Agriculture plays an essential role in modern society and still represents the main source of livelihood for most people in low-income and developing countries. According to data provided by the World Bank # ( World Bank, n.d. ), the 2022 rate of employment in agriculture in low-income and least developed countries was respectively 58.8% and 54.2% (global rate was 26.3%). The food demand of a growing global population is now putting strains on small farmers worldwide, and especially those from low- and middle-income countries, who struggle to access markets ( Tripoli and Schmidhuber, 2020 ). The current global food market is indeed dominated by large-scale producers and is therefore complex and risky for small players, as it requires the participation of several intermediaries ( Kamilaris et al., 2019 ; Kumarathunga et al., 2022 ). Access to markets is not the only challenge farmers are facing. The agri-food supply chain is also characterised by transparency and efficiency issues ( Tripoli and Schmidhuber, 2020 ). If on the one hand, consumers demand transparent information about their food purchases ( Rocha et al., 2021 ), then on the other hand, the number of actors involved in the supply chain negatively impacts information flow, limiting traceability and quality control ( Kamilaris et al., 2019 ).
Blockchain-powered decentralized finance (DeFi) is revolutionizing digital marketing by enabling transparent, secure, and automated financial transactions. This research explores how DeFi-driven smart contracts, tokenized incentives, and decentralized identity management are transforming consumer engagement, advertising models, and data privacy. While DeFi eliminates intermediaries and enhances efficiency, challenges such as cybersecurity risks, regulatory uncertainties, and scalability issues remain. Addressing these concerns will be crucial in harnessing DeFi's full potential for marketing innovation and consumer empowerment.
—Superfin is an integrated web application that com- bines cryptocurrency trading and e-wallet services into a single platform. It allows users to trade crypto, manage payments, access real-time news, and learn about blockchain in one place. The platform enhances user experience, strengthens financial security, and promotes crypto literacy. Built on a cloud-based architecture, it uses HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript for the frontend, while PHP and MySQL handle secure transactions and real-time trading via APIs like Binance and TradingView. Security challenges are tackled with encryption and microser- vices. Superfin simplifies finance management, making crypto more accessible and secure for all users. Index Terms—Cryptocurrency Trading, E-Wallet Services, Fin- Tech Integration, Blockchain Technology, Decentralized Finance (DeFi), Real-Time Data Synchronization, User Experience (UX), API Integration, Financial Security, Digital Wallet, Cryptocur- rency News Aggregation, Learning Modules in Cryptocurrency
B. N. Das, Babul Chandra Sarker, Amit Saha, Kanchon Kumar Bishnu · 9 authors
The exponential growth of cryptocurrency implementation in the USA has brought with it a surge in correlated risks, particularly in the form of scams that exploit the relative novelty and complexity of digital currencies. The primary objective of this study was to develop machine algorithms for identifying fraud trends in cryptocurrency transactions. By employing complex analysis, this research project attempted to identify certain trends and behaviors that fall under a variety of scams, providing a platform for effective detection and counter-strategies. This study will have a definite objective in terms of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other high-profile cryptocurrencies in America when it comes to scam analysis. The scam-related transaction dataset comprised in-depth information regarding suspicious fraud activity in the cryptocurrency environment, such as a specific ID for a transaction, timestamps, values for transactions, and labels distinguishing between suspicious and legitimate activity. A variety of proven models were selected such as Logistic Regression, Random as well Multinomial Naive Bayes, where each model had its respective weaknesses and strengths. The Random Forest algorithm attained the highest accuracy, nearing perfection which underscores its robustness and reliability in classifying both legitimate and fraudulent reports. To effectively counter fraud in cryptocurrencies, U.S. policies must be strengthened with a merger of machine intelligence in them. Regulatory agencies have to work towards developing a system that encourages exchanges to utilize complex analysis for fraud detection, perhaps in terms of reduced compliance burden for entities with effective anti-fraud controls in position. Leveraging AI insights can go a long way in supporting investigations into scams in cryptocurrencies conducted by governments. By utilizing machine algorithms trained with datasets of past scams, governments can monitor and follow illicit fund flows through the blockchain with ease.
