Smart contracts as a blockchain-based technological innovation invite juridical analysis in the context of the principle of freedom of contract. This research examines the impact of the use of smart contracts on the principle of freedom of contract, which emphasizes the rights and obligations of parties entering into an agreement or contract to determine the terms of the agreement without interference from third parties. Smart contracts provide the possibility of automating contract execution, increasing efficiency and transparency. The displacement of a notary as an official authorized to ratify a deed of agreement or contract raises big questions in this smart contract. Juridical analysis focuses on how these technologies affect the balance between freedom of contract and legal protection against breach of contract. If a contract breach occurs at a later date, will it give rise to legal consequences if it harms one of the parties and what protection can be given to the party who feels disadvantaged? The aspect of legal uncertainty regarding the existence of smart contracts is highlighted in this research, taking into account the complexity of law enforcement and protecting the rights of those making agreements or contracts. This study is interesting to discuss because technology is increasingly developing into the realm of law, but the problem is how the law itself responds to these technological changes. Will the law facilitate or even reject it? In essence, the use of smart contracts opens up new but challenging opportunities in understanding the role of the principle of freedom of contract in the era of advanced technology. Evolving legal and regulatory implications are a critical focus for ensuring continuity between technological innovation and the legal principles underlying it.
Ethereum is a decentralized digital currency andplatform blockchain which has gained popularity in Indonesia. Crypto assets have inherent risks, such as price volatility and the potential for fraud or hacking which is of course very detrimental to their users. Based on this, it is necessary to explore the accountability of parties using crypto assetsEthereum as an object of trade. The type of research used is normative juridical with an approach taken to statutory regulations. The results of the research show that liability can occur for default, unlawful acts, and unlawful acts. The form of liability that can be taken is in the form of cancellation of the agreement to claims for compensation by the aggrieved party. The government, in this case, needs to buy educational outreach to the public on the wise use of crypto assets.
Gabriel Rhema Chrisnando, Budi Santoso, Bagus Rahmanda
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) make it easier for artists to utilize the moral and economic rights to their artworks in digital form. Unfortunately, the implementation of NFTs is still not accompanied by special regulations governing it. Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright can at least be a reference for its regulation because after all, one of the assets underlying the sale and purchase of NFTs is a work of art which is also protected by copyright. The purpose of this study is to analyze the position and legal protection of digital artworks in the NFT system from the perspective of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. This research uses a normative juridical approach method by taking secondary data sources and supporting data in the form of interviews with NFT creators which are then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that digital artworks in the NFT system have the same position as works of art in general as they are also protected by copyright under Article 40 of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. However, there are several aspects in its implementation that are different from the Copyright Law, such as the royalty acquisition mechanism which is not based on a license agreement, but uses a smart contract which has become a default option offered in the NFT marketplace platform system. The NFT marketplace platform and the government exist as parties in charge of protecting copyright law.
The popularity of blockchain continues to increase as technology develops, especially in the context of Ethereum as one of the leading blockchain platforms. However, this increase was also followed by many cases of fraud, especially in the form of tokens. In blockchain technology, tokens often refer to cryptocurrencies or digital currencies used as a means of exchange related to a particular project or platform. This research designs and builds an application system that can detect scam crypto tokens on the Ethereum blockchain, specifically for the ERC-20 (Ethereum Request for Comments 20) token type, which was proposed by Fabian Vogelsteller in November 2015, is a token standard that implements APIs for tokens. in Smart Contracts. Making a scam detection application implements the deep learning method with the Deep Neural Network (DNN) algorithm and evaluates performance using two test scenarios by dividing the dataset into three ratios of training data and test data. The output of the application is JSON-RPC which is integrated with the website. In testing the DNN model, using 80% training data and 20% test data, the DNN algorithm provides an accuracy of 0.997558%. Furthermore, system testing was carried out involving various scenarios to verify its functionality, including input validation, data extraction, DNN prediction, and display of prediction results, which gave good results from the system created. The application has succeeded in identifying scam tokens with high accuracy. , increasing user security in crypto transactions.
