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Jan 1, 2020ยทInternational Journal of Law and Information Technology
19 cites
The hybrid smart contract agreement challenge to European electronic signature regulation

Anne Veerpalu, Liisi Jรผrgen, Eduardo da Cruz Rodrigues e Silva, Alex Norta

Abstract The article investigates the smart contract used in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) process and its qualification under the typology of form of contract and the EU electronic signature regulation eIDAS.1 ICOs took the globe by storm in 2017 and created a lot of turmoil among the regulators due to a new form of raising funds globally. In addition to their effect on the capital market, another phenomenon that saw a rise in popularity was the smart contract. The smart contract is usually built into the ICO process as a protocol to execute the issue of a token. The article suggests that the contract in the ICO process does not only refer to the smart/contract code in silos but should be considered in the larger context as the so-called hybrid smart contract agreement with the smart contract protocol being merely the execution motor for the issuance of the token. The article qualifies the contract concluded during the ICO process under the general typology of forms of contract with the aim to identify whether the hybrid smart/contract agreement is in electronic form of contract. Some states in the USA and a few Member States in the EU have also introduced smart contract-specific regulation clearly stating that smart contracts are contracts either in electronic or written form. Still, as this is not prevalent in the EU law, the principle of functional equivalence is used to assess whether the signature on a smart contract used in an ICO process is functionally equivalent to the qualified electronic signature under eIDAS. The existence of a qualified electronic signature allows the contract to be qualified as a contract in electronic form equivalent to a paper-form agreement with hand-written signatures. Furthermore, the article investigates whether the centralized trust system of the eIDAS creates an infrastructural bias against the source of trust in case of distributed ledger technology that in itself could be non-compliant with the principle of technology neutrality.

Law, logistics, and international trade
European and International Contract Law
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Original source
Dec 31, 2019ยทInternational Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
1 cites
A Study on the Secure Coding Rules for Developing Secure Smart Contract on Ethereum Environments

Junho Jeong, Yunsik Son, Yang Sun Lee

Smart contract-based development of decentralized applications is increasing with the development of blockchain technology. Although blockchainbased smart contracts are expected to revolutionize the digital economy, several security issues need to be addressed before this technology can be used reliably. The recent discovery of security weaknesses in Ethereum smart contracts questions the reliability of smart contracts. Therefore, there is a need to create and diagnose security weaknesses in Ethereum smart contracts to mitigate security risks. In this study, we assessed the potential security weaknesses of running smart contracts on Ethereum.

Open access
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Insurance and Financial Risk Management
FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Original source
Dec 31, 2019ยทKorea Financial Law Association
0 cites
An Essay on Including the Decentralized Autonomous Organizations based on a Smart Contract into Corporate Law System

Gyung Young Jung

๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ฑ์ทจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ž๋™์‹คํ–‰์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(์ž๋™์‹คํ–‰์ฝ”๋“œ)์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ช…์นญ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์Šน๋‚™์˜ ์˜์‚ฌํ‘œ์‹œ์™€ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ฒญ์•ฝ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌํ‘œ์‹œ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทœ์œจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ดํ–‰์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒ๋œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ด์ต(๊ฐ€์น˜)์˜ ๊ท€์†์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ์—ฌ์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž์œ ๋กœ ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ณ , ์ธ์‹, ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์ œ3์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•์  ์ ‘์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ž์œจ์กฐ์ง(decentralized autonomous organizations: DAOs)์ด๋ž€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ์˜ด์ธ ์ด๋”๋ฆฌ์›€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋œ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , โ€˜the DAOโ€™๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ž์œจ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝ”๋“œ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ โ€˜the DAOโ€™๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ž์œจ์กฐ์ง์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์ž์œจ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ž์œจ์กฐ์ง์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. โ€˜the DAOโ€™๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์˜๋„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ• ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ต๋ช…์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„, ์ž์œจ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ž์œจ์กฐ์ง์ด ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ž์œจ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์–‘๋„๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ์— ํฌ์„ญ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ž์œจ์กฐ์ง์— ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๋ก์ฒด์ธ์˜ ์ต(๊ฐ€)๋ช…์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด์„œ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ž์œจ์กฐ์ง์„ ํฌ์„ญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.

Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Insurance and Financial Risk Management
Legal Studies and Reforms
Original source
Oct 15, 2019ยทJournal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law
1 cites
SMART CONTRACT IN CONTRACT LAW

ะ•ะปะธะทะฐะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะกะพะผะพะฒะฐ, ะ•ะปะธะทะฐะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะกะพะผะพะฒะฐ

ะกั‚ะฐั‚ัŒั ะฟะพัะฒัั‰ะตะฝะฐ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธัŽ ะผะตัั‚ะฐ ะธ ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพัั‚ะตะน ั‚ะฐะบะพะณะพ ะฝะพะฒะพะณะพ ะธะฝัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚ะฐ ะฒ ะดะพะณะพะฒะพั€ะฝะพะผ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะต ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะบะฐะบ ัะผะฐั€ั‚-ะบะพะฝั‚ั€ะฐะบั‚.ะ˜ััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝ ะทะฐั€ัƒะฑะตะถะฝั‹ะน ะพะฟั‹ั‚ ะฟะพ ัั‚ะพะน ั‚ะตะผะฐั‚ะธะบะต

Open access
European and International Contract Law
Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Original source
Aug 31, 2019ยทTHE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
0 cites
An Exploratory Study on the Adoption of the Smart Contract Letter of Credit

Hyung-Suk Jin, Kwang-So PARK, Dong-Suk CHUN

๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ๊ฒฐ์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๋ฐ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ„๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ฒด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜๋ฌด์ดํ–‰์˜ ์ž๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œ์ผœ 1์ผ ์ด๋‚ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ „๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ HSBC ๋“ฑ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 1์ผ๋‚ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๊ตฌํ˜„์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.BR ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด โ€˜์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅโ€™์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ „ํ†ต์  ํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ 7๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ง€์€ํ–‰์€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ด€๊ณ„, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์Ÿ์  ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ œ์•ˆ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ „๋ง์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society
Original source
Aug 1, 2019ยทDOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
0 cites
Qquality of recognition of the intention of the dealers in Smart Contracts

Mahdi Rashvand Boukani, Mahdi Naser

Technology development is one of the tools for developing e-commerce. In recent years, the emergence of public Ledgers such as the Blockchain and the invention of digital cryptocurrencies have created a new type of electronic contract called smart contracts. Smart contracts are contracts under the supervision of artificial intelligence in the context of the Blockchain, and the contractor replaces them with smart properties or digital cryptocurrencies. Intention is one of the pillars of the formation of any contract in legal systems. These contracts must be able to identify the element of intent in order to be considered valid in any legal system. Acquiring the intent of the parties in smart contracts through the licensing mechanisms for the use of digital signatures, the mechanisms for assigning permissions to use virtual currencies, the mechanisms for accessing information systems, and in contracts that are represented by artificial intelligence, the conclusion of a transaction by The representative represents the intention of the attorney to grant the lawyer to the client.

Open access
Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
European and International Contract Law
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Original source
Jul 31, 2019ยทLex Russica
12 cites
Conflict-Of-Law and "Non Law" Renovation of the Lex Mercatoria, Smart Contracts and Blockchain Arbitration

ะœ. ะ’. ะœะฐะถะพั€ะธะฝะฐ

The central institute of private international law โ€” conflict of law โ€” in the modern globalization and information context is evolving, which is largely due to the paradigm shifts in law, laid down and developed based on international commercial arbitration. The widely interpreted concept of ยซrules of lawยป actualizes a completely new view of conflicting arrays of rules: the law of the state and the system of non-state regulators. The medieval lex mercatoria, revived in the XX century, is modernized by cyberspace, acquires a new sound in the form of e-merchant or lex informatica, especially in the context of the parallel development of smart contracts and new decentralized forms of dispute resolution, one of which is blockchain arbitration. In particular, the issues of conflict of law, traditional for cross-border transactions, arise in relation to smart contracts, which, using blockchain technology, are inherently linked to several jurisdictions. It is important to reflect on the questions of applicability of traditional conflict-of-laws bindings to the regulation of relevant relations, including through forecasting the practice of choosing the law of a state, the substantive rules of which are adapted to the use of new technologies, or recourse to the rules of non-state regulation.

Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
European and International Contract Law
Original source
Jul 9, 2019ยทBlockchain and Web 3.0
6 cites
Applying smart contracts in online dispute resolutions on a large scale and its regulatory implications

Janet Hui Xue, Ralph Holz

This chapter identifies and illuminates the feasible regulatory space to help understand how smart contracts for ODR platforms can possibly be regulated and embedded within current law systems. The chapter first defines smart contracts and explains their relationship to blockchain. It presents their capabilities and limitations and how they are different from conventional, more centralized approaches, thereby highlighting a unique contribution that is of great help for future ODR platforms: the enforced transparency of the dispute process. Based on this technical analysis, the chapter proposes an approach how smart contracts can be useful in ODR platforms as they are used today, such as the EU ODR platform, by outlining the principles applying to arbitrators and definitions of access control, e.g., the need for access for state actors. The chapter presents possible approaches to apply smart contracts to standardize the procedures of lodging cases on a large scale and handling disputes in an efficient manner. The proposals are based on lessons learnt in the last few years in the development of smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain, currently the only major blockchain that supports smart contracts. The chapter concludes with an analysis of implications for future regulation and legal compliance.