Bitcoin and other popular cryptocurrencies have gained a lot of attention in recent years. Within the confines of the blockchain, users can acquire and exchange this coin. The first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, was created to enable direct online payments without relying on centralised financial institutions. The implementation of blockchain technology in the utilisation of cryptocurrency has garnered attention from various entities such as the banking industry, stakeholders, government, and individual investors. Studies on cryptocurrencies are still in their infancy and are limited. This article will analyse the potential in the cryptocurrency such as the security of its technology, cheap transaction costs, and high investment return in order to provide meaningful guidance and viewpoint to the academic field and users. This paper's novelty lies in its examination of legislation and regulation, high energy usage, the possibility of bubbles and crashes, and network attacks. This study will provide a systematic review for the future endeavours of cryptocurrency and its application. The current review is beneficial to academics and managers, as well as those seeking a more balanced knowledge of these emergent financial products.
Decentralized smart contracts enable trustless collaboration but suffer from limited privacy and scalability, which hinders broader adoption. Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) based off-chain execution frameworks offer a promising solution to both issues. Although TEE-based frameworks have made significant progress, prior work has yet to fully explore contract interoperability, a critical foundation for building complex real-world decentralized applications. This paper identifies the key challenges impeding such interoperability and presents practical solutions. Based on these insights, we introduce RaceTEE, a novel framework that leverages off-chain TEE-enabled nodes to efficiently execute confidential, long-lived smart contracts with interactions of arbitrary complexity among contracts. We implement a RaceTEE prototype using Intel SGX, integrate it with Ethereum, and release it as open source. Evaluation across diverse use cases demonstrates its practicality and effectiveness.
The infusion of technology across various domains, particularly in process-centric and multi-stakeholder sectors, demands transparency, accuracy, and scalability. This paper introduces a blockchain and intelligent contract-based framework for judicial case management, proposing a private-to-public blockchain approach to establish a transparent, decentralized, and robust system. An Integrated Solution for Judicial Case Management using Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts. This paper aims to introduce a multi-blockchain structure for managing judicial cases based on smart contracts, ultimately rendering cases more transparent, distributed, and tenacious. This solution is innovative because it will leverage both private and public blockchains to satisfy the unique requirements of judicial processes, with transparent public access for authorized digital events and transactions occurring on the freely available blockchain and a three-tiered private blockchain structure to address private stakeholder interactions while ensuring that operational consistency, security, and data privacy requirements are met. Leveraging the decentralized and tamper-proof approach of blockchain and cloud computing, the framework aims to increase data security and cut down on administrative burdens. This framework offers a scalable and secure solution for modernizing judicial systems, supporting smart governance's shift towards digital transparency and accountability.
This study proposes a decentralized framework that merges smart contract based Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols and traditional Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to provide secure, automatic, and verifiable transaction execution. It constructs an additional middleware interface to guarantee interoperability between ERP modules and blockchain networks that utilize smart contracts for procurement, finance, and asset management modules. The system was tested empirically within a hybrid testbed of chains with Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatibility simulation executing ERP transaction testing on a simulated environment with physical hardware. According to quantitative assessment results, performance increased, achieving a 38% increase in transaction throughput, a 27% decrease in execution costs, increased trust and traceability due to cryptographic audit trails, and improved auditability. The research highlights the potential of DeFi integrated ERP systems for decentralized enterprise finance systems as a scalable secure replacement to centralized enterprise finance systems.
