Cryptocurrency adalah uang digital, yang beredar di dunia maya tidak memiliki wujud fisik, awal kemunculannya tahun 2008 oleh Satoshi Nakamoto, keamanan Crypto dilindungi oleh teknologi blokchain, namun tidak ada lembaga yang bertanggung jawab dan tidak memiliki asset yang mendasar, segala problem yang muncul, menimbulkan pro dan kontra dikalangan pakar ekonomi dan para ulama, crypto belum memenuhi beberapa unsur dan kriteria sebagai mata uang khususnya dalam prinsip Ekonomi Islam, dalam konteks uang digital tidak ada underlying yaitu aset dijadikan sebagai dasar transaksi, uang digital bukan mata uang, ada unsur ketidak jelasan gharar, harga tidak terkendali dan fungsi mata uang digital telah berkembang sekedar alat tukar menjadi komoditas investasi. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Transaksi Bitcoin dalam perspektif ekonomi syariah dan pandangan hukum islam terhadap transaksi bitcoin, teori yang digunakan adalah teori transaksi ekonomi dan penelitian ini bersifat studi pustaka (Library Research), Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam Islam transaksi yang dilakukan harus jelas, wujud, barang, dan maanfaatnya, dan tidak ada pihak yang saling dirugikan, bitcoin haram dan tidak memenuhi syarat sil’ah secara syar’i, selain itu bitcoin juga bertentangan dengan Undang- Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 dan Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2015, Di Indonesia alat tukar yang sah hanya satu rupiah.
Bitcoin and Altcoin are digital currencies (cryptocurrencies) that use blockchain technology, a technology that can monitor, supervise, record, and record every transaction that occurs in digital currency. Bitcoin is decentralized, meaning it is spread everywhere, not centralized and cannot be regulated by authorities or other institutions. In making transactions, it is very necessary to recognize digital currencies such as identity, core business, projects being developed, volume of demand and supply, and other indicators. The need to find out information about coins/crypto tokens before trading, is a very helpful thing for traders because of concerns about coins/tokens that are indicated as scam or rugpull. Coinmarketcap.com and coingecko are data provider sites related to bitcoin and altcoins around the world, which can help find and analyze related information about tokens/cryptocoins to be traded, but do not guarantee accuracy, but can minimize the occurrence of greater losses. Digital currencies provide business opportunities and loopholes to be able to generate profit from every coin/token traded, but on the other hand these assets are risky for traders and investors due to their high volatility which makes market price movements difficult to predict (unpredictable). To be able to overcome this problem it is necessary to manage finances by taking 10% for trading from the main salary earned, dividing which assets are needed for trading and which are for daily / other living needs and self-control well, when is it time to trade, rest, and when to pause. That way it can save other assets when the other asset is experiencing a decline, so it doesn't disturb the main asset.
