mengingat smart contract bukanlah perjanjian lisensi sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Hak Cipta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami legalitas transaksi penjualan NFT yang dilakukan oleh Ghozali dihubungkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 71 Tahun 2019 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik dan untuk memahami kepemilikan hak ekonomi atas hak cipta NFT yang dijual oleh ghozali di Open Sea. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) dengan dihubungkan dengan kasus hukum yang diangkat. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis yang mengkaji berdasarkan sumber data sekunder baik berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier yang dikumpulkan dengan teknik studi pustaka (library research). Hasil penelitian ini menguraikan bahwa belum terdapat peraturan hukum yang mengatur secara khusus maka selama tidak merugikan pihak lain, tidak adanya pembatalan dari para pihak serta selama para pihak sepakat dan memahami segala resikonya maka penjualan NFT oleh Ghozali adalah sah secara hukum. Kepemilikan hak ekonomi atas karya NFT melalui smart contract bersifat terbatas bagi para pihak sehingga berbeda dengan hak ekonomi yang diberikan melalui perjanjian lisensi.
Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai karakteristik bitcoin dikaitkan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, kriteria benda yang dapat dimasukkan ke dalam harta pailit dan kedudukan bitcoin sebagai harta pailit serta hambatan-hambatan yang timbul dalam pemberesan harta pailit berupa bitcoin. Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis-normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bitcoin telah memenuhi klasifikasi benda tidak berwujud dan benda tidak bergerak. Di Indonesia, bitcoin ditetapkan sebagai aset kripto dan merupakan komoditi. Berdasarkan praktik kepailitan di Indonesia, benda yang didaftarkan sebagai harta pailit adalah benda-benda yang dapat dijadikan jaminan di bank dan memiliki nilai ekonomis. Bitcoin termasuk dalam kategori harta pailit namun memiliki hambatan-hambatan dalam proses pemberesan harta pailit yaitu dalam proses pencatatan harta pailit, mengamankan bitcoin sebagai harta pailit, mengoptimalisasi nilai bitcoin dan terkait mekanisme penjualan harta pailit.
Recently, the concept of smart contract has come to existence as an alternative for a more technologically sophisticated digital contract. Smart contract operates based on the blockchain technology, does not involve a third party and has self-executing ability; allowing an implementation of a contract with zero risk of failure. In regards to this, HARA, an agriculture start-up company, created a self-titled platform that focuses on data exchange in the decentralized agriculture sector in order to provide consumers with the access to data. Some of the data provided by HARA include farmer identifications; cultivation data; specific location data; ecology data; market information and transaction data which are collected from various sources. However, an in-depth study is required to better understand smart contract and its contract law application. This study is normative legal research and used the conceptual and statutory approaches. Smart contract and its self-executing or self-enforcing ability does not render a revision or renewal of the contract by the contracting parties impossible. In this case, the responsibility of the platform provider to meet the terms of the contract can still be requested. The concept of smart contract, which is also categorized as an electronic agent, has met the Indonesian requirements for contract validity. The distinct feature of a smart contract is its self-executing/self-enforcing ability. Furthermore, there are five legal relationships that exist among the users of the HARA application.
ABSTRAK Kemunculan dari Non-Fungible Token atau yang dikenal sebagai NFT cukup berdampak pada sebagian industri ditanah air terkhusus di industri seni. Salah satu dampak buruk dari kehadiran NFT adalah berkenaan dengan pelanggaran pornografi di dunia siber. Terlihat secara fakta bahwa di dalam pasar digital NFT terdapat akun akun yang menjual gambar dan konten yang bermuatan porno dan melanggar kesusilaan. Penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan tujuan dari penelitian ini, tentunya untuk memberikn sanksi kepada pelanggar kesusilaan kepada para pemilik akun tersebut. Selain itu tidak hanya pelaku yang bisa terkena jeratan hukum melainkan penyelenggara sistem elektroniknya pun bisa mendapatkan sanksi berdasarkan hukum Indonesia, penyelenggara sistem elektronik dapat diberikan sanksi berupa sanksi administrasi yaitu pencabutan izin. Sanksi ini diberikan sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab hukum para penyelenggara sistem elektronik yang berada di wilayah hukum Indonesia. ABSTRACTThe emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens or known as NFTs has had quite an impact on some industries in the country, especially in the arts industry. One of the bad effects of the presence of NFT is related to pornography violations in cyberspace. It can be seen in the fact that in the NFT digital market there are accounts selling pornographic images and content that violate decency. This writing uses a normative juridical approach, with the aim of this research, of course, to give sanctions to violators of decency to the account owners. In addition, it is not only perpetrators who can be subject to legal entanglement, but also the organizers of the electronic system can get sanctions under Indonesian law, the organizers of the electronic system can be given sanctions in the form of administrative sanctions, namely revocation of permits. This sanction is given as a form of legal responsibility for electronic system operators in the Indonesian jurisdiction.