The article explores the impact of blockchain technology on accounting and financial reporting in enterprises. The study highlights the growing relevance of blockchain integration in the accounting process due to the increasing complexity of financial transactions and the need for transparency, reliability, and security of financial data. The purpose of the research is to analyze the role of blockchain in transforming traditional accounting practices and to assess its potential for improving financial reporting in the context of modern digitalization and economic challenges. The study employs a combination of qualitative and comparative analysis methods to examine the advantages and challenges of implementing blockchain technology in accounting. The research methodology includes an assessment of blockchain's potential in ensuring data immutability, automating routine accounting tasks, and enhancing trust in financial transactions. A comparative approach is utilized to juxtapose traditional accounting practices with blockchain-based solutions, identifying their key differences and benefits. Additionally, international experiences in blockchain adoption for financial reporting are analyzed to outline global trends and best practices. The findings indicate that blockchain technology significantly improves the transparency and security of financial data by providing a decentralized and immutable ledger. The study identifies key benefits such as real-time transaction tracking, reduced risk of fraud, and automation of financial reporting processes through smart contracts. It also highlights the ability of blockchain to streamline auditing by ensuring that financial records remain unaltered and verifiable. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, regulatory uncertainty, and the need for skilled professionals are also identified as barriers to widespread adoption. The practical significance of the article lies in its recommendations for improving the legislative framework to facilitate the adoption of blockchain in accounting. The study suggests the development of national accounting standards that accommodate blockchain technology, the establishment of regulatory guidelines for smart contracts, and the integration of blockchain-based solutions into public financial reporting systems. By addressing these issues, blockchain technology can become a crucial tool for enhancing financial accountability, reducing operational risks, and fostering trust in financial transactions. The research concludes that the successful implementation of blockchain in accounting requires coordinated efforts among policymakers, financial institutions, and businesses to overcome existing challenges and unlock the full potential of digital transformation in financial reporting.
Gopal Krishan Prajapat, S. Pradeep, Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
Blockchain is the technology which greatly attracted the industries as well as the academics of the educational system because of its variety of applications and innovations around the globe. Smart contract is one of the most highly used technological move in the blockchain technology which increased its attention among the researchers. A smart contract has been embedded in the blockchain as an agreement that does not need any third-party intervention and executes automatically to perform different sophisticated tasks. Significant research has been done in the area of smart contract in blockchain in recent years. The smart contract has its impact in many industrial applications like supply chain management, digital identity, IOT, business processes etc. This paper aims to review the recent work that has been done in the area of smart contracts in different domains. We will present a comparative study of smart contract platforms, languages and applications under different categories like security, management, social application needs, etc.
Yingqiang Ge, Haochuan Wang, Kenny Cheah Soon Lee, A.Z.N.I.Z.A.R.I.N.A.B.I.N.T.I. TAHA
Social media plays a critical role in influencing Bitcoin adoption trends from 2015 to 2023, acting as both an enabler and a disruptor. While platforms have enhanced public awareness of cryptocurrency, they have also fuelled challenges such as misinformation and impulsive behaviour, often undermining responsible consumption of Bitcoin as a financial tool. This dual role underscores the need for targeted interventions to ensure that the adoption of Bitcoin aligns with ethical and informed practices. To foster responsible consumption, social media platforms must address the issue of content imbalance. Algorithms that prioritize sensationalism over educational material often mislead users, steering them toward impulsive decisions. A redesign of these algorithms is essential to elevate balanced, fact-based content that empowers users to make informed choices about Bitcoin. Additionally, introducing verified content tags can serve as a vital measure to combat misinformation, ensuring that users can easily identify credible information sources. Regulatory frameworks are another cornerstone of promoting responsible consumption in the cryptocurrency space. By implementing transparency guidelines and ethical standards for influencers and content creators, stakeholders can mitigate manipulation and foster trust within the digital ecosystem. By integrating these measures, social media can evolve into a platform that not only supports Bitcoin adoption but also ensures it is guided by responsible consumption principles. Such a transformation is vital to harnessing social media's potential while minimizing the risks posed to individuals and the broader financial community.
The intersection of fintech and sustainable finance drives significant changes in the global financial landscape by promoting green investments. Fintech comprises innovations such as blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and crowdfunding platforms. As the global community strengthens efforts to combat climate change and encourage sustainability, fintech offers scalable solutions to mobilize capital for green initiatives while upholding ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) standards. Blockchain, for example, provides transparency by creating immutable ledgers that track investment flows and verify sustainability claims, helping to mitigate the risk of greenwashing. Additionally, fintech platforms democratize investment, enabling small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individual investors to participate in sustainable projects via decentralized finance (DeFi) systems. However, the rapid expansion of fintech in sustainable finance poses challenges concerning data security, regulatory uncertainties, and the potential for greenwashing. While fintech enhances ESG reporting through AI-driven analytics, the lack of standardized global frameworks complicates the regulatory landscape. Furthermore, the heavy reliance on digital platforms introduces risks related to cybersecurity and privacy. Despite these challenges, fintech remains pivotal in aligning capital flows with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by lowering transaction costs, accelerating investment processes, and expanding financial inclusion. This research will address regulatory gaps, long-term performance assessments of fintech-facilitated green investments, and their socio-economic impacts, especially in underdeveloped regions.