Dalam Kaidah fiqh ada kaidah hukum dasar segala perbuatan ialah boleh kecuali ada dalil yang mengharamkan. Pada prinsipnya keberadaan bitcoin sebagai mata uang virtual diperbolehkan, karena telah diterima oleh berbagai kalangan masyarakat, tetapi persetujuan, legalitas serta pengakuan pemerintah harus dilihat sebagai hak dan kewajiban pemerintah. Hal ini Termasuk masalah penerbitan mata uang bitcoin, guna menghindari kemungkinan kemadharatan yang mungkin terjadi. Dalam kenyataannya, perdagangan Bitcoin saat ini lebih banyak digunakan sebagai spekulasi sehingga terdapat unsur gharar dan maisir yang terkandung dalamnya akad batil dan unsur yang dilarang oleh prinsip ajaran Islam. Menggunakan Bitcoin sebagai sarana investasi sangat spekulasi dan berisiko. Jika mengacu kepada alasan pengharaman riba maka ada riba dalam transaksi bitcoi yaitu berkaitan dengan pertukaran yang disyaratkan taqaabudh serta tamaatsul.Penggunaan Bitcoin juga terlihat dalam motode penolakan terhadap madharat, dengan ketidakjelasan dan mengandung unsur gharar dan maysir, terutaman legitimasi dari pemerintah yang tidak jelas mengenai penggunaan bitcoin, maka akan menyebabkan dampak negative yang sangat besar misalnya penyalah gunaan dana untuk kejahatan seperti tindak pidana terorisme dan Money Laundering. Oleh karena itu mencegah madharat leih diutamakan daripada mendadatangkan manfaat.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan (Library Research). yakni dengan menelaah artikel, buku dan laman website untuk memperoleh data, teori dan konsep yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini. In the Rules of fiqh there is a basic legal rule that all actions are permissible unless there is an argument that forbids it. In principle, the existence of bitcoin as a virtual currency is permissible, because it has been accepted by various groups of people, but government approval, legality and recognition must be seen as rights and obligations of the government. This includes the issue of issuing bitcoin currency, in order to avoid possible harm that might occur. In reality, Bitcoin trading is currently mostly used as speculation so that there are elements of gharar and maisir which are contained in vanity contracts and elements prohibited by Islamic principles. Using Bitcoin as an investment vehicle is highly speculative and risky. Referring to the reasons for prohibiting usury, there is usury in bitcoin transactions, namely related to the exchange required by taqaabudh and tamaatsul. The use of Bitcoin is also seen in the method of rejecting madharat, with ambiguity and containing elements of gharar and maysir, especially legitimacy from the government which is not clear regarding the use bitcoin, it will cause enormous negative impacts, for example the misuse of funds for crimes such as terrorism and money laundering. Therefore preventing harm is prioritized over bringing benefits. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research approach. The type of research used is library research (Library Research). namely by examining articles, books and website pages to obtain data, theories and concepts related to this research.
Lirih Hayyu Maghfiroh, Sri Yuniati, Adhiningasih Prabhawati
This research begins with the phenomenon of the emergence of Cryptocurrency, one of which is Bitcoin, which is used as currency in El Salvador. In this regard, the research aims to question El Salvador's reasons for legalizing Bitcoin as an official means of transaction. This paper answers questions through qualitative methods using secondary data. The data were then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that El Salvador's reason for legalizing Bitcoin is to reduce dependence on the United States dollar, attract investors from abroad, and improve the El Salvador economy.
Konten selfie Ghozali yang diunggah dalam Non-Fungible Token (NFT) meraup banyak keuntungan yang tinggi. Hal ini membuat Ghozali viral di media sosial. Ghozali terus melakukan unggahan selfie tersebut dan mempromosikannya melalui akun twitternya dengan nama “Ghozali Everyday”. Fenomena ini menarik banyak perhatian masyarakat umum. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana Fenomena Ghozali Everyday Non Fungible Token (Nft) Di Twitter. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Informan pada penelitian ini yaitu pengikut akun @Ghozali_Ghozalu. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori fenomenologi Husserl yaitu untuk memahami fenomena seseorang harus menelaah fenomena apa adanya. Oleh karena itu seseorang harus menyimpan sementara atau mengisolasi asumsi, keyakinan, dan pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki agar mampu melihat fenomena apa adanya atau melakukan proses bracketing. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menemukan bahwa fenomena vira ghozali ini mempengaruhi public menjual foto atau karya lainnya di NFT khususnya masyarakat Indonesia. Twitter menjadi salah satu social media yang sekarang sedang booming dikalangan publik, dan melalui media sosial ini Ghozali berhasil mempromosikan dirinya
The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate how a company should report cryptocurrency investment on their financial statements. In dealing with it, the research problems address the status of positive law and Islamic law in cryptocurrency and how the current economy responds to cryptocurrency. Qualitative descriptive approach and literature review with content analysis method using NVivo 12 plus software are used. The data for this study were obtained from interviews and a review of documents. The finding shows that investments in cryptocurrency held by the companies can be treated as investments in equity with minor adjustments. The content analysis conducted shows that stakeholders are neutral toward this issue. This chapter proposes a standard on how cryptocurrency should be treated in financial report under Indonesian Sharia-based Statement of Financial Reporting Standards/PSAK Syariah since the transaction of cryptocurrency investment has not been accommodated in financial reporting standard in Indonesia.
