Anna Visvizi, Radosław Malik, Gianluca Maria Guazzo, Vilma Çekani
Purpose Against the background of the I50 paradigm, this paper queries in what ways blockchain and blockchain-based applications deployed in the smart city context facilitate the integration of the I50 paradigm in smart urban contexts. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods approach is applied. First, by means of desk research and thematic literature review, a conceptual model integrating the I50 paradigm, smart city and blockchain-based solutions is built. Second, science mapping bibliometric analysis (SciMat) based on keywords’ co-occurrence is applied to a sample of 491 research articles to identify key domains of blockchain-based applications’ use in smart city. Third, a semi-systematic literature review complements insights gained through SciMat. Fourth, the findings are interpreted through the precepts of the conceptual model devised earlier. Findings The key blockchain-based applications in smart cities pertain to two domains, i.e. the foundational, service facilitation-oriented domain, including security (and safety), networks, computing, resource management and the service delivery-oriented domain, including mobility, energy and healthcare. Blockchain serves as the key building block for applications developed to deliver functions specific to each of the thus identified domains. A substantial layering of blockchain-based tools and applications is necessary to advance from the less to the more complex functional domains of the smart city. Originality/value At the conceptual level, the intricacies of the (making of the) I50 paradigm are discussed and a case for I50 – smart city – blockchain nexus is made. Easton’s input–output model as well as constructivism is referenced. At the empirical level, the key major domains of blockchain-based applications are discussed; those that bear the prospect of integrating the I50 paradigm in the smart city are highlighted. At the methodological level, a strategic move is made aimed at restoring the literature review’s role as subservient to the key line of exploration, to justify and ultimately support it, rather than to showcase the literature review as the ultimate purpose for itself.
INTRODUCTION: Data integrity protection has become a significant priority for both consumers and organizations as cloud storage alternatives have multiplied since they provide scalable solutions for individuals and organizations alike. Traditional cloud storage systems need to find new ways to increase security because they are prone to data modification and unauthorized access thus causing data breaches. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study is to review usage of smart contracts and blockchain technology to ensure data integrity in cloud storage. METHODS: . Case studies, performance evaluations, and a thorough literature review are all used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested system. RESULTS: This research has unveiled a revolutionary approach that capitalizes on the fusion of smart contracts and cloud storage, fortified by blockchain technology. CONCLUSION: This theoretical analysis demonstrate that smart contracts offer a dependable and scalable mechanism for maintaining data integrity in cloud storage, opening up a promising area for further research and practical application.
Emilyani, Marviola Hardini, Natasya Aprila Yusuf, Achani Rahmania Az Zahra
This research aims to explore the convergence between smart networks, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain technology as a foundation for future innovation. The background includes the rapid development of information and communications technology, which is driving increasing integration between AI and blockchain in infrastructure networks. The methods used include a comprehensive literature survey and in-depth analysis of the latest trends in the development of this technology. The issues examined include interoperability, security, and privacy challenges faced in integrating AI and blockchain. The research results show that this convergence promises to improve efficiency, transparency and transparency in a variety of applications, from supply chain management to financial services. However, significant challenges such as scalability and regulation must also be overcome to realize the full potential of this convergence. In conclusion, the merger of AI and blockchain expands the scope of technological innovation by leveraging the strengths of each, but more efforts are needed to address further issues so that this convergence can be implemented widely and sustainably in various industrial fields.
Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации, Москва, Россия, Грачева Анна Дмитриевна, Лебедев Игорь Александрович, Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации, Москва, Россия · 6 authors
The article deals with the problem of using cryptocurrencies to legalize income received from the sale of narcotic substances. Due to the active development of digital technologies, the availability and ease of use of cryptocurrencies, cases of using crypto markets for drug trafficking have become more frequent. In this regard, the authors assessed the scale of the problem and the volume of proceeds from drug trafficking using cryptocurrencies, and also considered the main territories characterized by the implementation of such activities. In conclusion, measures were proposed to minimize the risks of using cryptocurrencies to legalize income from drug trafficking.