The rapid advancement of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is creating an unusual transformation in the banking industry, fostering innovation while challenging existing operating models. This paradigm shift, enabled by the emergence of decentralised technologies, has fuelled the ongoing debate on DLTs by highlighting their multifaceted potential, with impacts beyond their technological underpinnings, including regulatory frameworks, financial inclusion, and the fundamental architecture of the financial system. To contribute to understanding the challenges and impacts on the financial system, this special issue combines several research papers that provide an in-depth analysis of the complex influence of DLT on finance, presenting an argument highlighting the interconnection between technological innovation, financial accessibility, and regulatory development.
With the advancement of technological innovations, there emerges the opportunity to manage relationships between parties through the execution of smart contracts, based on blockchain technology, presented as a decentralized system of distributed ledger comprising a network of computers connected to a single server. The primary objective of this research was to identify issues in the legal regulation of smart contracts. The methodological framework of the study includes institutional and comparative legal methods. The study encompasses the theoretical context and the experience of Kazakhstan. Within the scope of the research, an analysis of the current state of legislation regulating the implementation of smart contracts in Kazakhstan and abroad was conducted. Legal mechanisms for regulating legal relationships arising from the conclusion of smart contracts were identified. Challenges related to the legal regulation of smart contracts as a form of civil-law agreement were also examined. It was noted that despite the increasing popularity of smart contracts, their legal regulation is virtually absent both in global practice and in the context of Kazakhstan. The research findings suggest that currently, in most countries, there is no regulatory framework for implementing smart contracts. Despite the advantages of smart contracts, their use also raises legal issues concerning the determination of legal validity and jurisdiction, as well as the need to ensure legal protection for all participants. The study demonstrated the potential of using smart contracts in contractual relationships provided that corresponding legislation is developed. The results of this research can be utilized to improve legal regulation in the fields of contractual activities, banking law, intellectual property, and many related legal areas, as well as for the purposes of the fintech industry.
Blockchain is a transformative technology with the potential to metamorphose industries, including supply chains and logistics, owing to its promise of efficiency, transparency and traceability. However, many blockchain projects have failed, requiring an analysis of the underlying reasons. This research focuses on the failure factors by studying the case of TradeLens, a supply chain platform using Blockchain to improve the visibility and coordination of international shipments. Applying Elinor Ostrom’s theory of the commons, we explored challenges related to governance, participation, interoperability, technological evolution and security. The study reveals that a lack of stakeholder engagement, unclear governance, and confidentiality concerns are major obstacles. Ostrom highlights the importance of participatory governance and a clear definition of boundaries and communities in the management of shared resources. To be successful, blockchain projects must adopt a holistic approach, with transparent governance, encourage collaboration, guarantee interoperability and invest in data security. By incorporating these recommendations and the lessons learned from past failures, future blockchain projects can improve their chances of success and make a positive contribution to the transformation of industries.
Rishi Tyagi, Priyanshu Mundyal, Mohd. Savej, Ejaz Ahmad
The title of our project is “Online Discussion Forum with e-voting capabilities”. We intend to help organizations and institutions alike, to have a ready-to-onboard platform for their election requirements. These requirements might plunge from a plethora of situations, ranging from an election for the best teacher in a school to an election for the most favored dish in a restaurant. Various groups within an organization can enroll and establish their presence in the system to participate in both polling activities and general discussions. The backend of this web-application will be developed using assembly language and the frontend using React JS. Since INDIA is the largest democracy in the entire world so our inspiration of having a very fair elections came from this fact, also the development of the country depends on the honest government which is chosen by fair elections. We have attempted to put forth an application that is beyond legacy apprehensions that pop-up to the surface during the election fervor. Ostensibly, there is not an exact application to compare with. However, a famous one exists which ardently promotes discussion but discourages voting. Another one is fundamentally a messaging application, but it allows the users post polls in message groups. We have noted the crucial points from both the applications and incorporated the good of both the worlds.
