Public procurement is one of the priority areas of economic development in the Russian Federation due to the need to ensure targeted and efficient spending of budget funds. Without a doubt, the use of innovative digital tools in the procurement sector will lead to an increase in the quality of public procurement. The purpose of this study is to analyze the digitalization prospects of public procurement, highlighting the main stages of digitalization of public procurement in the Russian Federation, methods of using digital tools in the procurement of goods, work, services for state and municipal needs. The article also explores the possibility of using distributed ledger technology (blockchain) in public procurement in Russia.The methodological basis of the study was made up of both general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition. As a result of the study
The paper is devoted to the application of the principles of law in contractual relations, the emergence or implementation of which are associated with the use of digital means. The development of digital technologies has caused objective changes in the structure and qualities of economic turnover. At the same time, objective changes mean those that are formed due to changes in the behavior of private entities at the micro level. The author substantiates the thesis according to which, in conditions of a lack of regulatory regulation, the relevant principles of law are in demand sources of law for resolving potential conflicts of interest. The author states that in conditions when the main categories of civil law are being revised — subjects (identity identification), objects (tokenization), transactions (ways of expressing will in the digital economy), fulfillment of obligations (smart contracts), the main thing that law will remain unchanged is its principles. The principles of law are lawthemselves; the rest is either changing forms of relations that law affects, or a changing mechanism for the implementation of legal ideas. In turn, it is the principles of law that contain invariable methods of resolving conflicts of interest, which is the main subject of law. Complicating the contractual relationship with a digital element not only does not cancel the application of principles to such relations, but at the stage of insufficient regulatory regulation as a means of implementing the principles of law requires their active use to resolve conflicts of interest. The paper classifies some cases of digital means application at the stage of concluding a contract, fulfilling obligations, and enforcement. The potential of the principles of law for resolving disputable situations in digital contractual relations at each stage of the development of contractual legal relations is shown.
Современный период развития российского общества характеризуется цифровизацией основных институтов общества, которая, однако, идёт гораздо интенсивнее, чем развитие российского законодательства. Статья посвящена анализу сущности невзаимозаменяемого токена (NFT, nonfungible token), особенностям их создания и обращения, а также необходимостью внедрения данного феномена в законодательство РФ как предмета интеллектуальной собственности, цифровых прав, а также урегулирование вопроса перехода исключительных прав на сами NFT объекты. Автор видит перспективы для введения института цифровых прав, в частности таких правовых феноменов, как NFT, в законодательство отдельных стран. В статье предложены конкретные изменения в статьи гражданского, а также уголовного и семейного законодательства, направленные на устранение существующих пробелов правового регулирования данного вопроса и развитие NFT в будущем. The modern period of development of Russian society is characterized by the digitalization of the main institutions of society, which, however, is much more intensive than the development of Russian legislation. The article is devoted to the analysis of the essence of NFT, the peculiarities of their creation and circulation, as well as the need to introduce this phenomenon into the legislation of the Russian Federation as a subject of intellectual property, digital rights, as well as the settlement of the issue of the transfer of exclusive rights to the NFT objects themselves. The author sees prospects for the introduction of the institution of digital rights, in particular, such legal phenomena as NFT, into the legislation of individual countries. The paper proposes specific changes to articles of civil, as well as criminal and family law, aimed at eliminating the existing gaps in the legal regulation of this issue and the development of NFT in the future.
The rapid development of the practice of using the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) in the area of financial and commercial relations gives rise to problems of uncertainty in the legal regulation of the rights and obligations of participants in relations concerning operation of systems based on this technology. This paper contains a brief review of some notable foreign studies on the problems of determining the applicable law and jurisdiction in the context of using DLT systems.