Information and communication technology advancements has spawned numerous innovations, including cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is a currency that only exists in Indonesia as a digital asset. The volatile and uncontrollable value of cryptocurrencies causes investors to suffer losses. This study aims to determine the legal protection of cryptocurrency investors in Indonesia under Consumer Protection Law. This study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology with a normative approach through legislation. According to the findings of this study, The Consumer Protection Act provides legal protection for cryptocurrency investors by regulating the rights and responsibilities of consumers and business actors.
The advancement of technology has impact on the notarization process. Before blockchain technology being introduced, the notarization process had been done in traditional matters: seller meets buyer, negotiation process, contract making, the parties should be known by the notary, the parties signed the contract, and so on. Those stuff are not relevant anymore with smart contract, because the basic idea of the smart contract’s existence is eliminating the function of the intermediary, so the parties could be connected directly and virtually, without the intervention from the middleman. All the ease of transaction provided by the smart contract does not necessarily eliminte it from shortcomings. The burden of proof on smart contracts is still questionable because, physically, smart contracts can only be accessed by all the parties involved.
Pendanaan dalam sebuah tindak pidana merupakan salah satu faktor pendukung yang dapat menjadikan suatu tindak pidana dapat dilakukan. Saat ini telah berkembang jenis mata uang baru berbentuk digital, yakni mata uang kripto. Kehadirannya tentunya memberikan peluang yang lebih luas terhadap setiap pelaku tindak pidana yang akan mendanai sebuah aksi tindak pidana. Salah satunya ialah pendanaan terorisme. Pendanaan terorisme di Indonesia telah diatur dalam undang-undang No. 9 Tahun 2013 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme. Namun praktiknya undang-undang ini masih belum dapat adaptif terhadap perkembangan jenis media pembayaran yang baru. Sehingga isu hukum yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini meliputi bagaimana legalitas penggunaan bitcoin dalam cryptocurrency dalam melakukan pendanaan terorisme. Penelitian hukum normatif digunakan dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil dari penelitian ini memperjelas terkait dengan legalitas berlakunya mata uang kripto di Indonesia, dikarenakan pengaturan yang telah dikeluarkan oleh BAPPETI dan menteri keuangan hanya memberlakukan mata uang kripto sebagai aset, bukanlah alat pembayaran. Sehingga perlunya pengaturan lebih lanjut berupa undang-undang yang menjadi legalitas terhadap mata uang kripto sangat diperlukan.
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran, Ranti Fauza Mayana, Tisni Santika, Universitas Pasundan · 8 authors
Artikel ini menganalisis Non-Fungible Token (NFT) sebagai aset digital serta beberapa masalah hukum yang timbul terkait NFT terutama di bidang hukum kekayaan intelektual diantaranya pelindungan hak cipta serta konstruksi hukum kepemilikan hak cipta atas NFT dan korelasinya dengan pengembangan kekayaan intelektual (intellectual property development) dan komersialisasi NFT. Melalui penelitian deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif, hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa walaupun di Indonesia belum ada regulasi khusus yang secara eksplisit mengatur Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT), hak dari creator karya secara umum dilindungi oleh Undang – Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, namun dari sudut pandang intellectual property development, NFT menghadirkan potensi pengembangan dan komersialisasi karya melalui media digital yang memiliki jangkauan luas serta memberikan peluang monetisasi yang lebih optimal. Terdapat beberapa tantangan misalnya terkait perlindungan hukum, digital theft dan konversi / minting karya tanpa izin dari pencipta / pemegang hak cipta yang asli. Dalam memformulasikan solusi dari permasalahan tersebut, penting untuk dipertimbangkan solusi dari aspek legal maupun aspek teknologi sebagai model perlindungan terhadap kekayaan intelektual dari ancaman pelanggaran yang diakibatkan oleh teknologi pula. Pendekatan teknologi misalnya melalui Technologies Protection Measures (TPM), Anti Copy Devices, Access Controlling Devices / Digital Envelope, Proprietary Viewer, Watermarking / Fingerprinting, Metering Systems maupun Electronic Copyright Management System (ECMS), sedangkan dari aspek legal dapat dilakukan formulasi regulasi pelindungan Hak Cipta dengan pendekatan teknologi seperti halnya Digital Millenium Copyrights Act 1998 (DMCA) yang diterapkan di AS, pendekatan kontraktual antar para pihak yang berkepentingan juga dapat diambil sebagai upaya memberikan pelindungan hukum dan kepastian hukum.