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
European and International Contract Law
Original source
Jun 26, 2019ยทUniversity of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository (University of Missouri)
41 cites
Online Dispute Resolution for Smart Contracts

Amy J. Schmitz, Colin Rule

Smart contracts built in the blockchain are quietly revolutionizing traditional transactions despite their questionable status under current law. At the same time, disputes regarding smart contracts are inevitable, and par-ties will need means for dealing with smart contract issues. This Article tackles this challenge, and proposes that parties turn to online dispute resolution (โ€œODRโ€) to efficiently and fairly resolve smart contract disputes. Furthermore, the Article acknowledges the benefits and challenges of current blockchain ODR start-ups, and proposes specific ideas for how designers could address those challenges and incorporate ODR to provide just resolutions that will not stymie efficiencies of smart contracts. Nonetheless, the Article also raises pivotal cautions and questions for ensuring the fairness and transparency of these solutions over the longer term.

Open access
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
European and International Contract Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
May 31, 2019ยทSSRN Electronic Journal
4 cites
Turning the Rivalrous Relations between Arbitration and Mediation into Cooperative or Convergent Modes of a Dispute Settlement Mechanism for Commercial Disputes in East Asia

Kim M. Rooney

This article discusses current developments in East Asia to more effectively use mediation with international commercial arbitration, supported by the 2019 United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (the โ€œSingapore Conventionโ€) and the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation (the โ€œUNCITRAL Model Mediation Lawโ€), and by online dispute resolution using innovative technology (including artificial intelligence, machine learning, the internet of things, blockchain, distributed ledger technology and smart contracts). It discusses the background to the changing approach including the increasing pressure for arbitration to become a mechanism of last resort in international dispute resolution prompted by policy makersโ€™ and usersโ€™ demands for cheaper , quicker and culturally more international dispute resolution and the changing sources of international investment, developments in international relations including the Belt and Road Initiative announced by China, and the initiatives being undertaken by various investment and trade communities including APEC, particularly focusing on micro, small and medium sized enterprises (each a โ€œMSMEโ€). This article briefly refers to the current status of online dispute resolution utilizing innovative technology, and the legal opportunities and challenges posed by it. Finally, it briefly refers to some neuroscience research relevant to dispute resolution.

Open access
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
International Arbitration and Investment Law
Original source
May 30, 2019ยทJournal of Korea Trade
2 cites
Compliance of Electronic Bill of Lading Regulation in Korea with Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records

Seokโ€Beom Choi

Purpose - The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (Model Law) is based on the principles of non-discrimination against the use of electronic means, functional equivalence, and technology neutrality underpinning all UNCITRAL texts on electronic commerce. Investigating the disagreements between the Model Law and the Koran Commercial Act (KC Act), including the B/L Regulation, and suggesting the revision of the KC Act including the B/L Regulation, could be a valuable study. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the harmonization of Korean legislation regarding electronic bill of lading in compliance with the Model Law. Design/methodology - The Model Law is flexible to accommodate the use of all technologies and models, such as registries, tokens, and distributed ledgers: that is, blockchain. In 2007, the KC Act was revised to regulate electronic bills of lading to promote the widespread legal use of electronic bills of lading. In addition, The Regulation on Implementation of the Provisions of the Commercial Act Regarding Electronic Bills of Lading (the B/L Regulation) was enacted to regulate the detailed procedures in using electronic bills of lading in 2008. This paper employs a legal analysis by which this paper does find differences between two rules in light of technology neutrality and global standard of electronic bills of lading model. Findings - The main findings are as follows: i) the Korean registry agency has characteristics of a closed system. ii) The KC Act has no provision regarding control. iii) The KC Act discriminates other electronic bills of lading on the ground that it was issued or used abroad. Moreover, this study does comprehensive analysis of Korean Acts in comparison with the Model Law and, in particular, this study analyzes the differences between the KC Act and the Model Law by comparing article by article in view of the harmonization of the two rules. Originality/value - The subject of previous several studies was draft provisions on Electronic Transferable Records before completion of the Model Law; thus, these studies did not take into consideration the character of the Model Law as the Model Law was chosen at the final stage of legislation. This study is aimed at the final version of the Model Law. So, this study is meaningful by finding the suggestion and directions for the Korean government to revise the KC Act and the B/L Regulation in line with the Model Law.