. In the development of this massive information system, all countries in the world are competing to modernize to benefit their countries, not only in the form of technology, but also into the economic field. In the economy is also known as a payment system that can be carried out by a person or a company in making transactions and so on. Transactions in the realm of companies can also be associated with the payment of salaries to employees or laborers. In paying wages to employees, of course, you can use any currency depending on the agreement by both parties, namely the company and the employees themselves. For example, payments using Bitcoin as a means of paying wages or salaries to laborers. This research uses an analytical descriptive method in the form of a literature study by discussing how the legality of Bitcoin in Indonesia as a means of payment and how to guarantee employee rights paid through Bitcoin..
The role of technology in everyday life has become more sufficient. This technology results in digitalization which gives rise to digital assets that later become crypto assets that use blockchain technology to store data. The development of these crypto assets presents a technology called Non-Fungible Token (NFT) which is a technology linked to a work of art or other digital assets that serves to protect the artwork or digital assets and as proof of ownership. NFT presents a new way for artists to sell their art more safely and avoid harmful actions. However, the widespread use of NFT technology has created a problem due to the lack of legality regarding NFT. The formulation of the problems discussed in this thesis are: 1. What is the legal certainty for digital assets in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) on the Opensea digital platform? 2. What is the legality of Smart Contracts in each transaction of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) through the Opensea digital platform? The research method used is a normative juridical research method, taking a statutory approach and having a descriptive-analytical nature. From the results of this research, can be seen that NFT has not been clearly regulated in Indonesian positive law, resulting in a legal vacuum. Regulations regarding Crypto are regulated by Bappebti as the governing body. Bappebti itself has not specifically regulated NFT regulations in Bappebti regulations. Besides that, other arrangements are seen through the Civil Code which regulates NFT as an intangible object ITE Law which regulates the implementation of the transaction. And regarding the protection of its Intelectual Property Rights through the Copyright Law. Then regarding the validity of the Smart Contract in Non-Fungible Token (NFT) transactions it is considered valid in Indonesian positive law based on the Pacta sunt servanda principle and must be based on the compliance of Article 1320 of the Civil Code.
Lelang melalui Non-fungible Token (NFT) merupakan fenomena yang cukup baru yang terjadi di era digital, sehingga perlu dicarikan standar hukumnya. Dalam lelang melalui Non-fungible Token pembeli hanya melakukan penawaran melalui website dan dikenakan biaya yang cukup tinggi untuk setiap penawarannya. Sedangkan pembayarannya menggunakan uang kripto (cryptocurrency). Kajian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif dalam menjawab permasalahan bagaimana hakikat lelang aset digital melalui NFT dan bagaimana perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Kajian ini berkesimpulan bahwa jual beli benda digital sebenarnya tidaklah dilarang, termasuk jual beli NFT dengan teknologi blockchain yang kecanggihannya dapat menyimpan data tanpa bisa dihapus, sehingga dapat meminimalisir terjadinya pemalsuan. Namun karena undang-undang di Indonesia telah menetapkan rupiah sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah di negara Indonesia, maka jual beli aset digital dalam bentuk NFT menjadi tidak sah karena alat pembeliannya menggunakan cryptocurrency. Selain itu, lelang aset digital melalui NFT untuk saat ini juga dilarang bagi umat Islam karena Majelis Ulama Indonesia menetapkan hukum haram terkait penggunaan cryptocurrency disebabkan belum adanya underlying atau otoritas yang mengaturnya, sehingga mengandung unsur gharar, dharar dan qimar, yang dikhawatirkan tidak membawa maslahah bagi pengguna cryptocurrency sehingga diharamkan.
The growth of technology has altered many human habits, including business practices. One ofthe emerging innovations is smart contracts. However, Indonesia still has not possessed specificregulations toward smart contract. This article investigates the legalprotection for the execution of smart contracts in Indonesia with reference to the Dutch General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The research methodology used in this thesis is normative research, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The article shows that the issue with present Indonesian law is that it fails to acknowledge the potential benefits and drawbacks of smart contracts. Hence setting up a specific law to regulate smart contract protection and its implementation, including the protection of the data subject, as well as the safeguard measures is urgently required.
