The Merdeka Belajar – Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) policy issued by the Ministry of Education and Culture opens up great opportunities for universities to create graduates who are competent and competitive. The MBKM program gives students the right to take part in learning outside the department or university with the equivalent or conversion of credits. However, the Director General of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Research, Technology and Higher Education, highlighted that there are still many universities that have not provided proper grade conversion rights to students (Kemendikbud, 2022). The Kastrat BEM FMIPA UNEJ team found that 93.7% of students who had taken MBKM were worried because they had to retake credits that had not been converted (Kastrat BEM FMIPA UNEJ, 2022). Through SWOT analysis, this research provides an idea solution in the form of an Artificial Intelligence-based Smart Contract as a value conversion platform for the MBKM program to make it easier for departments to convert student grades according to their needs and core competencies.
Baihaqsani, Ari Kusyanti, Primantara Hari Trisnawan
Perkembangan sistem klaim pada asuransi di Indonesia umumnya masih menerapkan pengajuan klaim dengan menggunakan sistem secara manual dengan metode cashless dan reimbursement. Penerapan sistem klaim pada asuransi tersebut memiliki proses administrasi yang cukup panjang sehingga dapat memakan waktu yang lama dan penerapan sistem tersebut tidak dapat memberikan proses tranparansi transaksi pada klaim asuransi. Dengan permasalahan tersebut dapat menimbulkan permasalahan terkait dengan keamanan informasi berupa integritas data, kerahasiaan data, dan transparansi data pada klaim asuransi. Penelitian ini mengusulkan pengembangan sistem klaim pada asuransi yang dapat dilakukan secara online dengan menerapkan teknologi blockchain. Teknologi blockchain menggunakan sistem penyimpanan data dengan menerapkan sistem desentralisasi aplikasi yang berfungsi untuk memberikan kendali penuh terhadap pengguna atas data mereka dengan tidak adanya perantara terpusat. Dengan menerapkan desentralisasi aplikasi tersebut dapat diwujudkan integritas, kerahasiaan dan transparansi transaksi pada klaim asuransi. Penelitian ini mengajukan usulan implementasi teknologi blockchain dengan sistem smart contract pada proses klaim asuransi untuk dijadikan solusi terhadap masalah yang terdapat pada proses klaim asuransi. Abstract The development of the insurance claim system in Indonesia generally still applies the submission of claims using a manual system with cashless and reimbursement methods. The application of the insurance claim system has a fairly long administrative process that can take a long time and the application of the system cannot provide a transparent transaction process for insurance claims. With these problems can cause problems related to information security in the form of data integrity, data confidentiality, and data transparency on insurance claims. This research proposes the development of an insurance claim system that can be done online by applying blockchain technology. Blockchain technology uses a data storage system by implementing a decentralized application system that functions to give users full control over their data in the absence of a centralized intermediary. By implementing a decentralized application, integrity, confidentiality and transaction transparency in insurance claims can be realized. This study proposes the implementation of blockchain technology with a smart contract system in the insurance claim process to be used as a solution to problems in the insurance claim process
The development of investment is currently very popular so many people are interested in investing to meet their needs, but not many people know about legal and illegal investments, so there are many cases of fraud using investment methods. Usually illegal investments will offer profits and bonuses in recruiting new members. This research aims to determine accountability and sanctions in preventing and taking action against perpetrators of fraudulent investments. The methods used in this research are as follows: statutory approach, case approach, normative juridical research types of primary and secondary legal materials. Data analysis techniques using library legal research. The results of this research show that in the investment business legal entities cannot be held physically responsible but rather the individuals involved in it can be held responsible in accordance with applicable laws. perpetrators of illegal or fraudulent investments in their implementation using new member bonuses violate the rules of criminal law, namely article 105 of Law no. 7 of 2014 concerning Trade.