Digital Transformation in Law
Advanced Research in Systems and Signal Processing
Purpose of the article is to assess legal possibilities of using cryptocurrencies by the Russian Federation in order to evade international economic sanctions and formulate appropriate proposals.Research methods.The paper is executed by applying the general research and special methods of scientific cognition.Results.The article is devoted to the legal assessment of the possibilities of using cryptocurrencies by the Russian Federation in order to evade international economic sanctions with further substantiation of relevant proposals.It is proved that the cryptocurrency market cannot fully replace classical financial mechanisms for the Russian Federation, as the aggressor country.Therefore, we can talk about individual cases of withdrawal by residents of the Russian Federation of their own assets out of sanctions in the form of cryptocurrency with their subsequent conversion into fiat currencies.It is noted that legal operators of the virtual assets market, as well as professional participants involved in the chain of transactions with virtual assets, carry out their activities in accordance with the requirements of FATF and national legislation on prevention of funds laundering and combating terrorism.At the same time, it is established that the use of decentralized cryptocurrency exchange (DEX) and technologies increasing the anonymity of transactions (in particular, bitcoin mixer (tumbler), private, decentralized cryptocurrency (Monero), shadow banking), creates grounds to evade the norms of prevention and counteraction money laundering, terrorist financing and financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and negate the effect of international economic sanctions.Conclusions.International initiatives regarding the legal regulation of stablecoins create risks for the Decentralized Finance industry and for using the decentralized crypto-asset market for fraud, including circumventing sanctions, but, at the same time, do not fully mitigate the risks associated with the circulation of stablecoins.Accordingly, the arguments in favor of taking appropriate international legal measures aimed at combating shadow banking and organizing the circulation of virtual assets are expressed.Thus, only cryptocurrencies, which are secured by currency values, securities or derivative financial instruments at the moment of their introduction and during the whole period of their stay in circulation, should be subject to conversion into fiat currencies.
<h5 class=annotation lang-ru sigil_not_in_toc>В статье обсуждается английское дело, посвященное компьютерному вымогательству. Однако это не уголовное дело, а гражданско-правовой иск, в котором жертва вымогателей пытается вернуть себе биткоины, уплаченные киберпреступникам в качестве выкупа. В деле решается ряд непростых вопросов гражданского и гражданско-процессуального права, специфичных для споров вокруг криптоактивов. В том числе необычайно важный вопрос о гражданско-правовой квалификации криптовалюты: суд признает, что криптовалюта является «имуществом».</h5>
The article analyzes the positive and negative aspects of the use of smart contracts in various business areas, which respectively give it an advantage or disadvantage compared to traditional civil law contracts. It has been determined that due to the automatic execution of the transaction, as soon as the agreed conditions are fulfilled, smart contracts allow eliminating or minimizing a number of transaction costs that accompany traditional contracts. When using a smart contract, the possibility of improper execution by one of the parties is practically eliminated, since it cannot be violated. It is the difficulty of modifying or terminating smart contracts that is an advantage over other contractual structures. The complexity of changing and terminating smart contracts is a guarantee of their stability and the immutability of the contractual terms that were originally agreed by the parties. But at the same time, smart contracts, eliminating some of the problems of traditional contracts, create new ones when using them. The article also notes that smart contracts are distinguished by both vulnerability in computer code and insufficiently effective legal regulation. The problem of oracles when using smart contracts is considered, which consists in the need to trust the information received from them. It is concluded that due to the vulnerability of a smart contract, like any modern digital technology, the existence of a written original of the contract, subsequently expressed in a smart contract, will make it much easier for the parties to use both judicial and extrajudicial methods to protect their rights. It has been noted that due to the growing use of smart contracts in civil circulation, the number of disputes arising in connection with this, considered both in state courts and in non-state bodies (arbitration courts), will also increase.
В статье рассмотрены NFT как самостоятельный объект правового регулирования. Определена сущность non-fungible tokens. Выделены особенности реализации невзаимозаменяемых токенов. Рассмотрены проблемы правовой защиты NFT и способы их решения.
The article discusses the features of non-interchangeable tokens from the point of view of law. The author reveals and systematizes the rights to NFT, offers solutions to existing problems. In addition, the article proposes the concept of hybrid rights, invented by the author.
Abstract This chapter covers the innovative concept of decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). DAO refers to a system or arrangement for distributed decision-making which typically relies on or is underpinned by a computer program or a compilation of computer programs. The DAO essentially consists of computer codes that exist virtually on the relevant blockchain or other distributed ledger which codes are typically open sourced. The chapter then provides an overview of the potential legal and regulatory implications for the DAO and other DAOs within the context of UK and EU investment fund regulation. It highlights the considerable uncertainty regarding how the DAO should be treated from a legal and regulatory perspective.