Non-Fungible Token atau NFT telah memperoleh popularitas yang signifikan dalam industri kripto-aset dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Hadirnya NFT tersebut tentunya juga memberi suatu permasalahan baru seperti adanya konten yang merugikan masyarakat misalnya dalam kasus penjualan foto Kartu Tanda Penduduk atau KTP. Penelitian ini analisis terhadap kasus penggunaan NFT sebagai media dalam penjualan foto KTP. Dalam analisis kasus tersebut, penulis menjelaskan bagaimana Perlindungan hukum terhadap pemilik Foto Data Pribadi di dalam KTP yang diunggah sebagai NFT dalam platform NFT dan Tindakan hukum yang tepat terhadap pelaku penyalahgunaan foto Data Pribadi di dalam KTP berdasarkan hukum positif di Indonesia. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa NFT memiliki potensi yang besar sebagai suatu media yang dapat merugikan masyarakat apabila disalahgunakan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukannya upaya penegakan hukum dan regulasi yang memadai terkait dengan penjualan KTP sebagai Aset Digital NFT, agar selanjutnya dapat memanfaatkan teknologi NFT ini secara lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan.
This research examines dispute resolution in Indonesia relating to Non-Fungible Token (NFT) trading digital artworks such as drawings, photographs, paintings, animations, unique collections, music, animated videos, original works of art or works that are still in physical form can be converted into digital works due to piracy, plagiarism, mutilation of works of art and then marketed in digital form. This study aims to analyze the settlement of Non-Fungible Token (NFT) trade disputes for digital artworks. The methodology used in this study uses a normative juridical method. Normative juridical research is legal research that places law as a building system of norms. The results of the study explain that there is a legal vacuum in Indonesia relating to the settlement of disputes over Non-Fungible Token Trade (NFT) digital artworks.
<em>Cryptocurrency as a virtual currency managed by a decentralized system makes it immune to government interference and allows it to transact under pseudonyms. This has the potential for cybercrime and illicit transactions, especially money laundering. This study aims to compare legal instruments in Indonesia, the US, and Germany regarding the use of cryptocurrency as a money laundering tool and to analyze the readiness of Indonesia to respond to this crime. This study is normative legal research conducted using a comparative and statutory approach. These findings show that the US and Germany have extensively regulated crypto. In the US, Crypto transactions are considered MSB, subject to BSA compliance. Each transaction must comply with AML, KYC, and CIP requirements. In Germany, Cryptocurrency is considered a personal asset. The crypto trading must meet the KYC and AML requirements. Indonesia needs advanced regulations because crypto is only considered an investment asset. The investigation is difficult because cryptocurrency is transacted pseudonyms, so connecting pseudonyms with real people is challenging</em>
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan eksplorasi potensi penggunaan teknologi Blockchain dalam optimalisasi manajemen pelabuhan di Indonesia. Pelabuhan merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam rantai pasok global, dan efisiensi operasionalnya sangat mempengaruhi kinerja keseluruhan sistem logistik. Namun, manajemen pelabuhan di Indonesia masih menghadapi beberapa tantangan, termasuk kompleksitas proses, kurangnya transparansi, serta risiko keamanan dan integritas data. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah tinjauan literatur. Berdasarkan literatur yang relevan, penelitian ini menyajikan analisis dan sintesis informasi yang ditemukan untuk memahami bagaimana teknologi Blockchain dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam memperbaiki manajemen pelabuhan di Indonesia. Tinjauan literatur yang dilakukan telah mengidentifikasi beberapa potensi penggunaan Blockchain dalam manajemen pelabuhan, termasuk pelacakan dan pemantauan logistik secara real-time, validasi dan otentikasi data, peningkatan transparansi dan kepercayaan, serta efisiensi proses pelabuhan. Penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi penggunaan smart technology dan penerapan smart contract dalam manajemen pelabuhan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga akan mengidentifikasi tantangan-tantangan yang dihadapi dalam mengadopsi dan menerapkan teknologi Blockchain pada manajemen pelabuhan. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini juga menyajikan berbagai kerangka konseptual yang dapat memandu penelitian masa depan dan upaya implementasi di bidang ini. Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang menghadapi berbagai tantangan dalam manajemen pelabuhan. Penelitian ini mengusulkan suatu kerangka konseptual yang komprehensif tentang bagaimana Blockchain dapat digunakan dalam industri maritim di Indonesia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mengusulkan kerangka analisis kelayakan untuk menilai kesiapan implementasi Blockchain pada manajemen pelabuhan di Indonesia. Hasil tinjauan literatur ini diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang tren penggunaan Blockchain dalam optimalisasi manajemen pelabuhan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga dapat menjadi landasan untuk penelitian lebih lanjut dan membantu para pemangku kepentingan di Indonesia dalam mengambil keputusan terkait penerapan teknologi Blockchain dalam konteks manajemen pelabuhan.