This article presents a normative legal research that aims to provide legal protection guarantees for creators of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) works from a progressive legal perspective. The research used a statutory approach and concept approach to examine the implications of NFT on the existing legal framework. The results confirm that NFT requires special regulations to protect creators' rights, including revising the Copyright Law and developing regulations to affirm NFT's character. The study recommends that NFT works be included in copyright through extensive and futuristic interpretation, and the government's legal policy should specifically regulate NFT and issue certificates of NFT works to ensure legal protection and certainty. Overall, this research highlights the need for proactive legal responses to technological developments such as NFT, which can have economic value and require legal protection.Highlights:
 
 Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) require special legal protection for creators due to their economic value.
 Revising Copyright Law and developing regulations to affirm NFT's character are recommended.
 NFT works should be included in copyright through extensive interpretation and the government should issue certificates of NFT works to ensure legal protection and certainty.
This research aimed to understand the Bitcoin investment mechanism and the legal expert opinion towards it. The research used empirical juridical method with sociological juridical approach. The results shown the investment mechanism divided into mining and trading activity. The legal expert opines, in Islamic views, mining is allowed to do because there were two akad forms did and has no element of maysîr on it, also, Bitcoin trading is allowed to do while compatible with sharia principal. Whereas in positive law views, these two activities cannot be shaded by the existing regulation, such as Civil Code, The Currencies Law, Electronic Information and Transaction Law, and Bank of Indonesia Regulation. Although it can be associated with these regulations, the Bitcoin investment still need to regulate in specific role, so it gives the legal certainty to society.
 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme investasi yang dilakukan serta pandangan pakar hukum terhadap fenomena tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris dengan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme investasi Bitcoin yang dilakukan dapat berupa mining, dan trading. Pakar hukum berpendapat bahwa, dalam perspektif Islam, aktivitas mining boleh untuk dilakukan karena terdapat dua akad yang berbeda selama prosesnya serta tidak mengandung unsur maysîr, dan trading Bitcoin boleh untuk dilakukan selama tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip syariah. Sedangkan secara hukum positif, kedua aktivitas tersebut belum bisa dinaungi oleh regulasi yang ada, seperti KUH Perdata, Undang-Undang Mata Uang, Undang-Undang ITE, serta Peraturan Bank Indonesia. Meskipun terdapat unsur-unsur yang berkaitan dengan regulasi tersebut, investasi Bitcoin perlu diatur secara tertulis dalam peraturan khusus yang berbeda, sehingga akan memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap masyarakat.
Introduction. NFT scheme is used to certify the authenticity of digital records. It is also to provide a code for the original (genuine) data recorded on the blockchain. NFT creates a single data that cannot be duplicated in digital records. The misuse of NFT authentication to illegally certify other people's data have become a problem. Data Collection Methods. This study used an argumentative literature review with a qualitative approach. It used literature data sources from various fields related to the basic concepts of archival science as a basic analysis. Data Analysis. The analysis process consisted of several stages, namely reading the reviewed literature, summarising, analysing, and synthesising them critically and deeply. Results and Discussion. The concept of development related to data ownership issues can be formulated by collaborating with user communities, developers, and digital service designers (ecosystems). As a preventive measure, understanding the logistical consequences of data security threats was very helpful. This included authenticity, integrity, confidentiality, and authorisation, they served as important points to reduce risk. Conclusion. The NFT concept continues to develop dynamically. A more in-depth study and the involvement of archival science are necessary, thus, NFT scheme can build trust in digital records regarding the issue of data ownership.