Deny Akbar Santoso, Ermanto Fahamsyah, Firman Floranta Adonara
Kemajuan revolusi 4.0 mendasari terciptanya cryptocurrency, secara universal awalnya cryptocurrency memanglah dimaknai hanya sebagai mata uang belaka, namun dikala ini telah mengalami perluasan sudut pandang maupun fungsinya. Perihal itu dibuktikan dengan telah digunakannya cryptocurrency sebagai suatu jaminan; berlandaskan perihal itu maka dapat dikonsipsikan bahwasanya cryptocurrency dapat dipergunakan sebagai objek jaminan fidusia. Selaras perihal itu, maka diperlukannya kajian mendalam terkait penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai objek jaminan fidusia; pokok permasalahannya yaitu keistimewaan serta kepastian hukum penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai objek jaminan fidusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah memperoleh korelasi antara cryptocurrency dengan jaminan fidusia. Teknik peradilan normatif, undang-undang, dan konseptual digunakan dalam metodologi penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini yakni crytocurrency yang dipergunakan sebagai jaminan fidusia tidak melanggar norma hukum yang sudah ada dan berlaku, alhasil dapat dikatakan sah karena selaras dengan teori dari Roscoe Pound yang menyatakan bahwasanya di mana hukum selaku alat pembaharuan masyarakat. Cryptocurrency mempunyai keisitimewaan sebagai komoditi yang mempunyai hak atau kepentingan, berbentuk digital aset dan dapat dimiliki oleh perseorangan maupun badan hukum; serta dapat diklasifikasikan kedalam hukum kebendaan yang bersifat memberikan jaminan sepanjang dapat dibuktikannya hak kepemilikannya, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai terobosan atau perkembangan dalam hukum jaminan, khususnya sebagai objek jaminan fidusia. Cryptocurrency yang digunakan sebagai jaminan fidusia akan berlaku asas droit de suit (Pasal 1 angka 1 UU.4/1999); penjaminan atas cryptocurrency berlaku asas publisitas (Pasal 11 UU.4/1999 jo. PP.21/2015). Senyampang perihal itu, cryptocurrency hanya dapat dipergunakan sebagai jaminan tambahan bukan sebagai jaminan pokok, karena sifat cryptocurrency memliki harga yang sangat flutuatif.
This article analyzes the Non-Fungible Token, abbreviated NFT, which is a digital certificate that can be used to verify who owns certain assets in the world of crypto art, where this certificate represents ownership of authentic works of art. Non-Fungible Token (NFT) as a digital asset as well as several legal issues that arise related to NFTs, especially in the field of intellectual property law including copyright protection and legal construction of copyright ownership of NFTs. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach. This study aims to find out how the legal problems in the practice of intellectual property development commercialization of non-fungible tokens (NFT) and how to protect works of art in the form of Indonesian non-fungible tokens (NFT). The results of this study indicate that although in Indonesia there are no specific regulations that explicitly regulate Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT), the rights of creators of works are generally protected by Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, but from an intellectual point of view property development, NFT presents the potential for the development and commercialization of works through digital media that has a wide reach and provides more optimal monetization opportunities.
The increasingly massive use of the internet is now affecting the economic world which is characterized by the birth of E-Commerce. E-Commerce mechanism that does not brings together sellers and buyers directly, this raises a variety of problems on the subjective and objective terms of the sale and purchase agreement. Smart Contracts are actually different from conventional contracts written on paper. They are also different from electronic contracts. A clause in the agreement, which takes the form of programming code, requires blockchain as a distributed storage technology, which sets them apart. In addition, Smart Contracts serve to execute contracts automatically. Therefore, the article aims to analyze the advantages of Smart Contracts compared to conventional contracts and how the validity of using smart contracts in Indonesian law, and why business transactions in Indonesia should start using smart contracts. The result obtained is that the use of Smart Contracts are completely automated and rely on software logic, making them transparent and visible to all parties involved. The use of Smart Contract in buying and selling transactions is considered very important considering the advantages in terms of security, verification, changes in the contents of the agreement, and evidentiary power. As for Indonesian law, the use of Smart Contracts is permissible as long as it does not violate the validity of the agreement as stated in the Civil Code. The use of Smart Contracts offer several advantages over traditional contracts, including trasparency, autonomy, speed, accuracy, security, and savings.
Blockchain technology has become one of the most promising technological innovations in recent years. The main advantages of blockchain technology are high transparency, security, and data integrity. Therefore, this technology has attracted attention in various sectors, including the economy. This research aims to examine the role of blockchain technology in enhancing economic transparency and public trust. This study is a literature review that adopts a qualitative method, which means it will analyse and interpret data by utilising information and texts derived from various sources. The results of the study show that blockchain technology has proven itself to be a highly effective tool for achieving this goal. In an increasingly connected and data-dependent society, economic transparency and public trust are key factors in sustainable economic growth and social stability.