Law, logistics, and international trade
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Original source
May 16, 2019ยทUniform Law Review
47 cites
The impact of blockchain technologies and smart contracts on dispute resolution: arbitration and court litigation at the crossroads

Pietro Ortolani

Abstract This article investigates the twofold impact that blockchain technologies and smart contracts have on dispute resolution. On the one hand, these technologies enable private parties to devise arbitral systems that are self-enforcing and, therefore, largely bypass the recognition and enforcement procedures through which State courts traditionally exert a certain control over arbitration. This phenomenon may in the future allow arbitration to become entirely self-sufficient, thus leading to the marginalization of State courts. On the other hand, however, such a marginalization has not taken place yet; to the contrary, the recent blockchain-related phenomenon of initial coin offerings has given rise to some prominent court cases. These cases raise particularly interesting jurisdictional questions, especially in light of the difficulty of reconciling the decentralized nature of the blockchain with the territorial approach whereby jurisdiction is typically allocated among national courts.

Open access
International Arbitration and Investment Law
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Original source
Apr 30, 2019ยทKorea Financial Law Association
3 cites
Legal Characteristic of Cryptocurrency and Regulation Improvement Suggestion

Woo-jung Jon

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ธ์ง€, ๊ธˆ์ „์ธ์ง€, ์ฆ๊ถŒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์นจ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•˜๊ธ‰์‹ฌ ํŒ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ƒ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์˜ ์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์ด ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2018. 5. 30. ์„ ๊ณ  2018๋„3619 ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ98์กฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ99์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋™์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ํ–‰๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ • ํ™”ํ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋Š” ์žฌํ™” ๊ตํ™˜์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ธˆ์ „์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ํŒ๋ก€์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ์ „์‚ฐ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์น˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ โ€œ๊ฐ€์งœ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”ํโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์งœ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์งœ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํŒ๋งค ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์—†์ด ํˆฌ์ž๊ธˆ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์œ ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋˜, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ICO๋Š” ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•”ํ˜ธ ํ™”ํ ์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ •์˜๋กœ๋Š”, โ‘  ๊ตํ™˜์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์ €์žฅ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, โ‘ก ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์›์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ž์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กยทํ™œ์šฉ, โ‘ข ์ „์ž๊ธˆ์œต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ „์žํ™”ํ ๋ฐ ์„ ๋ถˆ์ „์ž์ง€๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ œ์™ธ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Technology and Data Analysis
Original source
Jan 1, 2019ยทUniversity of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository (University of Missouri)
24 cites
Blockchain and the Inevitability of Disputes: The Role for Online Dispute Resolution

Orna Rabinovichโ€Einy, Ethan Katsh

Blockchain seems to be everywhere these days. It is touted as the new foolproof technology, which can be used for everything from cryptocurrencies, through land registries to identity cards and health records. Enthusiasts have predicted that it will bring about deep change, ensuring data security and identity authentication, while doing away with traditional intermediaries. With blockchain we are told that it is the โ€œnew internet,โ€ an application that will change the way we transactโ€”strengthening commitments and ensuring seamless execution. At the same time, and at an alarming frequency, we hear about mass scale fraudulent schemes attacking cryptocurrency exchanges, resulting in the loss of many millions of dollars. Aside from fraud, other problems abound, resulting from misunderstandings between transacting parties, loss of passwords and privacy risks, to name a few. The gap between the promise of an infallible, dispute-less environment and the inevitable reality of having to deal with disputes in the blockchain setting lies at the heart of this paper. It is, we contend, impossible to enjoy high levels of human interaction without generating conflict. The inevitability of disputes is enhanced in a potentially lucrative environment of innovation and complexity, such as the blockchain. In such settings, unexpected developments are bound to occur, and expectations of interacting parties are likely to differ. Indeed, this was our experience with the internet of the 1990s as the e-commerce setting began to flourish. Initially, disputes were not the focus of attention and avenues of redress were difficult to come by. Over time it became clear, that for e-commerce to evolve there needed to be trust by users, and for trust to be sustained, e-commerce platforms needed to institutionalize avenues for addressing and preventing disputes. These processes have come to be known as โ€œonline dispute resolutionโ€ (or ODR). The lessons learned from the evolution of ODR are slowly penetrating the blockchain arena, as some entities are developing ODR tools and processes that are tailored to this environment. At the same time, for ODR to be adopted and used, some of the underlying assumptions driving the design and adoption of blockchain technology need to be relaxed, as they are in tension with the tenets of dispute systems design: recognizing the inevitability of conflict, understanding trust as a human construct, and assigning weight to individual needs alongside group ideology. This article establishes its main theses in the following order. Part II provides background on the history and evolution of the blockchain, highlighting its dominant applications and its principal features. We discuss governance and trust on blockchain, finding that despite a rhetoric of disintermediation and distribution of power, there are still some players that enjoy more power than others in the blockchain setting. Furthermore, we highlight the governance choices that can shape the extent to which power is concentrated, accountability is established, and avenues of redress are available. In Part III we briefly discuss the history of ODR and describe the leading ODR schemes that have emerged for the blockchain setting, illuminating similarities and distinctions among them. Despite growing interest in ODR for blockchain, the use of these initiatives has yet to spread. We explore the various barriers that stand in the way of ODR for blockchain gaining momentum in Part IV.