Saba mohammed mostafa Alboul, Hayel Abd-alHafeez Yousef Dawood
Objectives: The research aims to clarify the ruling on forming smart contracts using the blockchain technology, and the related conditions and pillars of legality. Methods: The researchers used a descriptive approach to describe smart contracts and the pillars on which they are based, an inductive approach by extrapolating the scientific material related to the topic of research from ancient fiqh books, contemporary books, and an analytical approach to clarify the legality of smart contracts using the blockchain, its pillars and related conditions. Results: The study concluded that the concept of smart contracts that are formed using blockchain is a contemporary technological term, and there is no agreement on an overarching definition of it. This is because the technology through which these contracts are formed is constantly evolving. The study also found that blockchain technology is the infrastructure for implementing smart contracts, and it is a special type of decentralized database. It also concluded that the pillars of the smart contract, such as the formulation, the contracting parties, and the subject of the contract are in essence compatible with the pillars of the contract in Islamic jurisprudence. The legality of smart contracts used in the blockchain is determined by the smart contract through which they are made, and the legal ruling for conducting contracts using the blockchain follows the contract that is done through it. The principle in these contracts and the contractual conditions based on them is that they are permissible as long as they do not violate Shari’a when concluding them via blockchain. Conclusions: The researchers recommend examining the possibility of benefiting from blockchain technology in developing financing formulas in Islamic banks.
This study aims to determine the legal status of smart contracts from the perspective of Indonesian law and Islamic law through a comprehensive literature review. The revolution of the internet and smartphones has changed human life, as happens in smart contracts. This difference in character between smart and conventional contracts has not been fully anticipated by applicable law. That is why the urgency of fiqh renewal or reform of the law in the cyberspace era. Although smart contracts are still in their infancy, and there are still many critical issues that need to be resolved, the results of the literature research show that the smart contract has fulfilled the principles in the agreement/contract in Islamic law . According to the ITE Law, a smart contract can be interpreted as an agreement referred to in Article 1313 of the Civil Code, "an act where one person binds himself to one or more other people". Although this study is not sufficient, this needs to be elaborated from the perspective of Indonesian law. The most important things in smart contracts to comply with the Islamic law are: the sequence of processes in the smart contract must comply with Islamic law, the object being transacted must be halal, the perpetrators have complied with the provisions of the Islamic law, fixed price during the contract period and the number of parties involved in the contract may increase over time.
Nur Rizqi Febriandika, Fadli Fadli, Denizar Abdurrahman Mi’raj
In the current digitalization era, many people are motivated to increase economic income in many ways, one of which is using digital technology NFT (Non-Fungible Token). The use of technology contained in NFT has a positive impact on people who have expertise in digital art; this is used to significantly increase economic income. This study discusses the history of NFT, the mechanism of buying and selling NFT, the characteristics of NFT and the view of Islamic law on buying and selling NFT transactions. The purpose of this study is to find out what is meant by NFT, the history of NFT, characteristics of NFT, how the mechanism of NFT sales is, and to find out how Islamic law views NFT buying and selling transactions. This research is a type of qualitative research; the author uses a descriptive-analytical approach which is classified as a qualitative research type by searching through library data or library research. The results of this study found that the history of NFT began in the BC era (Before Cryptokittes) 2012-2016, Cryptokitties and Cyptopunks (2017-2021), and the Decentraland Era (Metaverse) (2021-present). The law of buying and selling NFT is not found in the Koran or Hadith specifically but can be studied based on the pillars and conditions of buying and selling that have been regulated in Islamic law. According to Islamic law, transactions in the sale and purchase of NFT are included in the permissible sale and purchase; the transaction of buying and selling NFT is considered valid as a form of buying and selling in Islam because of the terms and pillars of the sale and purchase have been fulfilled.