The concept of Bitcoin was conceptualized by Satoshi Nakamoto, a mysterious symbol. They published a state paper estimating the value of Bitcoin in May 2008. He stayed quiet and did not reveal who he was. He sketched out how the money would perform. The primary dominant blockchain advancement was Bitcoin, or advanced cash exploration [ 1 ]. The current advancement was called blockchain, and it was created to separate the technology that worked Bitcoin from the money and utilize it for various interconnected organizational participation. Nearly every major money-related academy in the entire world is doing blockchain inquiries at this point, and 16% of funds are anticipated to be utilizing blockchain in 2016 [ 2 ]. The “smart contract” was the third innovation, epitomized in a newer block-chain technology framework known as Ethereum, which created small software programs specifically into the blockchain that permitted budgetary gadgets, such as advances or bonds, to be spoken to instead of being treated as the cash—the same with tokens of Bitcoin. The fourth biggest development, “Proof of Stake,” is the current cutting-edge blockchain technology. Modern-era blockchains are backed up by “Proof of Work,” in which choices are made by the collective group with the most processing power [ 3 ]. These bunches are called “miners” and work tremendously at information centres to supply this security in trade for crypto cash instalments. These data centres lack unused frameworks, changing them with intricate monetary disobedient for a comparable if a not higher level of concern. The last crucial advancement of blockchain scaling is something that’s happening. A flexible blockchain quickens the method without relinquishing security by finding out how many computers are essential to approve each exchange and isolating the work effectively [ 4 ]. To oversee this without compromising the legendary security and vigour of blockchain may be a troublesome issue, but not a recalcitrant one. A scaled blockchain is anticipated to be quick and sufficient to exert control over the network of things and compete with the major instalment brokers (VISA and Quick) managing accounts worldwide. Bitcoin may be a sort of computerized cash that can be traded on the blockchain, the shared record innovation [ 5 ]. Bitcoins are, in substance, power changed over into lengthy strings of cyphers that have cash value. Bitcoin may be a form of digital currency, made and held electronically [ 6 ]. Nobody is in charge of it. There are no printed Bitcoins, such as typical cash, they’re created by individuals, businesses running computers and utilizing software that tackles scientific issues. Bitcoins are, in substance, power transformed into lengthy strings of cyphers that have cash prices. Bitcoin may be a mode of advanced cash, produced and adhered to by electronic cash. Blockchain is a distributed ledger automation that is worn to exchange Bitcoins. It is additionally finding its function in different alternative spaces, such as the e-polling framework, administration, well-being, and so on. The insurance of exchanges has gotten to be like the main concern nowadays.
This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings of blockchain technology and its practical applications in enhancing banking security. The financial landscape is experiencing a seismic shift as disruptive technologies like blockchain emerge. Blockchain, with its core tenets of decentralization, immutability, and transparency, offers a transformative approach to banking security. This paper delves into the theoretical foundations of blockchain and explores its practical applications in bolstering bank security. Theoretical Underpinnings at its core, blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Imagine a digital record of transactions, not held by a single entity, but replicated and synchronized across a vast network of computers. This distributed nature eliminates the need for a central authority, fostering trust and transparency within the system. Cryptographic hashing adds another layer of security. Each transaction on the blockchain is cryptographically hashed, generating a unique fingerprint. This fingerprint is linked to the previous transaction's hash, creating an immutable chain of blocks. Any attempt to tamper with data would invalidate the entire chain, ensuring the integrity of every transaction. Consensus mechanisms play a vital role in ensuring network agreement. These mechanisms, like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake ensure all participants on the network agree on the validity of transactions and the current state of the ledger. Practical Applications in Banking Security, Traditional banking systems rely on centralized ledgers, susceptible to fraud and manipulation. Blockchain disrupts this paradigm by offering, Enhanced Transaction Security, by eliminating intermediaries and using cryptography, blockchain significantly reduces the risk of fraud and errors in financial transactions. The immutable nature of the ledger ensures transactions cannot be reversed or altered once recorded. Streamlined Regulatory Compliance, regulatory compliance is a constant challenge for banks. Blockchain simplifies the process by providing an auditable and transparent record of all transactions
Digital Twin (DT) technology provides a comprehensive virtual representation and dynamic mirror of the physical infrastructure, which is invaluable for Facility Management (FM) applications. However, its operations and sensitive data are managed by the centralized infrastructure, which is relatively vulnerable to being compromised. To address these problems, this paper proposes DT-DAO, a conceptual blockchain-based framework integrating Digital Twin (DT) and Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). Given the immutable nature of blockchain technology, the DT-DAO framework can strengthen the security and resilience of the DT. Moreover, taking advantage of the DAO’s decentralized governance mechanism, task automation capabilities, and the real-time sensory data retrieved from the physical assets, DT-DAO can also be used to create an autonomous physical asset (e.g., smart buildings, infrastructure) that can have its operations run automatically and autonomously as predefined in the smart contract. In addition, this paper also provides potential use cases of DT-DAO in smart building FM.