Nurul Huda, Yeremias Lake, Detson Ray Halomoan Sitorus
Tujuan dilaksanakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apa saja strategi yang dapat diterapkan oleh para investor aset cryptocurrency agar mendapatkan tingkat return yang optimal. Pendekatan metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif library research. Sumber data yang dijadikan acuan dalam penelitian ini adalah data yang berasal dari artikel, buku, dan surat kabar dari media elektronik dengan kata kunci pencarian: cara berinvestasi crypto, teknik berinvestasi crypto dan strategi berinvestasi crypto. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan software NVivo 10 Plus. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan beberapa strategi berinvestasi pada aset cryptocurrency yaitu: menentukan tipe dan tujuan investasi, mempelajari aset cryptocurrency yang diminati, memilih aset cryptocurrency yang terpercaya, memilih exchange dan wallet yang aman, memperhatikan biaya layanan dan spread, jangan fears of missing out (FOMO), membeli pada saat harga rendah (support) dan jual ketika harga tinggi (resistance), melakukan diversifikasi dan migitasi risiko, berinvestasi di berbagai platform, tidak mudah panik dan berorientasi pada hold on for dear life (HODL), senantiasa mengikuti informasi perkembangan cryptocurrency, mengikuti dan bergabung pada komunitas cryptocurrency, dan rutin melakukan dollar-cost averaging (DCA).
Cryptocurrency instruments show an increase in the number of investors in Indonesia, the increase in cryptocurrency investors is even bigger than the number of stock investors in the Indonesian capital market, even though stock investors also increase. The increase in stock and cryptocurrency investors is an indication that the investment climate in Indonesia is starting to improve, this must be accompanied by increased financial literacy regarding the returns and risks of an investment instrument, this research is important considering that understanding the returns and risks of an investment instrument is crucial in the decision making. The test in this study uses a descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test, if the sample does not meet the requirements of the parametric statistical test, it will use the nonparametric statistical test Mann Whitney Test, which aims to determine whether there is a difference in return and risk of cryptocurrencies and sharia stock prices for the period January 2015 to October 2021. This study finds that there are significant differences in the returns and risk of cryptocurrencies and Sharia Stocks. Based on descriptive statistics, the standard deviation of cryptocurrency returns is greater than the standard deviation of Sharia stocks, indicating that cryptocurrency risks are higher than Sharia Stocks.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the debate about cryptocurrency as money from an Islamic point of view. Money in Islam that is based on urf of custom has also some requirements, such as its stability. Some fatwas in Indonesia regarding the legitimacy of cryptocurrency must be evidenced with an empirical-based. The study used 25 cryptocurrency prices and related information. By employing ARCH and GARCH, the study revealed that cryptocurrency is hugely volatile and, thus, does not fulfill such criterion as money from an Islamic perspective, and is normally used for speculation. Hence, this study suggests that cryptocurrency is still reluctant to be used for a transaction.