<ns2:p>In modern Russia, thanks to the development of digital technologies, the usual image of economic relations is radically changing. The list of possibilities of their application in the modern world is rapidly expanding. The construction of a digital economy system as the most optimal environment for the application of these technologies is the logical outcome of digital transformation. Against this background, virtual economic relations, electronic payment services, virtual crypto exchanges, crowdfunding are actively developing, which contributes to the development of electronic money and digital currencies. These processes have increased the number of criminal manifestations, crime has been modernized, new types of crime have appeared, as well as new objects, methods and means of committing crimes. The results of the author’s comprehensive crime study indicate an increase in crimes committed using digital currency (cryptocurrency) [1, p. 89; 2, p. 287]. In this connection, consideration of the problems of its conceptual apparatus, legal regulation, study of the issues of legalization of this digital asset, criminal activities with its use may be now necessary to ensure criminological security, since national authorities do not control digital currency (cryptocurrency); it can compete with national fiat currencies and lead to their weakening. At the same time, the development of the digital currency (cryptocurrency) market and the growth of transactions is increasing daily. Sometimes they are used for criminal purposes. However, the insufficiency of its regulation is not conducive to the prevention of crimes in which it is the means of commission and the object of criminal activity. The purpose of the article is to develop scientifically sound proposals for improving criminal legislation and preventing crimes committed both in relation to digital currency (cryptocurrency) and with their use. Methods. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of cognition are used, as well as special scientific methods (system-structural, formal-logical extrapolations, prognostic, documentary analysis, statistical, interviewing, etc.). The results of the study show a high level of acts committed both in relation to the digital currency and with its use. Such crimes are characterized by a high degree of public danger, determined by the damage caused to the individual, society and the state, as well as the commission of acts by representatives of transnational organized crime, characteristics of the object and means of committing such crimes, social consequences, and a high level of latency. The relevance and expediency of criminalization of these crimes is proved, as evidenced by crime statistics, materials of judicial practice, the nature and degree of their public danger, and the possibility of influencing them by legal means. Proposals have been prepared and presented to improve criminal legislation in the field of preventing crimes committed using digital currency (cryptocurrency).</ns2:p>
Digital technologies have been integrated into all aspects of public life, including politics, law, finance, business, education, science, and society. As a result of the use of digital technologies by various subjects, a transformation has occurred of the economic relations existing in society, including corporate relations. This study analyzes the impact of digitalization on individual institutions of corporate law. The authors investigate the following aspects of the digitalization of corporate law: (1) digital legal personality of the corporation (online registration (e-residency) of corporations and the digital footprint that companies leave in public registers); (2) digital corporate governance; and (3) digital (network or decentralized) autonomous organizations. The purpose of this research is to identify trends and directions of transformation of individual institutions of corporate law in a digital society. The authors conclude that the digitalization of institutions of corporate law will result in: (1) the reinterpretation of certain concepts of corporate law, such as corporation and corporate governance; (2) the improvement of the legal mechanisms of corporate governance following the introduction of AI into the collegial executive bodies of corporations; (3) the digitalization of corporate assets; and (4) the emergence of new subjects of corporate and other relevant relations.
Vladislav Pascari, Larisa Gagarina, Valentin V. Sliusar
The most promising way to increase voters’ confidence in the remote electronic voting (REV) procedure is a voting method based on Ethereum blockchain platform. However, the existing solutions using this method faced a range of problems: ensuring the secrecy of the vote and openness of the procedure for society, pressure on the voter and a guarantee of the reliability of the whole system. In this work, a method for constructing a REV is proposed that solves these problems. It is similar in structure to the traditional voting method, using the same principle and processes. The Ethereum blockchain based REV process is described in detail. It was shown that received votes are securely stored in the Ethereum blockchain network, and the correctness of the vote addressing to the selected candidate can always be checked in real time. The description of smart contract algorithm that implements the transfer of vote from voter to candidate using transactions and determines the winner who received the highest number of votes was provided. It was demonstrated that keccak256 hashing algorithm and secp256k1 elliptic curve signatures ensure transactions’ maximum protection, reliability, and non-rollability. The developed REV technique based on Ethereum blockchain platform increases the efficiency of data security and confidentiality, transparency and anonymity of the voting procedure, and solves the problem of coercion. The results of the work have been implemented programmatically and can be used not only in the electoral system, but also wherever there is need of remote voting.