Flavio Corradini, Alessandro Marcelletti, Andrea Morichetta, Barbara Re · 5 authors
Digitalization triggered a transformation in our society, leveraging recent innovations introduced by digital tech-nologies to empower real systems with advanced capabilities. Blockchain emerged as a disruptive technology to advance trustless scenarios by enforcing data immutability and change traceability. Deployed in the Blockchain, smart contracts support such transformation, enhancing the application logic toward a trust scenario. Bug in the smart contract can lead to irreversible consequences, producing faulty transactions or unexpected behaviors. Furthermore, the immutable nature of the Blockchain restricts the ability to make updates if unforeseen circumstances or necessary modifications arise. For these reasons, smart con-tracts' continuous inspection and improvement are fundamental to prevent and react to such issues. In this context, Digital Twin is an emerging approach for creating virtual replicas of assets, processes, or systems. By establishing a bi-directional connection, Digital Twin reflects the twinned entity state while simulating its behavior to enable an iterative evolution. In this paper, we propose an approach that exploits Digital Twin capabilities to support dynamic smart contract improvements. By monitoring and analyzing transactions, Digital Twin can suggest possible refinements to the developers by discovering smart contract inconsistencies or deviations from the expected behavior. Those improvements can refer to a change in logic or parameter optimization. These change proposals are then evaluated in the Digital Twin approach, which eventually updates the smart contract on the Blockchain. We assess the feasibility of the proposed approach using a train management application related to the smart transportation domain.
Several construction projects globally suffer due to time and cost overruns. These could be due to reasons attributable to the contracting parties or unforeseen external circumstances. Disputes often arise between the parties regarding which side caused the delay and the compensation terms for the delay. Thus, this study is motivated to explore a digital contractual solution for contract administrators and project managers using blockchain technology-enabled smart contracts. In this regard, the research attempts to develop smart contract clauses that (1) carefully allocate liability and delay accountability at various construction stages; (2) automatically compute the delay compensations and notify the responsible party; and (3) determine the resultant extensions of time and cost, with cost variations. The goal is to develop computable legal contracts for industry and academia focusing on the extension of time, delay compensation, and variation, which can be applied to all projects worldwide, regardless of the complexity or scale.
Bitcoin is an asset with high risks, and a significant part of its volatility can be explained by the speculative component. Parametric variance-covariance (VaR) methods are not applicable for assessing the risks of bitcoin investment, since log returns are not distributed according to the normal law. Autoregressive risk assessment models (such as ARIMA-GARCH) for bitcoin volatility overestimate risks at times of sharp exchange rate changes and they underestimate them at times of less significant rate changes compared to historical volatility. The grid search for the smoothing parameter in the exponentially weighted moving average method is potentially interesting for modeling the risks of bitcoin investment. This makes it possible to fully take into account the autocorrelation of the bitcoin rate to the levels of previous periods and the volatility of the asset. As a conclusion, there are currently no econometric models that can explain and forecast the volatility of bitcoin in the medium and short term, considering the available factors in the market.