Muḥammad Muḥammad, Driana Leniwati, Agung Muhammadiyah Prasetyo N.W, Ahmad Juanda · 6 authors
This research is motivated by the increase in the number of investors from 2019-2021. This increase indicates that the Indonesian people have become increasingly interested to invest in cryptocurrencies while the price of cryptocurrency is very volatile so that it can be formulated in this study what factors cause investors to be interested to invest in cryptocurrencies based on attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. This study aims to determine the effect of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control on the intention to invest in cryptocurrency. This study used a quantitative approach with primary data of survey questionnaire to collect from a sample of 81 respondents using non probability with convenience sampling method. The collected data in this study was analysed using Structural Equation Model-PLS. The results of this study state that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control have a positive significant effect on the intention to invest in cryptocurrency
This research is to find out and analyze NFT as an object of income tax in Indonesia and the Indonesian Government's efforts to realize it. Through the normative juridical method, research was produced that the essence of the income obtained from the NFT is income that goes into the object of income as contained in article 4 paragraph (1) of Law Number 36 of 2008 concerning Income Tax, however, the imposition of income tax in NFT transactions is still self-assessment, where taxpayers must calculate, pay and report independently, considered prone to causing non-compliance of taxpayers due to a lack of correct understanding regarding the mechanism of taxation. Until now, Indonesia does not yet have regulations that can accommodate the development of digital financial assets and products, especially for NFTs so it is prone to causing taxpayer non-compliance because special tax regulations have not been established regarding income from NFTs.
Cryptocurrency is a centralised network currency system that can connect users without intermediaries or third parties such as banks or governments. Countries globally have different attitudes in drafting regulations regarding cryptocurrencies; some accept, reject, or are neutral. The application of cryptocurrency as a payment medium has not yet been regulated in Indonesian legal jurisdiction. However, cryptocurrencies have various opportunities that can positively impact the country's economy. Indonesia must face various challenges in implementing cryptocurrency as payment. This study examines the opportunities and challenges of implementing cryptocurrency as a payment medium by using a responsive legal theory review. The study was carried out using doctrinal research methods. Indonesia's cryptocurrencies currently do not have a lex specialist (particular regulation). However, the application of cryptocurrency as a payment medium can increase e-commerce transactions, have a payment system with high confidentiality and security, and fast, precise, and low-cost transactions. The challenges that must be implemented are developing institutions and legal constitutions that regulate cryptocurrencies as a payment medium, developing blockchain systems and their application in cellular technology.
Cryptocurrency is becoming more and more popular as an investment asset. With a high risk high return characteristic of cryptocurrency, doesn’t stop people from investing into cryptocurrency. This research will study empirically regarding determinants behind cryptocurrency investment decisions with The Theory of Planned Behavior applied and added perceived risk as extra variable as well as the mediating role of attitude in behavioral intention to invest in cryptocurrencies. It is found that attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm are key drivers behind cryptocurrency investment decision with perceived risk not affecting the behavioral intention. Attitude also mediates relationship between perceived behavioral control and subjective norm towards behavioral intention while attitude fails to mediate perceived risk towards behavioral intention to invest in cryptocurrency
Fokus pada penelitian ini menitikberatkan sejauh mana berbagai persoalan terkait investasi Virtual Cryptocurrency dan investasi saham dapat dijawab berdasarkan sudut pandang yang menitik beratkan pada fungsionalisasi budaya hukum, kemudian apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi tingginya minat masyarakat berinvestasi pada Cryptocurrency dan saham. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode pendekatan penelitian yaitu pendekatan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa peningkatan kegiatan investasi terhadap saham dan Cryptocurrency di Indonesia, terjadi bukan hanya karena adanya peraturan tertulis yang terbentuk, namun adanya gerakan dari masyarakat itu sendiri yakni permintaan dan penawan yang mempengaruhi sistem hukum. Adapun beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi tingginya minat masyarakat berbondong-bondong berinvestasi pada Cryptocurrency dan saham faktor fundamental, Perbedaan saham dan Cryptocurrency dalam melakukan analisis fundamental pada bursa saham melibatkan berbagai macam data yang diharapkan akan berdampak pada nilai suatu saham. Data yang dimaksudkan antara lain, return of asset, aliran kas, dan gearing ratio yang mana digunakan untuk mengukur modal pinjaman perusahaan untuk membiayai operasional. Sedangkan, Cryptocurrency memiliki fundamental yang dapat dikatakan jauh berbeda dengan saham. Cryptocurrency memiliki fundamental yang dapat dilihat dari Whitepaper atau semacamnya. Whitepaper berisikan mengenai peta pengembangan dari proyek Cryptocurrency. Dari peta pengembangan tersebut, trader atau investor Cryptocurrency dapat melihat prospek sebelum melakukan transaksi, dimana tujuannya untuk mendapatkan profit besar dengan jangka pendek ataupun dengan jangka panjang.