The article is devoted to the study of the experience of legal regulation of the legal status of cryptocurrencies and transactions with them in Asian countries (except for the People's Republic of China and Asian countries - members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, as the author examined them in separate publications). In the article the author, based on the study of regulations, administrative and judicial practice of all major countries in this part of the world, emphasizes the divergent trends in cryptocurrency transactions regulation in the region, when some countries move from a liberal approach to the use of cryptocurrencies to their total ban and vice versa. It is noted that almost all countries in the region give a legal assessment of the payment function of cryptocurrencies, using regulatory or prohibitive approaches, depending on the chosen policy, which indirectly confirms their understanding of the legal nature of cryptocurrencies primarily as a means of payment. At the same time, these countries not only categorically distinguish cryptocurrencies from fiat money issued by central banks, but also mostly avoid the official definition of cryptocurrency as private (decentralized) cash, preferring to qualify them as an intangible asset, virtual asset, digital asset, financial value and even a good or service, which is currently a kind of compromise between political expediency and economic realities. The author also notes that the Asian region is characterized by very active attempts to resolve the legal status of cryptocurrencies at the legislative level, and not just administrative or judicial response to the actual legal relationship, although the progress of different countries in this matter is different.
 As a result, the author concludes that in the Asian countries considered in the article, there is no same view on the legal nature of cryptocurrency, its qualification as an object of civil rights, and ways to regulate transactions with it (libertarian approach, positive-cryptocurrency approach but with detailed government regulation and control or a completely restrictive policy in relation to the cryptocurrency market).
The article is devoted to the study of the current state and prospects of further legislative regulation of the legal status of cryptocurrency in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. According to the analysis of the current legal framework in these countries, the author notes that the regulation of legal status and cryptocurrency transactions in the CIS countries is heterogeneous - from the level of adjustment of existing codifications of civil law and the adoption of special legislation on legal regulation of innovative financial instruments to only by-laws or in the absence of special legislation at all, including a deliberate (but for various reasons) refusal to normalize this legal phenomenon. In the latter case, countries apply to cryptocurrency transactions the current tools of civil, tax, administrative and criminal law (depending on public policy in this area), which does not fully correspond to the novelty of this legal phenomenon, and thus leads to legal uncertainty and legal conflicts of private persons with the state. The author states that the countries of the union use different practices to regulate this legal phenomenon: from completely restrictive, to partially restrictive (with the possibility of mining and operations outside national jurisdic-tion) or completely liberal. There are no common approaches of the CIS countries to understanding the legal status of cryptocurrencies as an object of civil rights - depending on the country, they are classified as digital (virtual) assets, other property, property rights. The author emphasizes that almost all the states of the union deny the possi-bility of using cryptocurrencies as means of payment and units of account (except for the payment for the services of cryptocurrency exchanges in the countries where they exist). As a result, the author concludes that attempts to unify the legal regulation of the status and circulation of cryptocurrencies in the CIS countries are currently unsuccessful, which, according to the author, is explained by different levels of democratization of domestic political life and eco-nomic structure of CIS countries as well as by their acceptance of different legal traditions (Western and Chinese).
The emergence of digital technologies contributed to the emergence and rapid development of digital commerce, and at the same time, the number of electronic payments, the use of digital and virtual currencies increased. The article presents an analysis of the legal nature of such a financial instrument as cryptocurrency, characterizes the distinctive features, highlights the advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the work is to consider the regulatory legal position of cryptocurrency in the modern world, to highlight the legal practice in cases of the circulation of cryptocurrency, to study the role of cryptocurrency in transnational offenses, to explore possible options for combating cybercrime, which is carried out using the use of cryptocurrency. The methodology of the work is represented by a set of methods and techniques, operations that are used to study the topic and achieve the set goal, namely: hermeneutic, historical, extrapolation, comparative-legal, comparison and generalization, analysis, synthesis, deduction. Results of the work: in today's reality there is no unified international legal regulation of cryptocurrency, which complicates the prevention and fight against transnational offenses, the means or subject of which are cryptocurrencies and mining.