The paper explores the revolutionary potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesia's financial ecosystem, highlighting its capacity to improve operational efficiency, foster financial inclusion, and tackle specific socio-economic concerns. This study emphasizes Indonesia's varied demographic and digital environment, illustrating how AI-driven innovations like decentralized finance (DeFi), predictive analytics, and blockchain integration transform financial products to cater to disadvantaged people. This study utilizes over 20 scholarly publications and international case studies to highlight the strategic significance of promoting ethical AI practices, mitigating algorithmic bias, and closing infrastructural and talent disparities to achieve sustainable and inclusive economic growth. The results support implementable methods, such as public-private collaborations, strong regulatory structures, and AI-driven individualized financial solutions, to optimize the advantages of digital transformation in Indonesia's financial industry. Future research must emphasize empirical investigations into AI's capacity to mitigate financial inequalities and stimulate regional innovation, thereby establishing Indonesia as a frontrunner in AI-facilitated economic transformation.
Cláudio Massingarela, Rabeca Cuna, Alberto Daniel, Filipe Mahaluça
This study examines the viability of Bitcoin investment in Maputo, Mozambique, within the context of the growing global adoption of cryptocurrencies. The research highlights the advantages of Bitcoin, such as lower transaction fees and the elimination of financial intermediaries, offering greater efficiency and flexibility for merchants and investors. The blockchain technology underlying Bitcoin provides security and privacy in transactions, making them resistant to fraud. However, Bitcoin's high volatility presents a significant challenge, particularly in unregulated markets like Mozambique, where the lack of a clear regulatory framework limits wider adoption. Using a mixed-method approach, quantitative data were collected from 23 Bitcoin investors through structured questionnaires, and qualitative data were gathered from semi-structured interviews with three investors and a financial analyst. Statistical analysis, conducted using R software, included tests such as Chi-Square, Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Pearson correlation, logistic regression, and factor analysis to understand the investment patterns and motivations of investors. The results revealed no significant association between gender and Bitcoin investment recommendations, although education level showed a marginally significant relationship, indicating that individuals with higher financial literacy are more likely to recommend Bitcoin. The analysis also found no significant differences in investment returns between men and women, suggesting that investment strategy plays a more crucial role. Risk-seeking investors achieved substantially higher returns, reflecting the speculative nature of Bitcoin. The study's limitations include the small sample size and the lack of specific cryptocurrency regulations in Mozambique, which restrict the generalizability of the findings. Recommendations include promoting financial education programs on cryptocurrencies, considering the legalization and regulation of Bitcoin by the Central Bank of Mozambique, increasing the banking sector's involvement in cryptocurrency discussions, and expanding research on Bitcoin volatility and returns. These actions could contribute to a more secure and informed investment environment in Mozambique.
Xiaoli Zhang, Yiqiao Song, Yuefeng Du, Chengjun Cai · 7 authors
Smart contracts in the Ethereum system are stored tamper-resistant, complicating necessary maintenance for offering new functionalities or fixing security vulnerabilities. Previous contract maintenance approaches mainly focus on logic modification using delegatecall-based patterns. While popular, they fail to handle data state updates (like storage layout changes), leading to impracticality and security risks in real-world applications. To address these challenges, this paper introduces SmartUpdater, a novel toolchain designed for transparent, automated, and secure maintenance of stateful smart contracts. SmartUpdater employs a hyperproxy-based contract maintenance pattern, where the hyperproxy serves as a constant entry and ensures that any state/logic modifications remain transparent to end users. SmartUpdater automates the maintenance process in terms of development streamlining, gas cost efficiency, and state migration verifiability. In extensive evaluations, we show that SmartUpdater can reduce gas consumption in contract maintenance compared with actual maintenance approaches. The evaluations point out the potential of SmartUpdater to significantly simplify the maintenance process for developers.