Smart contracts as a blockchain-based technological innovation invite juridical analysis in the context of the principle of freedom of contract. This research examines the impact of the use of smart contracts on the principle of freedom of contract, which emphasizes the rights and obligations of parties entering into an agreement or contract to determine the terms of the agreement without interference from third parties. Smart contracts provide the possibility of automating contract execution, increasing efficiency and transparency. The displacement of a notary as an official authorized to ratify a deed of agreement or contract raises big questions in this smart contract. Juridical analysis focuses on how these technologies affect the balance between freedom of contract and legal protection against breach of contract. If a contract breach occurs at a later date, will it give rise to legal consequences if it harms one of the parties and what protection can be given to the party who feels disadvantaged? The aspect of legal uncertainty regarding the existence of smart contracts is highlighted in this research, taking into account the complexity of law enforcement and protecting the rights of those making agreements or contracts. This study is interesting to discuss because technology is increasingly developing into the realm of law, but the problem is how the law itself responds to these technological changes. Will the law facilitate or even reject it? In essence, the use of smart contracts opens up new but challenging opportunities in understanding the role of the principle of freedom of contract in the era of advanced technology. Evolving legal and regulatory implications are a critical focus for ensuring continuity between technological innovation and the legal principles underlying it.
Gabriel Rhema Chrisnando, Budi Santoso, Bagus Rahmanda
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) make it easier for artists to utilize the moral and economic rights to their artworks in digital form. Unfortunately, the implementation of NFTs is still not accompanied by special regulations governing it. Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright can at least be a reference for its regulation because after all, one of the assets underlying the sale and purchase of NFTs is a work of art which is also protected by copyright. The purpose of this study is to analyze the position and legal protection of digital artworks in the NFT system from the perspective of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. This research uses a normative juridical approach method by taking secondary data sources and supporting data in the form of interviews with NFT creators which are then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that digital artworks in the NFT system have the same position as works of art in general as they are also protected by copyright under Article 40 of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. However, there are several aspects in its implementation that are different from the Copyright Law, such as the royalty acquisition mechanism which is not based on a license agreement, but uses a smart contract which has become a default option offered in the NFT marketplace platform system. The NFT marketplace platform and the government exist as parties in charge of protecting copyright law.
. In the development of this massive information system, all countries in the world are competing to modernize to benefit their countries, not only in the form of technology, but also into the economic field. In the economy is also known as a payment system that can be carried out by a person or a company in making transactions and so on. Transactions in the realm of companies can also be associated with the payment of salaries to employees or laborers. In paying wages to employees, of course, you can use any currency depending on the agreement by both parties, namely the company and the employees themselves. For example, payments using Bitcoin as a means of paying wages or salaries to laborers. This research uses an analytical descriptive method in the form of a literature study by discussing how the legality of Bitcoin in Indonesia as a means of payment and how to guarantee employee rights paid through Bitcoin..
The role of technology in everyday life has become more sufficient. This technology results in digitalization which gives rise to digital assets that later become crypto assets that use blockchain technology to store data. The development of these crypto assets presents a technology called Non-Fungible Token (NFT) which is a technology linked to a work of art or other digital assets that serves to protect the artwork or digital assets and as proof of ownership. NFT presents a new way for artists to sell their art more safely and avoid harmful actions. However, the widespread use of NFT technology has created a problem due to the lack of legality regarding NFT. The formulation of the problems discussed in this thesis are: 1. What is the legal certainty for digital assets in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) on the Opensea digital platform? 2. What is the legality of Smart Contracts in each transaction of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) through the Opensea digital platform? The research method used is a normative juridical research method, taking a statutory approach and having a descriptive-analytical nature. From the results of this research, can be seen that NFT has not been clearly regulated in Indonesian positive law, resulting in a legal vacuum. Regulations regarding Crypto are regulated by Bappebti as the governing body. Bappebti itself has not specifically regulated NFT regulations in Bappebti regulations. Besides that, other arrangements are seen through the Civil Code which regulates NFT as an intangible object ITE Law which regulates the implementation of the transaction. And regarding the protection of its Intelectual Property Rights through the Copyright Law. Then regarding the validity of the Smart Contract in Non-Fungible Token (NFT) transactions it is considered valid in Indonesian positive law based on the Pacta sunt servanda principle and must be based on the compliance of Article 1320 of the Civil Code.
