Harshita Agarwal
No abstract is available for this record.
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Harshita Agarwal
No abstract is available for this record.
Michael Buchwald
No abstract is available for this record.
Anne Veerpalu, Liisi Jรผrgen, Eduardo da Cruz Rodrigues e Silva, Alex Norta
Abstract The article investigates the smart contract used in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) process and its qualification under the typology of form of contract and the EU electronic signature regulation eIDAS.1 ICOs took the globe by storm in 2017 and created a lot of turmoil among the regulators due to a new form of raising funds globally. In addition to their effect on the capital market, another phenomenon that saw a rise in popularity was the smart contract. The smart contract is usually built into the ICO process as a protocol to execute the issue of a token. The article suggests that the contract in the ICO process does not only refer to the smart/contract code in silos but should be considered in the larger context as the so-called hybrid smart contract agreement with the smart contract protocol being merely the execution motor for the issuance of the token. The article qualifies the contract concluded during the ICO process under the general typology of forms of contract with the aim to identify whether the hybrid smart/contract agreement is in electronic form of contract. Some states in the USA and a few Member States in the EU have also introduced smart contract-specific regulation clearly stating that smart contracts are contracts either in electronic or written form. Still, as this is not prevalent in the EU law, the principle of functional equivalence is used to assess whether the signature on a smart contract used in an ICO process is functionally equivalent to the qualified electronic signature under eIDAS. The existence of a qualified electronic signature allows the contract to be qualified as a contract in electronic form equivalent to a paper-form agreement with hand-written signatures. Furthermore, the article investigates whether the centralized trust system of the eIDAS creates an infrastructural bias against the source of trust in case of distributed ledger technology that in itself could be non-compliant with the principle of technology neutrality.
Junho Jeong, Yunsik Son, Yang Sun Lee
Smart contract-based development of decentralized applications is increasing with the development of blockchain technology. Although blockchainbased smart contracts are expected to revolutionize the digital economy, several security issues need to be addressed before this technology can be used reliably. The recent discovery of security weaknesses in Ethereum smart contracts questions the reliability of smart contracts. Therefore, there is a need to create and diagnose security weaknesses in Ethereum smart contracts to mitigate security risks. In this study, we assessed the potential security weaknesses of running smart contracts on Ethereum.
Gyung Young Jung
๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฑ์ทจ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์๋์คํ์ด ๋ณด์ฅ๋ ์ปดํจํฐ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ(์๋์คํ์ฝ๋)์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๊ทธ ๋ช ์นญ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ณ์ฝ ์์ฒด๋ ์๋๊ณ ๊ณ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ์ผ๋ก ์ดํด๋๋ค. ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ์๋๋ฐฉ์ ํ์๋ก ํ์๋๋ ์น๋์ ์์ฌํ์์ ํฉ์น๋๋ฉด ๊ณ์ฝ์ด ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ด๋ ์ผ์ข ์ ์ฒญ์ฝ์ ์์ฌํ์๋ผ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฒ์ ๊ท์จ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ดํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ด์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ์ด์ต(๊ฐ์น)์ ๊ท์์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ํ์ค์ธ๊ณ์ ์กด์ฌ์ฌ์ ํ์ค์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ท์จ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ ํ ์์ ๋ก ์ธ ์๋ ์๊ณ , ์ธ์, ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ์น์ ํ๊ฐ, ์ 3์์ ๋ํ ์ฑ ์ ๋ฑ์์ ๊ณ์ฝ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์จ์กฐ์ง(decentralized autonomous organizations: DAOs)์ด๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ ํ๋ซํฌ์ด์ธ ์ด๋๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฑ์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ชจ์ง๋ ํฌ์์์ ์กฐ์ง์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ณ , โthe DAOโ๋ ์ต์ด์ ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์จ์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ์์ง๋ง ์ฝ๋์์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์คํจ๋ก ๊ท๊ฒฐ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง โthe DAOโ๋ ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์จ์กฐ์ง์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค์ฌ์ ํฌ์์์ ์ ํ์ฑ ์๊ณผ ์์จ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์จ์กฐ์ง์ ์ ์ ํ ํ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ ํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์๋ค. โthe DAOโ๋ ์ค๊ณ์์ ์๋์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ํํ๋ฒ ํด์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ์ ์กฐํฉ ๋๋ ์๋ฒ์ ์ต๋ช ์กฐํฉ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฒ ๋์ด ์ ํ์ฑ ์, ์์จ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฑ์ ์คํ์ด ์ด๋ ต๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ง์ ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์จ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ ํ์ฑ ์์ ์์จ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋๊ฐ ์์ ๋ก์ด ํ ํฐ์ ๋ฐํํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์ ํฌ์ญ๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์จ์กฐ์ง์ ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ ์ต(๊ฐ)๋ช ์ฑ์ ๊ทธ๋์์ ์ฌ์ค์์ ์ ํ์ฑ ์์ ํํ์ ๋ณด๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ ํ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ ์ด ์๋์ด์, ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์จ์กฐ์ง์ ํฌ์ญํ ์ ์๋ ํ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ดํด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค.
ะะปะธะทะฐะฒะตัะฐ ะกะพะผะพะฒะฐ, ะะปะธะทะฐะฒะตัะฐ ะกะพะผะพะฒะฐ
ะกัะฐััั ะฟะพัะฒััะตะฝะฐ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะผะตััะฐ ะธ ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพััะตะน ัะฐะบะพะณะพ ะฝะพะฒะพะณะพ ะธะฝััะธัััะฐ ะฒ ะดะพะณะพะฒะพัะฝะพะผ ะฟัะฐะฒะต ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะบะฐะบ ัะผะฐัั-ะบะพะฝััะฐะบั.ะััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝ ะทะฐััะฑะตะถะฝัะน ะพะฟัั ะฟะพ ััะพะน ัะตะผะฐัะธะบะต
Hyun-Sook Cho
No abstract is available for this record.
de Graaf
No abstract is available for this record.
Hyung-Suk Jin, Kwang-So PARK, Dong-Suk CHUN
๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌํ ๋ฐ ์์ฉํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ผ ํ์๊ณ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋๊ธ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์ด ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ํจ์จ์ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ผ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๋ฐ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋์ ์ ํตํด ์๋ฅ์ ์๋ณ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ณ ๊ณ์ฝ์ฒด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณ์ฝ์๋ฌด์ดํ์ ์๋ํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ ํต์ ์ธ ํํ์ ์ฉ์ฅ์ ์์๋๋ ๋น์ฉ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ถ์์ผ 1์ผ ์ด๋ด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ผ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก HSBC ๋ฑ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธ์ต๊ธฐ๊ด์์๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ 1์ผ๋ด ์ ์ฉ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ตฌํ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ฐํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.BR ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ด โ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฉ์ฅโ์ ๋์ ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ํนํ, ์ ํต์ ํํ์ ์ฉ์ฅ์ 7๋จ๊ณ ๊ณ์ฝ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ 3๋จ๊ณ๋ก ์ถ์๋๊ณ ํต์ง์ํ์ ์์ด์ง๋ ๋ฑ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๊ณ์ฝ๊ด๊ณ, ํฅํ ์์๋๋ ์์ ๋ฐ ํน์ง์ ํ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ท๋ช ํ์๋ค. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ณด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ณธ ์ ์์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ์๊ณ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฉ์ฅ์ ํฅํ ์ ๋ง์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค.