Smart contract terkenal sebagai protokol perangkat lunak yang memungkinkan pelaksanaan otomatis dari kontrak tanpa melibatkan pihak ketiga, dan memungkinkan pemangku kepentingan, seperti bank, lembaga keuangan mikro, atau penyedia layanan keuangan syariah lainnya untuk secara otomatis melaksanakan perjanjian yang telah ditetapkan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip syariah tanpa intervensi manusia. Namun, munculnya pro kontra dalam penerapan smart contract yaitu kebutuhan akan audit dan verifikasi yang cermat untuk memastikan bahwa smart contract telah dirancang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip syariah, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tantangan dan peluang dalam penerapan Smart contract agar adanya perlindungan hukum yang jelas sesuai dengan prinsip syariah. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif atau metode penelitian kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa perlunya kesepakatan dan standar yang lebih jelas mengenai kontrak syariah, serta tantangan hukum dan regulasi yang mungkin muncul dalam mengadopsi teknologi ini. Melalui analisis peluang dan tantangan yang terkait dengan penerapan Smart contract syariah dalam blockchain, penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang potensi teknologi ini dalam mendukung ekosistem keuangan syariah. Dengan memahami tantangan dan risiko yang terkait, pelaku industri, regulator, dan akademisi dapat bekerja sama untuk mengembangkan solusi yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip syariah dan memperkuat kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap sistem keuangan syariah. Regulasi yang jelas akan mengatur persyaratan dan standar yang harus dipenuhi oleh Smart contract Syariah, sehingga transaksi yang dilakukan dalam blockchain dapat dikonfirmasi secara hukum sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip syariah.
Smart Contract merupakan konsep yang dicetus oleh Nick Szabo (Szabo, 1997) yang merupakan kontrak berbentuk elektronik. Dengan berkembangnya blockchain konsep tersebut dikonkritkan dengan bentuk code yang terpasang di jaringan blockchain yang disebut smart contract juga. Penelitian ini menggunakan definisi smart contract yang dicetus oleh Nick Szabo yang merupakan alternatif kontrak konvensional. Dalam membuat Smart Contract terdapat kesulitan karena menggabungkan dua domain pengetahuan yaitu kontrak dan informatika. Sebuah bahasa pemodelan dapat dikembangkan untuk memudahkan proses pengembangan Smart Contract. Bahasa pemodelan dapat dijadikan sebagai alat spesifikasi kontrak bahkan sampai generasi implementasi source code. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat bahasa pemodelan yang mampu menyebutkan spesifikasi smart contract sekaligus cukup mudah digunakan oleh pengguna non-IT. Bahasa pemodelan yang dibuat juga mampu menghasilkan skeleton implementasi untuk source code smart contract.
Creativity is unlimited. Creativity is not only visible in real terms that can be touched by human hands, but now it is widespread in cyberspace. This creativity can be in the form of music, inventions, logos, and others that can be protected by intellectual property. The protection of intellectual property can be combined with a Non-Fungible Token. The purpose of this research is to examine the use of Non-Fungible Tokens as an intellectual property registration and the use of Non-Fungible Token as a marketing strategy for digital assets. The research method is normative juridical which will multiply from some secondary literature, books, journals, and other sources related to intellectual property, Non-Fungible Tokens, and marketing strategies. The use of Non-Fungible Tokens as a condition for intellectual property registration can have a positive impact, especially in terms of determining novelty requirements. Businesses can use Non-Fungible Tokens as a marketing strategy to market their works or digital assets.
Penelitian ini menganalisis implikasi hukum yang terkait dengan kepemilikan hak atas kekayaan intelektual pada platform CryptoKitties. CryptoKitties adalah sebuah platform permainan berbasis blockchain yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk membeli, memiliki, dan melakukan perdagangan dengan kucing virtual yang unik. Kucing-kucing ini direpresentasikan oleh aset digital yang disebut non-fungible tokens (NFT), yang memberikan kepemilikan eksklusif kepada pemiliknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan pengguna mengakui dan setuju bahwa dapper (atau, sebagaimana berlaku, pemberi lisensi) memiliki semua hak hukum, kepemilikan dan kepentingan dalam dan untuk semua elemen lain dari aplikasi, dan semua hak kekayaan intelektual di dalamnya, namun kepemilikan kekayaan intelektual non-fungible tokens (NFT), sepenuhnya dimiliki oleh pengguna. Dan dapper memberikan hak eksklusif kepada pengguna terhadap aset digital yang mewakili kucing virtual yang unik.