With the growing demand for secure, decentralized file sharing solutions, this study presents a blockchain and IPFS-based framework for efficient data storage and access control. The proposed system leverages asymmetric encryption, smart contracts, and distributed access management to ensure confidentiality and integrity. The files are encrypted using AES-256 before they are stored in IPFS, and SHA-256 hashing is used to verify the content. Access control is guaranteed using blockchain-based policies, encrypting access keys and dynamic permissions to ensure that users can exchange files. An intelligent contract automates authentication, access and distribution of keys, minimizing dependence on centralized bodies. In addition, suppliers of storage facilities for an incentive mechanism reward the economy of economic and scalable storage. By using consensus mechanisms, such as proof of aspiration (POS) or proof of the authorities (POA), the system prevents unauthorized modifications and increases data security. This approach provides a reliable solution for organizations requiring controlled access to confidential data, with potential applications in the field of financial, health care and public sectors.
We propose Data Tumbling Layer (DTL), a cryptographic scheme for non-interactive data tumbling. The core concept is to enable users to commit to specific data and subsequently re-use to the encrypted version of these data across different applications while removing the link to the previous data commit action. We define the following security and privacy notions for DTL: (i) no one-more redemption: a malicious user cannot redeem and use the same data more than the number of times they have committed the data; (ii) theft prevention: a malicious user cannot use data that has not been committed by them; (iii) non-slanderabilty: a malicious user cannot prevent an honest user from using their previously committed data; and (iv) unlinkability: a malicious user cannot link tainted data from an honest user to the corresponding data after it has been tumbled. To showcase the practicality of DTL, we use DTL to realize applications for (a) unlinkable fixed-amount payments; (b) unlinkable and confidential payments for variable amounts; (c) unlinkable weighted voting protocol. Finally, we implemented and evaluated all the proposed applications. For the unlinkable and confidential payment application, a user can initiate such a transaction in less than $1.5$s on a personal laptop. In terms of on-chain verification, the gas cost is less than $1.8$ million.
Developing a computer program(smart contract) using reliability, a programming language for Ethereum blockchain. This smart contract will automate and secure the crowdfunding process by enabling druggies to contribute finances to a design, and the finances will be released to the design only when certain conditions are met, icing translucency and trust in the fundraising process. The design leverages the advantages of blockchain, similar as invariability and decentralization, to produce a more effective and dependable crowdfunding system. With vision of Government fund allocation through this platform. Developing a smart contract using reliability on the Ethereum blockchain to produce a secure and automated crowdfunding platform. The platform enables druggies to contribute finances to systems, with finances released only when specific conditions are met. This ensures translucency and trust, as all deals are recorded immutably on the blockchain. Decentralized governance allows contributors to share in backing opinions, enhancing the popular nature of the process. Also, the platform envisions integration with government fund allocation, furnishing a transparent and effective system for managing public finances and reducing the threat of corruption. Overall, the use of blockchain technology ensures a more dependable and responsible crowdfunding system. Harness the power of blockchain technology to produce a more effective, transparent, and secure crowdfunding platform. By automating fund operation through smart contracts and icing translucency through the Ethereum blockchain, we give a result that benefits both private systems and public fund allocation. This innovative approach has the implicit to transfigure crowdfunding and government backing, making fiscal processes more popular and responsible..
Irma Tsuraya Choirinnida, Yoseph Septianus Ronaldo Lopez
The rapid growth of technology has driven the popularity of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), widely regarded as digital assets for showcasing creative projects and offering investment opportunities. Public interest, amplified by influencers, has led to diverse motivations to purchase NFTs, though many consumers remain unaware of the associated risks. This study examines the factors influencing NFT purchase intentions among Indonesian buyers with prior experience. Using purposive sampling, data from 150 respondents were analyzed through multiple linear regression in SPSS software. Key variables include perceptions of price, design quality, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Risk. Findings reveal that perceptions of price and design quality significantly impact purchase intentions. Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use highlight consumer acceptance of NFTs as a new technology, while respondents view NFT purchases as beneficial despite acknowledging risks. The study provides valuable insights into consumer behavior in the NFT market, emphasizing the need for greater awareness of risks while identifying key drivers of adoption in this emerging digital landscape.