Mahdi Rashvand Boukani, Mahdi Naser
Technology development is one of the tools for developing e-commerce. In recent years, the emergence of public Ledgers such as the Blockchain and the invention of digital cryptocurrencies have created a new type of electronic contract called smart contracts. Smart contracts are contracts under the supervision of artificial intelligence in the context of the Blockchain, and the contractor replaces them with smart properties or digital cryptocurrencies. Intention is one of the pillars of the formation of any contract in legal systems. These contracts must be able to identify the element of intent in order to be considered valid in any legal system. Acquiring the intent of the parties in smart contracts through the licensing mechanisms for the use of digital signatures, the mechanisms for assigning permissions to use virtual currencies, the mechanisms for accessing information systems, and in contracts that are represented by artificial intelligence, the conclusion of a transaction by The representative represents the intention of the attorney to grant the lawyer to the client.
ะ. ะ. ะะฐะถะพัะธะฝะฐ
The central institute of private international law โ conflict of law โ in the modern globalization and information context is evolving, which is largely due to the paradigm shifts in law, laid down and developed based on international commercial arbitration. The widely interpreted concept of ยซrules of lawยป actualizes a completely new view of conflicting arrays of rules: the law of the state and the system of non-state regulators. The medieval lex mercatoria, revived in the XX century, is modernized by cyberspace, acquires a new sound in the form of e-merchant or lex informatica, especially in the context of the parallel development of smart contracts and new decentralized forms of dispute resolution, one of which is blockchain arbitration. In particular, the issues of conflict of law, traditional for cross-border transactions, arise in relation to smart contracts, which, using blockchain technology, are inherently linked to several jurisdictions. It is important to reflect on the questions of applicability of traditional conflict-of-laws bindings to the regulation of relevant relations, including through forecasting the practice of choosing the law of a state, the substantive rules of which are adapted to the use of new technologies, or recourse to the rules of non-state regulation.
Janet Hui Xue, Ralph Holz
This chapter identifies and illuminates the feasible regulatory space to help understand how smart contracts for ODR platforms can possibly be regulated and embedded within current law systems. The chapter first defines smart contracts and explains their relationship to blockchain. It presents their capabilities and limitations and how they are different from conventional, more centralized approaches, thereby highlighting a unique contribution that is of great help for future ODR platforms: the enforced transparency of the dispute process. Based on this technical analysis, the chapter proposes an approach how smart contracts can be useful in ODR platforms as they are used today, such as the EU ODR platform, by outlining the principles applying to arbitrators and definitions of access control, e.g., the need for access for state actors. The chapter presents possible approaches to apply smart contracts to standardize the procedures of lodging cases on a large scale and handling disputes in an efficient manner. The proposals are based on lessons learnt in the last few years in the development of smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain, currently the only major blockchain that supports smart contracts. The chapter concludes with an analysis of implications for future regulation and legal compliance.
Amy J. Schmitz, Colin Rule
Smart contracts built in the blockchain are quietly revolutionizing traditional transactions despite their questionable status under current law. At the same time, disputes regarding smart contracts are inevitable, and par-ties will need means for dealing with smart contract issues. This Article tackles this challenge, and proposes that parties turn to online dispute resolution (โODRโ) to efficiently and fairly resolve smart contract disputes. Furthermore, the Article acknowledges the benefits and challenges of current blockchain ODR start-ups, and proposes specific ideas for how designers could address those challenges and incorporate ODR to provide just resolutions that will not stymie efficiencies of smart contracts. Nonetheless, the Article also raises pivotal cautions and questions for ensuring the fairness and transparency of these solutions over the longer term.
Markus Kaulartz, Falco Kreis
No abstract is available for this record.
Kim M. Rooney
This article discusses current developments in East Asia to more effectively use mediation with international commercial arbitration, supported by the 2019 United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (the โSingapore Conventionโ) and the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation (the โUNCITRAL Model Mediation Lawโ), and by online dispute resolution using innovative technology (including artificial intelligence, machine learning, the internet of things, blockchain, distributed ledger technology and smart contracts). It discusses the background to the changing approach including the increasing pressure for arbitration to become a mechanism of last resort in international dispute resolution prompted by policy makersโ and usersโ demands for cheaper , quicker and culturally more international dispute resolution and the changing sources of international investment, developments in international relations including the Belt and Road Initiative announced by China, and the initiatives being undertaken by various investment and trade communities including APEC, particularly focusing on micro, small and medium sized enterprises (each a โMSMEโ). This article briefly refers to the current status of online dispute resolution utilizing innovative technology, and the legal opportunities and challenges posed by it. Finally, it briefly refers to some neuroscience research relevant to dispute resolution.