Open access
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Digital Transformation in Law
Original source
Jan 1, 2019ยทInha Law Review The Institute of Legal Studies Inha University
1 cites
Legal Studies of Private Enforcement Accompanied by Smart Contracts

Changhee Kim

๋‹‰ ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋Š” 1996๋…„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตฌ์ƒ์€ 2008๋…„ ๋‚˜์นด๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น›์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ถœ์—…์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ† ์ง€ ๋งค์ˆ˜์ธ์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋„์ธ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ด์ต๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•ดํ‚น์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ์€ํ–‰๋„ ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์€ํ–‰ ์ง์›์ด ๋ฐฐ์ž„ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž์˜ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ๊ณก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ ์›๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.BR ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž๋™์ดํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ ํฌ ์ž„๋Œ€์ธ์€ ์ž„๋Œ€์ฐจ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ์†Œ์†ก์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ง‘ํ–‰์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž๋™์ โ€ข์ „์ž์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์ฐจ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ํฌ ์ถœ์ž…๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์กฐ๋ ฅ ์—†์ด ์ž๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ž์œ ๋Š” ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋งŒํผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ์†Œํ™€ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋ ฅ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.BR ๋จผ์ € ์ž๋ ฅ ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์ž๋ ฅ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ž๋ ฅ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ์ž๋™์ดํ–‰์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€, ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.BR ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์ž๋ ฅ ์ง‘ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด ์ค‘๋‹จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๊ณ  ์›์ƒํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์–ด๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹œ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2 source records
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Jan 1, 2019ยทKing s Law Journal
2 cites
Cryptocurrencies and Code Before the Courts

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In the rapidly developing cyber sphere dominated by cryptocurrencies and code, it is perhaps not uncommon for firms to focus on cutting-edge technological developments leaving the law behind as an ...

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2 source records
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction
Original source
Dec 31, 2018ยท๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ฌด
0 cites
A Study on the Smart Contract

HyoungSuk Ko, Hyoung-suk Ko

1997๋…„ Nick Szabo์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…์ž์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋…์ž์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ž ๊ณ„์•ฝ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„ํ•˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์  ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ, ๊ธ‰๋ถ€๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์žฌ์‚ฐ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์ƒใ†์Œ๋ฌด๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ „์ž๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋…์ž์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด(์ฝ”๋“œ)๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋„๋‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ธ ์ œํ•œ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ดํ–‰์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋‹น์ด๋“๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์˜์‚ฌํ‘œ์‹œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ž ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—ญ์‹œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ œ3์ž์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ํ•ดํ‚น์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ดํ‚น์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ‘œ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ฐฉ์˜ค ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ทจ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ต๋ช…๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ•ด์ปค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ทจ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ดํ‚น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์„ ์˜์˜ ์ œ3์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ „๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์„ ์˜์˜ ์ œ3์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์ปค์—๊ฒŒ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ณฑ์งธ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์˜์ทจ๋“์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์—๋Š” ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์ถ”์ ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์งธ, ์–‘์ˆ˜์ธ์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ด์ „์žฅ์†Œ(๊ณ„์ • ๋“ฑ)๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ธฐ์žฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฑ„๋ถ€๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋Š” ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ดํ–‰์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ต๋ช…๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํ•ด์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ต๋ช…๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด์ œ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์›์ƒํšŒ๋ณต์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
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