Lelang melalui Non-fungible Token (NFT) merupakan fenomena yang cukup baru yang terjadi di era digital, sehingga perlu dicarikan standar hukumnya. Dalam lelang melalui Non-fungible Token pembeli hanya melakukan penawaran melalui website dan dikenakan biaya yang cukup tinggi untuk setiap penawarannya. Sedangkan pembayarannya menggunakan uang kripto (cryptocurrency). Kajian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif dalam menjawab permasalahan bagaimana hakikat lelang aset digital melalui NFT dan bagaimana perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Kajian ini berkesimpulan bahwa jual beli benda digital sebenarnya tidaklah dilarang, termasuk jual beli NFT dengan teknologi blockchain yang kecanggihannya dapat menyimpan data tanpa bisa dihapus, sehingga dapat meminimalisir terjadinya pemalsuan. Namun karena undang-undang di Indonesia telah menetapkan rupiah sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah di negara Indonesia, maka jual beli aset digital dalam bentuk NFT menjadi tidak sah karena alat pembeliannya menggunakan cryptocurrency. Selain itu, lelang aset digital melalui NFT untuk saat ini juga dilarang bagi umat Islam karena Majelis Ulama Indonesia menetapkan hukum haram terkait penggunaan cryptocurrency disebabkan belum adanya underlying atau otoritas yang mengaturnya, sehingga mengandung unsur gharar, dharar dan qimar, yang dikhawatirkan tidak membawa maslahah bagi pengguna cryptocurrency sehingga diharamkan.
The growth of technology has altered many human habits, including business practices. One ofthe emerging innovations is smart contracts. However, Indonesia still has not possessed specificregulations toward smart contract. This article investigates the legalprotection for the execution of smart contracts in Indonesia with reference to the Dutch General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The research methodology used in this thesis is normative research, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The article shows that the issue with present Indonesian law is that it fails to acknowledge the potential benefits and drawbacks of smart contracts. Hence setting up a specific law to regulate smart contract protection and its implementation, including the protection of the data subject, as well as the safeguard measures is urgently required.
Non-Fungible Token atau NFT telah memperoleh popularitas yang signifikan dalam industri kripto-aset dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Hadirnya NFT tersebut tentunya juga memberi suatu permasalahan baru seperti adanya konten yang merugikan masyarakat misalnya dalam kasus penjualan foto Kartu Tanda Penduduk atau KTP. Penelitian ini analisis terhadap kasus penggunaan NFT sebagai media dalam penjualan foto KTP. Dalam analisis kasus tersebut, penulis menjelaskan bagaimana Perlindungan hukum terhadap pemilik Foto Data Pribadi di dalam KTP yang diunggah sebagai NFT dalam platform NFT dan Tindakan hukum yang tepat terhadap pelaku penyalahgunaan foto Data Pribadi di dalam KTP berdasarkan hukum positif di Indonesia. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa NFT memiliki potensi yang besar sebagai suatu media yang dapat merugikan masyarakat apabila disalahgunakan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukannya upaya penegakan hukum dan regulasi yang memadai terkait dengan penjualan KTP sebagai Aset Digital NFT, agar selanjutnya dapat memanfaatkan teknologi NFT ini secara lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan.
This research examines dispute resolution in Indonesia relating to Non-Fungible Token (NFT) trading digital artworks such as drawings, photographs, paintings, animations, unique collections, music, animated videos, original works of art or works that are still in physical form can be converted into digital works due to piracy, plagiarism, mutilation of works of art and then marketed in digital form. This study aims to analyze the settlement of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) trade disputes for digital artworks. The methodology used in this study uses a normative juridical method. Normative juridical research is legal research that places law as a building system of norms. The results of the study explain that there is a legal vacuum in Indonesia relating to the settlement of disputes over Non-Fungible Token Trade (NFT) digital artworks.