SeokโBeom Choi
Purpose - The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (Model Law) is based on the principles of non-discrimination against the use of electronic means, functional equivalence, and technology neutrality underpinning all UNCITRAL texts on electronic commerce. Investigating the disagreements between the Model Law and the Koran Commercial Act (KC Act), including the B/L Regulation, and suggesting the revision of the KC Act including the B/L Regulation, could be a valuable study. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the harmonization of Korean legislation regarding electronic bill of lading in compliance with the Model Law. Design/methodology - The Model Law is flexible to accommodate the use of all technologies and models, such as registries, tokens, and distributed ledgers: that is, blockchain. In 2007, the KC Act was revised to regulate electronic bills of lading to promote the widespread legal use of electronic bills of lading. In addition, The Regulation on Implementation of the Provisions of the Commercial Act Regarding Electronic Bills of Lading (the B/L Regulation) was enacted to regulate the detailed procedures in using electronic bills of lading in 2008. This paper employs a legal analysis by which this paper does find differences between two rules in light of technology neutrality and global standard of electronic bills of lading model. Findings - The main findings are as follows: i) the Korean registry agency has characteristics of a closed system. ii) The KC Act has no provision regarding control. iii) The KC Act discriminates other electronic bills of lading on the ground that it was issued or used abroad. Moreover, this study does comprehensive analysis of Korean Acts in comparison with the Model Law and, in particular, this study analyzes the differences between the KC Act and the Model Law by comparing article by article in view of the harmonization of the two rules. Originality/value - The subject of previous several studies was draft provisions on Electronic Transferable Records before completion of the Model Law; thus, these studies did not take into consideration the character of the Model Law as the Model Law was chosen at the final stage of legislation. This study is aimed at the final version of the Model Law. So, this study is meaningful by finding the suggestion and directions for the Korean government to revise the KC Act and the B/L Regulation in line with the Model Law.
Pietro Ortolani
Abstract This article investigates the twofold impact that blockchain technologies and smart contracts have on dispute resolution. On the one hand, these technologies enable private parties to devise arbitral systems that are self-enforcing and, therefore, largely bypass the recognition and enforcement procedures through which State courts traditionally exert a certain control over arbitration. This phenomenon may in the future allow arbitration to become entirely self-sufficient, thus leading to the marginalization of State courts. On the other hand, however, such a marginalization has not taken place yet; to the contrary, the recent blockchain-related phenomenon of initial coin offerings has given rise to some prominent court cases. These cases raise particularly interesting jurisdictional questions, especially in light of the difficulty of reconciling the decentralized nature of the blockchain with the territorial approach whereby jurisdiction is typically allocated among national courts.