This paper reviews the most important cases of using Blockchain to support Big Data in maritime transport and supply chains and to make them secure and integrated. Contemporary global markets and trade produce a vast amount of Big Data that is collected from various sources and processed, structured, and categorized in order to provide important information to various users in the maritime sector. Also, Blockchain as a new disruptive technology could provide important benefits for handling, securing, and efficient management of Big Data within the maritime transportation supply chain. The paper presents some of the key platforms of Blockchain for maritime and logistics purposes, including smart contracts and other use cases.
Aybika Beksultanova, Timur Aygumov, Alexey Tkachenko
Currently, one of the most vital issues concerns dealing with smart contracts is security. Concerns over inefficiency, security, and fraud are grounded, and ignoring them when using the blockchain network to create smart contracts can result in extremely high additional costs. This article covers the most common tools for auditing smart contracts. The purpose of this article is to compare the most popular software tools to analyze smart contract security. For this purpose, the following types of smart contract vulnerabilities were investigated. This article provides examples of the major smart contract vulnerabilities, and given the relevance of digital agreements and the catastrophic consequences of errors, recommendations have been offered to redress smart contract vulnerabilities.
Nadia A. Abdelmegeed Abdelwahed, Mohammed A. Al Doghan, Ummi Naiemah Saraih, Bahadur Ali Soomro
Purpose Blockchain technology has brought about significant transformation among organizations worldwide. This study aimed to explore the effects of organizational and technological factors on blockchain technology adoption (BTA) and financial performance (FP) in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach This is a co-relational study which used the cross-sectional data. We gathered the data from the managers of Pakistan’s small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which functioned their industries with blockchain technology. We applied convenience sampling to identify the respondents. Finally, we based this study’s findings on 274 valid cases. Findings We used structural equation modeling (SEM) in this study, to exert a positive and significant impact on organizational factors such as organizational innovativeness (OI), organizational learning capability (OLC), top management support (TMS) and organizational work climate (OWC) on BTA. In addition, the technological factors, such as complexity (CTY), technology readiness (TR), compatibility (CBTY) and technology capability (TC), have a positive and significant effect on BTA. Finally, this study’s findings show that BTA positively and significantly impacts FP. Practical implications This study’s findings will help policymakers and planners to design policies to adopt other blockchain technologies to improve SMEs’ operations. Moreover, this study’s findings will inspire policymakers and planners to actively seek new ideas, knowledge and skills through acquiring new knowledge to assist with their IT-related decisions. Originality/value This study empirically confirms the role of organizational and technology factors toward BTA and FP among Pakistan's SME managers.
This chapter explores the dynamic interaction between blockchain technology and digital twins in the context of green investing. It examines the revolutionary influence of the synergy of these cutting-edge technologies on the efficiency, transparency, and dependability of sustainable investing methods. The chapter begins with an informative introduction to the fundamentals of blockchain and digital twins, illuminating their separate functions before revealing their joint potential for strengthening green investment initiatives. A detailed assessment of the most recent improvements in blockchain and digital twin technologies follows, focusing on smart contracts, enhanced data analytics, and real-time monitoring. The actual implementation and effects of this integration are presented via illustrative case studies of renewable energy, sustainable infrastructure, and environmental conservation. This chapter delves deeper into the problems of integrating these technologies, providing practical insights and solutions to technical, regulatory, and operational roadblocks.
The rapid evolution of transformative technologies, including blockchain and digital twins, is reshaping numerous industries. Blockchain, recognized for its distributed ledger capabilities, is gaining widespread acceptance owing to its secure and transparent data management features. Simultaneously, digital twins, virtual replicas of physical assets, are proving instrumental in offering real-time insights and enabling remote monitoring and control. This chapter explores the convergence of these two technologies, emphasizing their potential in the real world. Commencing with an overview of blockchain and digital twins, the chapter proceeds to scrutinize their architecture and consensus mechanisms. Subsequently, it delves into the concept of digital twins and their versatile applications across various sectors. Finally, it articulates the advantages derived from the integration of blockchain and digital twins.