The use of blockchain technology in financing has been based on its high benefits of efficiency and transparency. However, not many in-depth discussions have been done on such blockchain utilization for Islamic social finance or the metaverse. This paper further explores these three areas of blockchain, the metaverse and Islamic social finance by proposing the use of blockchain and the metaverse for social projects of providing education to the underprivileged with the use of Islamic social finance instruments. In fulfilling this objective this research will explain how blockchain technology was applied in Islamic social finance through the case study of Blossom Smart sukuk, thereafter the opportunities for education under Islamic financial principles through blockchain in metaverse will be explored. The authors believe that further innovation in this area would see renaissance in Islamic social finance both in the real world and in metaverse.
Investasi menjadi salah satu kegiatan yang digemari oleh masyarakat karena dapat meningkatkan keuntungan dari kegiatan tersebut. Ragam media investasi sangatlah banyak salah satunya adalah cryptocurrency dalam bentuk bitcoin yang saat ini marak beredar. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui segmen manfaat dari kegiatan investasi yang dilakukan menggunakan cryptocurrency dalam bentuk bitcoin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, bitcoin mampu dan dapat digunakan sebagai alat alternative dalam menjalankan kegiatan investasi karena beberapa manfaat seperti (1) keunggula bitcoin mengenai stabilitas harga di pasar global yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai simbolik kestabilan harga di dunia, (2) bitcoin memiliki kemudahan proses pembayaran hanya dengan memanfaatkan website yang dipergunakan untuk menjalankan kegiatan transaksi, (3) bitcoin telah mendapat legalitas dari banyak pihak sehingga kegunaannya sangat kompleks dan mudah untuk dikelola, (4) bitcoin mampu memberikan sumbangsih dalam menuntaskan berbagai masalah perekonomian seperti kegiatan inflasi.
Conie Pania Putri, Andri Trisna Eka Putra, Muhammad Aminuddin
The increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies has raised concerns regarding their financial and tax implications in Indonesia.This research aims to explore the urgency of implementing appropriate legal regulations to address the financial and tax aspects of cryptocurrency transactions in the country.By analyzing existing laws, regulations, and scholarly literature, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the current state of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia and the potential consequences of inadequate legal frameworks.The research begins by examining the financial aspect of cryptocurrency transactions, focusing on issues such as transaction security, investor protection, and financial stability.It investigates the potential risks associated with unregulated cryptocurrency transactions and the need for legal safeguards to mitigate these risks.Furthermore, the study delves into the tax aspect of cryptocurrency transactions, analyzing the challenges of taxing cryptocurrencies and the implications for government revenue.Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant laws and regulations, this research emphasizes the significance of establishing an appropriate legal framework for cryptocurrency transactions.The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discussions on the regulation of cryptocurrencies in Indonesia and provide recommendations for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders in formulating effective legal measures.
English Abstract: Distributed ledger technology "Blockchain" is a record in which all transactions made by cryptocurrencies are permanently documented and cannot be deleted, modified or altered. The distributed ledger technology consists of blocks, each block containing the details of each transfer process that took place during a certain period in terms of the public address of both the sender and the addressee, which is an electronic signature for the two parties, the amount of currency transferred and the time of transmission. The question that arises is to which extent is it possible to comprehend the general rules to give legal authenticity to electronic writing and electronic signature included in the distributed record technology to prove transactions made by encrypted currencies?