Woo-jung Jon
์ด ๋ ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ํธํํ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ํ์ฌ, ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ธ์ง, ๊ธ์ ์ธ์ง, ์ฆ๊ถ์ธ์ง ๋ถ์ํ ๋ ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๋ถ ๊ด๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ํธํํ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์นจ ๋ฐ ์ต๊ทผ ์ํธํํ ๊ด๋ จ ํ๊ธ์ฌ ํ๋ก๋ค์ ๋ถ์ํด ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ตญํ์ ์์ ๋์ด ์๋ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์์์ ์ํธํํ์ ์ ์ ์กฐํญ์ ๋น๊ตํด ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋นํธ์ฝ์ธ์ด ๋ชฐ์์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค๋ ๋๋ฒ์ 2018. 5. 30. ์ ๊ณ 2018๋3619 ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋นํธ์ฝ์ธ์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฌดํ์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ด๋ค. ์ํธํํ๋ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์ธ์ ๋๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ์ 98์กฐ์ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ถ๋์ฐ์ด ์๋๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ์ 99์กฐ ์ 2ํญ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋์ฐ์ด๋ค. ์ํธํํ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ํ๋ฒ์์ ๋ฒ์ ํํ๋ ์๋๋ค. ์ํธํํ๋ ์ฌํ ๊ตํ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ฌผ์๋ ํด๋นํ๋ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฏผ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๊ธ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ํธํํ๋ ์๋ณธ ์์ฅ๋ฒ์ ์ฆ๊ถ์ ํด๋น๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ ํ๋ก์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์ ์ฐ์ ์์น์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ์ฌ ์์ค์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํธํํ๋ฅผ โ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ํํโ๋ผ๊ณ ํํํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ค์ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ํํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋งํ์ฌ ํ๋งคํ๋ฉด ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๊ณ , ๋ค๋จ๊ณ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ํํ๋ฅผ ํ๋งคํ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋งค ๋ฑ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์๋ฐ์ฃ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ์ํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ด ํฌ์๊ธ ๋ช ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ์์ ์์ ๋ง ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์์ ํ์์ ๊ท์ ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์๋ฐ์ฃ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ํธํํ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ ๋ฑ์ ๋ํ ํ์ฌ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐํํ๋, ๊ตญ๋ด ICO๋ ํ์ฉํด ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋์งํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค. ์ํธํํ์ ๋ํ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ช ํํ๊ณ ๋ฒ์ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ธก๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ์ํธ ํํ ์ ์ ์กฐํญ์ ์ ์คํ์ฌ, ์ํธํํ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๋ช ํํ๊ฒ ๊ท์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ํธํํ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ก๋, โ ๊ตํ์ ๋งค๊ฐ์๋จ ๋๋ ๊ฐ์น์ ์ ์ฅ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ, โก ๋ถ์ฐ์์ฅ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋กยทํ์ฉ, โข ์ ์๊ธ์ต๊ฑฐ๋๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํํ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ถ์ ์์ง๊ธ์๋จ ์ ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๊ฐ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
Andrรฉ Janssen
Blockchain and Procedural Law - Law and Justice in the Age of Disintermediation, 15 november 2019
Orna RabinovichโEiny, Ethan Katsh
Blockchain seems to be everywhere these days. It is touted as the new foolproof technology, which can be used for everything from cryptocurrencies, through land registries to identity cards and health records. Enthusiasts have predicted that it will bring about deep change, ensuring data security and identity authentication, while doing away with traditional intermediaries. With blockchain we are told that it is the โnew internet,โ an application that will change the way we transactโstrengthening commitments and ensuring seamless execution. At the same time, and at an alarming frequency, we hear about mass scale fraudulent schemes attacking cryptocurrency exchanges, resulting in the loss of many millions of dollars. Aside from fraud, other problems abound, resulting from misunderstandings between transacting parties, loss of passwords and privacy risks, to name a few. The gap between the promise of an infallible, dispute-less environment and the inevitable reality of having to deal with disputes in the blockchain setting lies at the heart of this paper. It is, we contend, impossible to enjoy high levels of human interaction without generating conflict. The inevitability of disputes is enhanced in a potentially lucrative environment of innovation and complexity, such as the blockchain. In such settings, unexpected developments are bound to occur, and expectations of interacting parties are likely to differ. Indeed, this was our experience with the internet of the 1990s as the e-commerce setting began to flourish. Initially, disputes were not the focus of attention and avenues of redress were difficult to come by. Over time it became clear, that for e-commerce to evolve there needed to be trust by users, and for trust to be sustained, e-commerce platforms needed to institutionalize avenues for addressing and preventing disputes. These processes have come to be known as โonline dispute resolutionโ (or ODR). The lessons learned from the evolution of ODR are slowly penetrating the blockchain arena, as some entities are developing ODR tools and processes that are tailored to this environment. At the same time, for ODR to be adopted and used, some of the underlying assumptions driving the design and adoption of blockchain technology need to be relaxed, as they are in tension with the tenets of dispute systems design: recognizing the inevitability of conflict, understanding trust as a human construct, and assigning weight to individual needs alongside group ideology. This article establishes its main theses in the following order. Part II provides background on the history and evolution of the blockchain, highlighting its dominant applications and its principal features. We discuss governance and trust on blockchain, finding that despite a rhetoric of disintermediation and distribution of power, there are still some players that enjoy more power than others in the blockchain setting. Furthermore, we highlight the governance choices that can shape the extent to which power is concentrated, accountability is established, and avenues of redress are available. In Part III we briefly discuss the history of ODR and describe the leading ODR schemes that have emerged for the blockchain setting, illuminating similarities and distinctions among them. Despite growing interest in ODR for blockchain, the use of these initiatives has yet to spread. We explore the various barriers that stand in the way of ODR for blockchain gaining momentum in Part IV.