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis karya cipta Non Fungitable Token (NFT) dalam kerangka Hak Kekayaan Intelektual. Perkembangan teknologi di bidang perdagangan menjadikan seniman lebih mudah untuk mempublikasikan karya untuk dijadikan karya yang memiliki nilai jual yang menghasilkan. Non-Fungible Token (NFT) merupakan salah satu media untuk digunakan dan sangat membantu seniman untuk berkembang. Meskipun NFT ini sudah ada sejak tahun 2014, namun masih banyak orang yang belum memahami seperti apa sistem kerja NFT ini. Keadaan ini dapat menimbulkan kebingungan terkait siapa yang menjadi pemegang hak cipta dan hak milik ketika karya tersebut sudah berkali-kali dipindahtangankan atau diperjualbelikan. Artikel ini memfokuskan diri pada karya cipta non fungible token dalam sudut pandang hukum hak kekayaan intelektual. Problem dalam artikel ini yaitu: yaitu hambatan dalam melakukan perlindungan hukum pada karya cipta non fungible token dalam kerangka hukum hak kekayaan intelektual. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan studi pustaka dimana menggunakan teknik deskripsi. Data yang terkumpul akan diolah dan dianalisis. Hasil dari pembahasan ini yaitu Hak cipta hanya diberikan kepada pembuat karya tersebut sedangkan hak milik dapat diberikan kepada setiap pihak yang membeli karya tersebut. Kemudian adanya NFT yang masih minim regulasi maka membutuhkan perlindungan hukum terhadap karyanya dan disini yang menjadi payung hukum adalah hak kekayaan intelektual. Setiap karya yang ada pada NFT akan tercatat dan terdaftar secara HKI agar setiap karya terlindungi secara hukum.
Penggunaan internet yang semakin masif kini mempengaruhi dunia perekonomian yang ditandai dengan lahirnya E-Commerce. Mekanisme E-Commerce yang tidak mempertemukan penjual dan pembeli secara langsung ini memunculkan berbagai permasalahan atas syarat subjektif dan objektif perjanjian jual beli. Oleh karena itu, artikel bertujuan untuk menganalisis urgensi penggunaan konsep perjanjian berbasis teknologi Smart Contract dalam transaksi jual beli di E-Commerce. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah penggunaan Smart Contract dalam transaksi jual beli di E-Commerce dinilai sangat penting melihat keunggulan dari segi keamanan, verifikasi, perubahan isi perjanjian, dan kekuatan pembuktian.
Muhammad Rizqon Baihaiqi, Siti Ummu Adillah, Dahniarti Hasana
Apart from the problems in terms of data security in the midst of blockchain-based business development in Indonesia, it turns out that another problem in smart contracts is that the use of Smart Contracts in Indonesia is actually still a discourse among legal experts regarding the validity of smart contracts. The aims of this research are: a) To find out and analyzeimplementation of the use of smart contracts in Indonesia; b) To know and analyzeobstacles in implementing smart contracts in Indonesia and their solutions; c) To know and analyzelegal remedies that can be taken in the event of a dispute between the parties in the smart contract; d) To find out examples of deeds inthe use of smart contracts in Indonesia as a form of artificial intelligence development." Researchers used normative research specifications with secondary data sources. Stages to find the target, then used the approach through legislation (statute approach). The results were juridical review of the use of smart contracts in Indonesia based on Article 1320 of the Civil Code.Article 1338 of the Civil Code explains that “all agreements made legally valid as law for those who make them”. One of the uses of smart contracts on Ethereum. Thereuem's smart contract has the name ERC20.Article 3 Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Crypto Assets on the Futures Exchange, Bitcoin which can be traded on the Futures Exchange.Barriers to implementing Smart Contracts in Indonesia and their solutionsimplementing ISO-based Information Security Management or the simplest following the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework. ISO 27001:2013 is the latest ISO 27000 series released in 2013. ISO 27001:2013.Article 30 Paragraph (3) in conjunction with Article 40 Paragraph (3) of Act No. 1 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions.