<em>Cryptocurrency as a virtual currency managed by a decentralized system makes it immune to government interference and allows it to transact under pseudonyms. This has the potential for cybercrime and illicit transactions, especially money laundering. This study aims to compare legal instruments in Indonesia, the US, and Germany regarding the use of cryptocurrency as a money laundering tool and to analyze the readiness of Indonesia to respond to this crime. This study is normative legal research conducted using a comparative and statutory approach. These findings show that the US and Germany have extensively regulated crypto. In the US, Crypto transactions are considered MSB, subject to BSA compliance. Each transaction must comply with AML, KYC, and CIP requirements. In Germany, Cryptocurrency is considered a personal asset. The crypto trading must meet the KYC and AML requirements. Indonesia needs advanced regulations because crypto is only considered an investment asset. The investigation is difficult because cryptocurrency is transacted pseudonyms, so connecting pseudonyms with real people is challenging</em>
Penelitian ini menganalisis implikasi hukum yang terkait dengan kepemilikan hak atas kekayaan intelektual pada platform CryptoKitties. CryptoKitties adalah sebuah platform permainan berbasis blockchain yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk membeli, memiliki, dan melakukan perdagangan dengan kucing virtual yang unik. Kucing-kucing ini direpresentasikan oleh aset digital yang disebut non-fungible tokens (NFT), yang memberikan kepemilikan eksklusif kepada pemiliknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan pengguna mengakui dan setuju bahwa dapper (atau, sebagaimana berlaku, pemberi lisensi) memiliki semua hak hukum, kepemilikan dan kepentingan dalam dan untuk semua elemen lain dari aplikasi, dan semua hak kekayaan intelektual di dalamnya, namun kepemilikan kekayaan intelektual non-fungible tokens (NFT), sepenuhnya dimiliki oleh pengguna. Dan dapper memberikan hak eksklusif kepada pengguna terhadap aset digital yang mewakili kucing virtual yang unik.
The Non-Fungible Token is an opportunity for artists to introduce their digital works to the general public, but it can also become a real threat to artists' attempts to commercialize their digital arts. This research aims to complement the studies regarding prevention and law enforcement related to copyright infringement of Non-Fungible Token assets. The research method used by the author in this article is normative juridical research supplemented by interviews, and this research uses a statute approach that is carried out by examining all laws and regulations related to the copyright of a work. The Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency cooperates with the Ministry of Communication and Information in terms of prevention by blocking content and data. Another preventive measure is for artists to register with and join the Collective Management Institute (LMK). In addition, special laws and regulations are needed that regulate the protection of Non-Fungible Token assets, as well as the role of copyright law enforcement agencies and the public, to minimize the occurrence of violations in the realm of copyright.
M.Pd. . Dra. Made Sulastri, Tiwa Cindy Claudia, Wulan Chorry Safira
Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi membawa dampak positif seperti ditemukannya mata uang virtual (cryptocurrency), salah satunya yaitu Bitcoin. Sistem Bitcoin yang memiliki jaminan kerahasiaan dan perlindungan ternyata menghadirkan dampak negatif seperti penyalahgunaan fasilitas jaminan untuk melakukan pencucian aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan para penegak hukum mengalami kesulitan dalam upaya pemulihan asset negara (asset recovery). Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai cara pencegahan dan penanganan permasalahan tersebut melalui optimalisasi digital forensik. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas pula mengenai kasus korupsi PT. Asuransi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (PT. ASABRI) dimana beberapa tersangka diduga telah melakukan pengelolaan dana asuransi untuk dikorupsi kemudian disalurkan ke dalam bentuk Bitcoin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan teknik pengumpulan data berupa Penelitian Kepustakaan dan Penelitian Virtual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi digital forensik dapat dilakukan melalui 3 aspek yaitu penguatan regulasi, peningkatan skill akuntan forensik dalam dunia digital, serta penguatan kerjasama antar lembaga seperti Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK) dengan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) dan Kejaksaan.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana legalitas penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai alat investasi jangka panjang di Indonesia serta mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat atau para investor cryptocurrency di Indonesia, adapun jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian skripsi ini yaitu menggunakan jenis penelitian normatif dengan metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan metode pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa pesatnya perkembangan cryptocurrency menyebabkan jumlah para pengguna atau investor cryptocurrency juga meningkat pesat di Indonesia sehingga pemerintah Indonesia harus membuat regulasi atau peraturan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum bagi para penggunanya, legalitas penggunaaan cryptocurrency di Indonesia sendiri telah diatur dan diawasi langsung oleh Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (Bappebti) No 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Tekhnis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Asset Krypto (Crypto Asset).