This study aims to conduct a review of Islamic Fintech research development from 2020 to 2022 related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the role of Islamic fintech. This research is a qualitative-descriptive study utilizing a literature review approach. The literature review was conducted by collecting journal articles relevant to the research objectives using the Publish or Perish (PoP) application, followed by content analysis using the Scopus database. The content analysis identifies two related streams concerning Covid-19 challenges and the role of Islamic Fintech. In detail, Islamic fintech and distributed ledger technology (Blockchain, 1 article) and financial inclusion (6 articles). By conducting a content analysis on each stream, we reveal that the cointegration of Fintech in Islamic finance has enormous potential in elevating socio-economic development, particularly for the underdeveloped community, unbanked people, and micro-small enterprises (MSEs) In addition, the adoption of fintech in Islamic finance will support the government in improving financial inclusion, conquering financial crises, such as COVID-19's crisis
Mohammad Sholeh, Muhammad Fauzinudin Faiz, Moh Muhlis Anwar
Cryptocurrency is a result of recent development of digitalization in the financial transaction. OneGram is a part of it that uses gold instruments to back up and maintain its value stable. The purpose of this study is to explore how Islamic law and MUI & NU, through their fatwa, percieve the OneGram. This research uses a qualitative approach to gain a deep understanding of the OneGram by using secondary data collected from the Quran, hadith, relevant academic journals according to Islamic law and fatwas from both organization. The results of this study state that OneGram is allowed by Islamic law and the fatwa to be used as digital payment system. OneGram is furthermore supervised by shariah supervisory board to avoid gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling) in maintaining its value. The unique fact from this digital currency is that the use of gold in transaction had been applied in the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW. From this digital development, OneGram as a gold-backed cryptocurrency can revive the function of dinar as currency. OneGram transforms the gold value in dinar coin which physically has no flexibility in today transaction to the gold value in digital platform which has flexibility in digital transaction with broad accesability.
The recognition of cryptocurrency as digital assets in Malaysia under the purview of security governed by the Securities Commission of Malaysia contributed to cryptocurrency's positive acceptance, with evidence that the number of cryptocurrency users is growing. Nonetheless, due to the unique characteristics of cryptocurrency, the lack of legal regulation on cryptocurrency inheritance will have an impact on crypto estate administration. Apparently, the law on cryptocurrency in Malaysia is still in its infancy, and the existing issue of frozen estate in Malaysia, which is constantly increasing, prompted the researchers to investigate potential loopholes in cryptocurrency estate administration from a legal and shariah standpoint. The study conducts content analysis by examining the relevant statutories, such as “the Probate and Administration Act 1959, the Capital Market Service Act 1997, the Capital Market and Services (Prescription of Securities) (Digital Currency and Digital Token) Order 2019, Shariah Resolutions and Fatwas in Malaysia”, other literatures related to cryptocurrency estate administration. As a result, there are legal loopholes in cryptocurrency estate administration in Malaysia that prevent cryptocurrency from being inherited by the entitled beneficiary. The issue of cryptocurrency inheritance may arise in the near future; thus, this study provides policy implications to the Malaysian regulators to solve the highlighted lacuna as well as social implications to the Malaysian society to consider cryptocurrency in their inheritance planning.
Nur Syaedah Kamis, Mardziyah Mohd Isa, Nur Syamilah Md Noor
Day by day the numbers of Bitcoins owners are increasing and as the time lapses, they also will face the death. In Perlis, Bitcoins is recognised as a wealth (mal) and subject to zakat by State Fatwa Committee of Perlis. Hence, this paper aims to discover the inheritability of bitcoin according to Shariah in Perlis. As a result, this study employed a qualitative research approach by interview in order to discover the inheritability of bitcoin as a mal according to Shariah. Purposive sampling was used in the study. The finding of this study indicated that the existing fatwa on bitcoin is silent on the inheritance ruling of bitcoin. The researcher urged that this inheritance ruling must be tabled and gazetted by the state fatwa committee of Perlis in order to ensure the continuity of bitcoin to the next generation. Therefore, this study has contributed in comprehensive Shariah views behind the permissibility of Bitcoin in Perlis and provides some important policy implication for the regulator and state fatwa committee of Perlis to fulfil the lacuna in the fatwa related to bitcoin.