The Non-Fungible Token is an opportunity for artists to introduce their digital works to the general public, but it can also become a real threat to artists' attempts to commercialize their digital arts. This research aims to complement the studies regarding prevention and law enforcement related to copyright infringement of Non-Fungible Token assets. The research method used by the author in this article is normative juridical research supplemented by interviews, and this research uses a statute approach that is carried out by examining all laws and regulations related to the copyright of a work. The Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency cooperates with the Ministry of Communication and Information in terms of prevention by blocking content and data. Another preventive measure is for artists to register with and join the Collective Management Institute (LMK). In addition, special laws and regulations are needed that regulate the protection of Non-Fungible Token assets, as well as the role of copyright law enforcement agencies and the public, to minimize the occurrence of violations in the realm of copyright.
M.Pd. . Dra. Made Sulastri, Tiwa Cindy Claudia, Wulan Chorry Safira
Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi membawa dampak positif seperti ditemukannya mata uang virtual (cryptocurrency), salah satunya yaitu Bitcoin. Sistem Bitcoin yang memiliki jaminan kerahasiaan dan perlindungan ternyata menghadirkan dampak negatif seperti penyalahgunaan fasilitas jaminan untuk melakukan pencucian aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan para penegak hukum mengalami kesulitan dalam upaya pemulihan asset negara (asset recovery). Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai cara pencegahan dan penanganan permasalahan tersebut melalui optimalisasi digital forensik. Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas pula mengenai kasus korupsi PT. Asuransi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (PT. ASABRI) dimana beberapa tersangka diduga telah melakukan pengelolaan dana asuransi untuk dikorupsi kemudian disalurkan ke dalam bentuk Bitcoin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan teknik pengumpulan data berupa Penelitian Kepustakaan dan Penelitian Virtual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi digital forensik dapat dilakukan melalui 3 aspek yaitu penguatan regulasi, peningkatan skill akuntan forensik dalam dunia digital, serta penguatan kerjasama antar lembaga seperti Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK) dengan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) dan Kejaksaan.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana legalitas penggunaan cryptocurrency sebagai alat investasi jangka panjang di Indonesia serta mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat atau para investor cryptocurrency di Indonesia, adapun jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian skripsi ini yaitu menggunakan jenis penelitian normatif dengan metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan metode pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa pesatnya perkembangan cryptocurrency menyebabkan jumlah para pengguna atau investor cryptocurrency juga meningkat pesat di Indonesia sehingga pemerintah Indonesia harus membuat regulasi atau peraturan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum bagi para penggunanya, legalitas penggunaaan cryptocurrency di Indonesia sendiri telah diatur dan diawasi langsung oleh Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (Bappebti) No 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Ketentuan Tekhnis Penyelenggaraan Pasar Fisik Asset Krypto (Crypto Asset).
This study aims to determine the selling mechanism and to understand the reflection of sharia economic law on the mechanism for selling Non-Fungible Token (NFT)-based digital works/creations on the Opensea Platform. This research includes library research (library research) which uses secondary data consisting of three legal materials, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. This research is a descriptive analysis. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study indicate that the mechanism for selling NFTs on opensea is having a balance of cryptocurrency or Ethereum money through a MetaMask wallet, having an account, owning an NFT work, determining the price, how long will the NFT last last uploading the NFT on opensea. Buying and selling NFT is a little different because it uses blockchain technology and the lens of Islamic economic law for the mechanism for selling NFT at Opensea. Looking at the pillars of sale and purchase, the actual NFT transaction process is not fulfilled, because the value or means of exchange (saman) contains gharar and dharar. . The results of the Ijtima Ulama Fatwa MUI decision stated that the use of cryptocurrency as legal currency is unlawful, because it contains gharar, dharar and contradicts Law Number 7 of 2011 and Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 17 of 2015 so it cannot be used as a transaction tool because in practice there are discrepancy with the pillars of the sale and purchase contract. However, it must be acknowledged that the world continues to develop and technology is increasingly sophisticated, it does not rule out the possibility that one day NFT will be legalized. To show that Islam is salihun likulli epoch wa likulli eat (suitable for all times and places), academic ijtihad must be carried out to answer contemporary muamlah problems in the era of globalization.