Ahmad Zakirullah Mohamed Shaarani, Fidlizan Muhammad, Azman Mohd Noor, Mohd Farihal Osman
Smart Contract is one of the new technological developments related to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 which emphasizes on the execution of contracts between two parties automatically based on the terms and conditions that have been agreed before. This concept minimizes the role of intermediaries that exist in traditionally executed contracts thus leading to positive effects such as cost reduction, saving time and money, less cases of fraud, manipulation and so on. Looking at the philosophy of smart contracts, it is in line with the Maqasid / Objectives of Syariah. However, the nature of this concept which relies on automation which means lack of human intervention in executing the content of the contract raises questions about shariah compliancy in the operationalization of this system especially regarding the function and eligibility of the computer system as a contracting parties rather that human, as well as what is fiqh adaptation for such concept, in addition to what is parameters and dawābit that is required to ensure that each product based on smart contracts is Shariah compliant in terms of its content, shariah monitoring process once the contract is executed, and other related issues. This study is based on a full library research where the concept of smart contracts is analyzed based on the framework of Shariah law in Muamalat, in addition to the latest technological developments related to it. The results of the study found that smart contract is an acceptable concept in Islam, but it needs some guidance and improvement to ensure it really coincides with the parameters required by Shariah, namely full compliance with the pillars and conditions of the contract, must also be in line with Maqasid al-Shariah and current applicable law, the existence of elements of compassion, consideration, tolerance/Tasāmuh and others.
One form of utilizing the latest digital technology in Copyright is the Non-Fungible Token (NFT). Using a blockchain system to verify the authenticity of works, NFT can be a promising solution for intellectual property protection. However, due to the development of new technologies, research is still needed on how the legal problems of using Non-Fungible Token technology are related to Copyright. This research is a normative juridicial research using primary and secondary data. Data was collected using literature study and internet access, as well as data analysis using qualitative descriptive methods. The results of the research and discussion concluded that NFT technology still has several problems. The problem that occurs in the use of NFT is that there is no related regulation that regulates NFT, so there is no legal certainty to protect the public. Another problem is the theft of copyrighted works belonging to people who are converted into NFT. This is due to the lack of maximum verification of copyrighted works by the NFT marketplace.
Countries are using various sophisticated information technologies to help provide quality and transparent services. This research aims to explore the potential and models of using blockchain technology to overcome corruption problems in Indonesia. Proper utilisation of blockchain technology can increase accountability and reduce loopholes in corrupt practices. Blockchain is a distributed database with records (ledgers) shared by all network participants. Smart contract as a form of blockchain can help make the process more transparent and trackable. Since blockchain is a relatively new technology, very few studies have been done to explain its potential in the public sector, particularly with regards to issues of corruption. This study develops a model for the application of blockchain technology and conducts an in-depth analysis of its possibilities using a qualitative method and an exploratory approach. In-depth interviews, designed to get a big picture view of the blockchain development model in the public sector were conducted with several sources, namely the Director General of Asset Tracing KPK (Indonesian Anti-Corruption Commission), KPK Public Prosecutors, the KPK IT department, WIr Group, Financial and Development Oversight Agency (BPKP), and blockchain practitioners. The research was conducted between August and December 2022. The study's findings demonstrate how promising it is to use blockchain technology to lessen corruption. Distributed ledgers give governments new ways to improve transparency. The model that can be applied is ‘permissioned blockchain’ because it has a private nature. Blockchain application requires top management support, organisational readiness, and organisational support. To deepen understanding, further experimental research is needed to test the model.
Many policymakers and scholars have discussed concerns regarding terrorist group use of cryptocurrency in recent years. While some argue that the threat is still limited, others argue that the current usage of cryptocurrency does not match the entirety of features that terrorist groups require and desire. In the end, it is still critical to recognize that the cryptocurrency used for terrorist financing frequently depends on several influencing factors. This study aims to (i) investigate the utilization of cryptocurrency by Moslem-affiliated terrorists in Southeast Asia; (ii) map the case typology of cryptocurrency use in Southeast Asian terrorist funding; (iii) describe the regulatory challenges raised in Southeast Asia. This research is a type of doctrinal legal one using the statute, case, and conceptual approaches. The results of this study acknowledge the limited but increasing risk of terrorist financing by cryptocurrency over the 2015-2022 timeframe in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the existing typology of cases uses smurfing and structuring techniques with high and medium levels of risk. This research ends by recommending actions that Southeast Asian country stakeholders can take to reduce the potential of cryptocurrency usage in terrorist funding by harmonizing their counter-terrorist financing regulatory approaches and implementing investigative best practices.