The purpose of this study is to analyze: first, the form and legal consequences that occur in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) transactions. Second, the role of legal development in dealing with NFT transactions in the era of the digital revolution. This is an empirical legal research as it examines NFT transactions that exist in the community with the approach to laws, legal principles, legal norms and existing legal theories. First, there are still obstacles in NFT transactions from a legal perspective, such as smart contracts executed in the blockchain system that have left several important elements of the agreement. Besides this, NFT itself has the potential to become a ground for cyber money laundering crimes because in blockchain technology it is possible to use anonymous and assets that are in the NFT have a high value as money laundering crimes that have taken place, money laundering often uses valuable assets. And the self-assessment tax reporting system allows individuals not to make tax payments. Second, the development of national law in dealing with NFT must prioritize efficiency as in the economic approach to Posner's law, in addition to the development of laws that create public order, laws that reflect values in society. It also requires the political will of the government in the law making process and law enforcement process in cyberspace, in order to present effective and efficient laws and regulations and law enforcement processes.
Bio Bintang Gidete, Muhamad Amirulloh, Tasya Safiranita Ramli
Perkembangan teknologi yang ada saat ini telah memberikan suatu kemudahan bagi masyarakat dalam mengakses internet untuk dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai bidang salah satunya di bidang perekonomian. Dalam kegiatan perekenomian melalui media digital dikenal istilah ekonomi digital. Kegiatan ekonomi digital tidak dapat terlepas terhadap objek-objek Hak Cipta yang menjadi barang yang diperjualbelikan. Melihat bahwa mengkaji masalah Hak Cipta yang pada akhirnya akan bermuara kepada konsep hukum itu sendiri, terutama menyangkut upaya pelindungan terhadap hasil karya seni dua dimensi dalam bentuk Non Fungible Token (NFT). Kegiatan jual beli karya seni NFT dalam media digital membawa angin segar bagi para seniman, Namun hal ini juga menghadirkan permasalahan bagi beberapa pihak dalam melindugi karya ciptanya dari perbuatan-perbuatan yang merugikan pencipta. Maka penelitian ini dimaksudkan guna memahami pelindungan hukum bagi pencipta terhadap karya seni dua dimensi dalam media digital, memperlancar kegiatan perkenomian serta untuk mengetahui tindakan hukum yang tepat bagi pencipta atas pelanggaran hak cipta di dalam media digital. Pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian normatif yakni penelitian terhadap bahan pustaka serta dengan data sekunder melalui pendekatan yuridis normatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitis, sehingga pada penelitian ini akan ditinjau dan dianalisis regulasi yang berkaitan dengan pokok permasalahan. Terhadap hasil penelitian ini telah jelas menunjukkan bahwa sejatinya Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta dan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik belum mengatur secara komperhensif terhadap karya seni dua dimensi dalam media digital. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang muncul pencipta dapat melakukan tindakan hukum berupa gugatan ganti rugi di pengadilan niaga atau mengajukan laporan pidana serta membuat laporan penutupan konten dan/atau hak akses ke Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual apabila dirasa terjadi pelanggaran hak cipta pada karya seni pencipta dalam media digital.
Meskipun teknologi ini sudah ada sejak tahun 2014, namun beberapa waktu ini Media Sosial Twiter digaduhkan dengan berita mengenai Non-Fungible Token atau populer disebut dengan NFT. Sejatinya NFT bertindak seperti kepemilikan aset digital dengan bentuk NFT terpopuler adalah jpeg, gif dan video. NFT saat ini menjadi sangat populer karena mampu merevolusi bidang gaming dan barang koleksi. Dalam segi kekayaan intelektual, NFT bisa dilihat sebagai alat penyederhanaan. Seorang pemilik hak cipta dapat memutuskan untuk mengubah hak cipta yang ia miliki menjadi NFT, sehingga mempermudah hak ciptanya untuk dijual, diperdagangkan, dan dikomersilkan. Teknologi ini mengautentikasi dan merancang salinan sah media digital. Hal ini memungkinkan seniman, musisi dan profesi lainnya untuk menjual karyanya dalam bentuk aset digital yang bisa dikoleksi. Namun teknologi dibalik NFT memiliki potensi besar dalam hal aplikasi terutama tentang dampaknya terhadap lingkungan. NFT membutuhkan energi dalam jumlah besar untuk melakukan perhitungan rumit menggunakan komputer canggih dan perangkat keras penambangan khusus. Peralatan tersebut membutuhkan banyak daya dan menghasilkan panas dalam jumlah besar, yang menghasilkan emisi karbon. Kata Kunci : Hak Kekayaan Intelektual, NFT, Dampak Lingkungan.