Современные исследования все чаще направлены как на получение новых знаний, так и на практическое применение, с акцентом на контекст и социальную значимость. В связи со стиранием границ между дисциплинами традиционных академических определений и критериев качества исследований уже недостаточно. Эффективные критерии их качества необходимы для управления финансированием, постоянным развитием и продвижением научных методов, проектов и программ, отсутствие таких критериев тормозит развитие исследований. Соответствующая оценка качества существенно влияет на поддержку и финансирование научных поисков, а также нацеливает исследователей и руководителей на выполнение высококачественных исследований и обучает их этому. Между тем подходы к оценке исследований до сих пор базируются прежде всего на обнародовании научных результатов (престиж публикации и печатного издания), цитатах и экспертной оценке. Хотя эти показатели качества исследований остаются актуальными, нужны дополнительные критерии для характеристики результатов исследований и долгосрочных социальных последствий. Среди многочисленных определений финансирования в децентрализацию высшего образования отечественными учеными приведем следующие: децентрализация касается предоставления общественных услуг населению, что, со своей стороны, требует решения вопросов распределения полномочий, собственности и финансовых ресурсов. Modern research is increasingly focused both on obtaining new knowledge and on practical application, with an emphasis on context and social significance. Due to the blurring of boundaries between disciplines, traditional academic definitions and research quality criteria are no longer sufficient. Effective quality criteria are necessary to manage funding, continuous development and promotion of scientific methods, projects and programs, the absence of such criteria hinders the development of research. Appropriate quality assessment significantly affects the support and financing of scientific research, and also targets researchers and managers to perform high-quality research and trains them to do so. Meanwhile, approaches to the evaluation of research are still based primarily on the publication of scientific results (the prestige of publication and print edition), citations and expert evaluation. Although these indicators of research quality remain relevant, additional criteria are needed to characterize research results and long-term social consequences. Among the numerous definitions of financing for the decentralization of higher education by domestic scientists, we will cite the following: decentralization concerns the provision of public services to the population, which, for its part, requires solving issues of the distribution of powers, property and financial resources.
Актуальность исследования обусловлена сменой ограничительного отношения к правовому регулированию криптовалют на целенаправленное регулирование системы налогообложения государства. Созданные на ее основе децентрализованные приложения способны повлиять на такие сферы жизни, как экономика, наука, образование, культура и т.д. Это, в свою очередь, мотивирует к созданию новых механизмов контроля за проведением финансовых операций. Цель статьи заключается в определении перспективных возможностей управления криптовалютой как нового экономического инструмента и объекта гражданских прав. Главным методом к исследованию данной проблемы является анализ теоретических источников и нормативно-правовых источников, позволяющий комплексно рассмотреть реализацию технологии блокчейн на территории России. В статье представлены различные законодательные позиции по отношению к криптовалютам и связанной с ними деятельности. Особое внимание уделяется существующим требованиям к числу компаний, которые претендуют на открытие криптовалютных бирж. Также раскрыта целесообразность соблюдения мер предосторожности против денежных рисков эмитентов. Материалы статьи имеют практическую ценность для представителей финансовых институтов России и стран СНГ. Основываясь на идее стимулирования цифровизации, работа найдет отклик среди инвесторов и других участников правоотношений в сфере электронных денег. Описанная разница между реальными валютами, которые выпускаются и гарантируются государством, и криптовалютами может быть интересна профессионалам с многолетней юридической практикой, поскольку она до сих пор является предметом разногласий. Кроме того, статья содержит описание международного опыта регулирования криптовалютных операций, что так само важно для вышеуказанных лиц. The relevance of the study is due to the change in the restrictive attitude towards the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies for the purposeful regulation of the state taxation system. Decentralized applications created on its basis are capable of influencing such spheres of life as economics, science, education, culture, etc. This, in turn, motivates the creation of new control mechanisms over financial transactions. The purpose of the article is to identify promising opportunities for managing cryptocurrency as a new economic instrument and an object of civil rights. The main method for studying this problem is the analysis of theoretical sources and legal and regulatory sources, which makes it possible to comprehensively consider the implementation of blockchain technology in Russia. The article presents various legislative positions in relation to cryptocurrencies and related activities. Particular attention is paid to the existing requirements for the number of companies that apply to open cryptocurrency exchanges. The expediency of observing precautionary measures against monetary risks of issuers is also disclosed. The materials of the article are of practical value for representatives of financial institutions in Russia and the CIS countries. Based on the idea of stimulating digitalization, the work will find a response among investors and other participants in legal relations in the field of electronic money. The described difference between real currencies, which are issued and guaranteed by the state, and cryptocurrencies may be of interest to professionals with many years of legal practice, since it is still the subject of controversy. In addition, the article contains a description of the international experience in regulating cryptocurrency transactions, which is so important for the above persons.