Ahmad Zakirullah Mohamed Shaarani, Fidlizan Muhammad, Azman Mohd Noor, Mohd Farihal Osman
Smart Contract is one of the new technological developments related to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 which emphasizes on the execution of contracts between two parties automatically based on the terms and conditions that have been agreed before. This concept minimizes the role of intermediaries that exist in traditionally executed contracts thus leading to positive effects such as cost reduction, saving time and money, less cases of fraud, manipulation and so on. Looking at the philosophy of smart contracts, it is in line with the Maqasid / Objectives of Syariah. However, the nature of this concept which relies on automation which means lack of human intervention in executing the content of the contract raises questions about shariah compliancy in the operationalization of this system especially regarding the function and eligibility of the computer system as a contracting parties rather that human, as well as what is fiqh adaptation for such concept, in addition to what is parameters and dawābit that is required to ensure that each product based on smart contracts is Shariah compliant in terms of its content, shariah monitoring process once the contract is executed, and other related issues. This study is based on a full library research where the concept of smart contracts is analyzed based on the framework of Shariah law in Muamalat, in addition to the latest technological developments related to it. The results of the study found that smart contract is an acceptable concept in Islam, but it needs some guidance and improvement to ensure it really coincides with the parameters required by Shariah, namely full compliance with the pillars and conditions of the contract, must also be in line with Maqasid al-Shariah and current applicable law, the existence of elements of compassion, consideration, tolerance/Tasāmuh and others.
One form of utilizing the latest digital technology in Copyright is the Non-Fungible Token (NFT). Using a blockchain system to verify the authenticity of works, NFT can be a promising solution for intellectual property protection. However, due to the development of new technologies, research is still needed on how the legal problems of using Non-Fungible Token technology are related to Copyright. This research is a normative juridicial research using primary and secondary data. Data was collected using literature study and internet access, as well as data analysis using qualitative descriptive methods. The results of the research and discussion concluded that NFT technology still has several problems. The problem that occurs in the use of NFT is that there is no related regulation that regulates NFT, so there is no legal certainty to protect the public. Another problem is the theft of copyrighted works belonging to people who are converted into NFT. This is due to the lack of maximum verification of copyrighted works by the NFT marketplace.
In the last two decades, art and technology are increasingly inseparable. Existing technology has developed rapidly, in this case the internet which has given birth to a new era known as the digital era which was followed by the emergence of many legal problems, one of which was copyright infringement. The emergence of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) is said to be able to democratize the arts industry and Indonesia digital economy decentralized. Indonesia has a regulation named the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 of 2014 which regulates the exclusive rights of creators from the industrial sector to works of art. With the existence of These Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) the copyright of a digital artwork is questionable. The unique thing with the existence of this Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) is that Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) does not have the same values, each unique asset cannot be exchanged, so the artists use Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) as a certificate of ownership of a rare digital asset. However, because there is no specific regulation regarding Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) either in copyright regulations or its protection by the government, there have been cases of copyright infringement intentionally or unintentionally. This research aims to analyze how Indonesian government set the pace to protect copyrights of digital artworks as a preparation for the Indonesia 2030 Digital Economy Development.
Many policymakers and scholars have discussed concerns regarding terrorist group use of cryptocurrency in recent years. While some argue that the threat is still limited, others argue that the current usage of cryptocurrency does not match the entirety of features that terrorist groups require and desire. In the end, it is still critical to recognize that the cryptocurrency used for terrorist financing frequently depends on several influencing factors. This study aims to (i) investigate the utilization of cryptocurrency by Moslem-affiliated terrorists in Southeast Asia; (ii) map the case typology of cryptocurrency use in Southeast Asian terrorist funding; (iii) describe the regulatory challenges raised in Southeast Asia. This research is a type of doctrinal legal one using the statute, case, and conceptual approaches. The results of this study acknowledge the limited but increasing risk of terrorist financing by cryptocurrency over the 2015-2022 timeframe in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the existing typology of cases uses smurfing and structuring techniques with high and medium levels of risk. This research ends by recommending actions that Southeast Asian country stakeholders can take to reduce the potential of cryptocurrency usage in terrorist funding by harmonizing their counter-terrorist financing regulatory approaches and implementing investigative best practices.