Blockchain technology has garnered considerable interest from academics and businesses. One of the primary reasons to keep track of customer satisfaction and adoption is that customers don't use the product or service enough. Identifying the factors that influence the use and adoption of blockchain technologies will help solve the adoption problems effectively. Many significant firms, like Google, Amazon, and others, will embrace blockchain technology. It will indeed be found in the future and revolutionise logistics and transportation. Even though the advantages of blockchain technology have been well studied in the financial sector, using blockchain technology can help decrease significant logistical challenges such as border delays, product damage, errors, and multiple data entry.
This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process. We cannot, therefore, vouch for the reliability or integrity of this article. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the peer-review process of this article has been compromised. Wiley and Hindawi regret that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity. We wish to credit our Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation. The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.
Assessing blockchain technology strategies is crucial for organizations seeking to leverage the potential benefits of blockchain in their operations. We explore the importance of evaluating blockchain technology strategies and emphasize critical considerations in the assessment process. These considerations encompass aligning strategy with business objectives, evaluating technology capabilities, analyzing implementation challenges, assessing security and privacy implications, considering regulatory compliance, and measuring the impact of the strategy. The study outlines the significance of a comprehensive assessment in ensuring the effectiveness and success of blockchain technology strategies. By conducting thorough assessments, organizations can make informed decisions, mitigate risks, and maximize the value of implementing blockchain technology. This study proposed utilizing the fuzzy set to handle and evaluate the linguistic data. We integrated the fuzzy set with the TOPSIS method to show the rank of strategies. We collect ten criteria and ten strategies in this study. We conducted a sensitivity analysis to show the stability of the results.
According to World Economic Forum the COVID-19 crisis exposed the vulnerabilities in global supply chains. One notable impact was in shipping rates, as transport ground to a halt and a worldwide backlog of containers built up in ports around the world. Another was a dramatic increase in the number of people shopping online as measures to safeguard public health meant that many were confined to their homes. Logistics service providers were forced to get creative and identify means of mitigating costs while maintaining the speed and quality of service. Within the commodity supply chain, there are many stakeholders, each with their own set of platforms and methods. Multiple versions of the same document can inundate end-users, especially if they need to enter one set of data in multiple places. These circumstances open up loopholes for fraudulent or malicious activity in the supply chain. Logistics suppliers are fragmenting their operations in response to this shift, spreading out their processes to minimize concentration risk and the disruption caused by events like geopolitical tension or a pandemic. Using a world production growth function the contribution of the Logistics Performance Index(LPI) components of 133 countries has been estimated for the period 2007-2018 through the econometric method of panel data with fixed effects. Blockchain Technology can guarantee transparency and quality, and automation where Smart Contracts can be written and often reused between different entities and a set of agreements that can automatically take effect after a period or condition is met. The content of the paper reflects the results of research conducted on the contribution of logistics port and freight transport with which we can solve inefficiencies in the ease of arranging international shipments at competitive prices with Blockchain to get Automation of whole supply chain with ports nodes.
Vinolyn Vijaykumar, P. Mercy, T. Lucia Agnes Beena, H.M. Leena · 5 authors
In a world driven by an unwavering pursuit of efficiency, transparency, and innovation, supply chain management (SCM) emerges as a pivotal arena where the intersection of cutting-edge technologies and enduring principles reshapes the very landscape of commerce. This chapter initiates an exploration into the core of this transformation, wherein the fusion of the Internet of Things, blockchain, and artificial intelligence converges to create a new paradigm for supply chain management. At its core, supply chain management encapsulates the intricate dance of demand and supply orchestration. It navigates the complex web of procurement, production, distribution, and all the touchpoints in between. It shoulders the burden of meeting consumer expectations and responding to market dynamics. In this era, the success or failure of businesses hinges upon their capacity to navigate the labyrinth of global trade, operate with efficiency, and deliver quality products punctually. Supply chain management has transcended mere operational functions; it now embodies the essence of competitive advantage. In recent times, there has been an increasing focus on the application of advanced digital technologies such as the IoT, AI, and blockchain to improve SCM. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way supply chains are managed, making them more efficient, transparent, and resilient [1].