Changhee Kim
๋ ์ฌ๋ณด๋ 1996๋ ๊ณ์ฝ์ด ์ปดํจํฐ์ ์ํด ์๋์ผ๋ก ์ดํ๋๋ ์์คํ ์ ๊ตฌ์ํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ด ๊ตฌ์์ 2008๋ ๋์นด๋ชจํ ์ฌํ ์๊ฐ ๋นํธ์ฝ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ํธํํ๋ฅผ ์ค๊ณํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ๋ช ํ ๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ๋น์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์์ถ์ ์๋ ์์ถ๋๊ธ์ ๋ณด์ฅ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ํ์ด ๋ฐํํ ์ ์ฉ์ฅ์ด ํ์ํ๊ณ ํ ์ง ๋งค์์ธ์ ๋์ ํ ์ง๊ฐ ๋งค๋์ธ์ ์์ ์์ ๋ณด์ฅํด์ฃผ๋ ๋ฑ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฐ ์ค๊ฐ์์ ์กด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ถ์ด์ต๋ ์ ์ง ์๋ค. ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ ์ด ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ์๋ฒ์ ๋ณด๊ดํ๋ฏ๋ก ํดํน์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ค. ์ํ๋ ํ์ฐํ ์ ์๊ณ ์ํ ์ง์์ด ๋ฐฐ์ํ์๋ฅผ ํ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์กํ๊ณ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ค๋ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์ค๊ฐ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋น์ฌ์๋ค์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ์๊ณก๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. ์ปดํจํฐ ์์คํ ์ด ์ค๊ฐ์์ ์ญํ ์ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์๋๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์๊ณผ ์์ฐ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํด์ฃผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ฏฟ์ ์ ์๋ ๋น์ฌ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง๋ค.BR ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฒ๋ฅ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์๋ค. ์์ปจ๋, ์ปดํจํฐ์ ์ํ ์๋์ดํ์ ํตํ๋ฉด ์ ํฌ ์๋์ธ์ ์๋์ฐจ๊ณ์ฝ ์ข ๋ฃ ์ ์์ก์ ์ฐจ์ ๊ฐ์ ์งํ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น์ง ์๊ณ ์๋์ โข์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ฐจ์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ํฌ ์ถ์ ๊ถ์ ๋ฐํํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๋ ฅ ์์ด ์๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์งํ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ๊ณ์ฝ ์์ ๋ ํ๋๋๊ฒ ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ๋งํผ ์ฌํ์ ์ฝ์์ ๋ํ ๋ณดํธ๋ ์ํํด์ง๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์๋ฐ๋๋ ์๋ ฅ ์งํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค.BR ๋จผ์ ์๋ ฅ ์งํ์ ํ์ฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค. ๋ฌธ๋ช ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ํน๋ณํ ์ฌ์ ์ด ์๋ ํ ์๋ ฅ ์งํ์ด ํ์ฉ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์์๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์๋ ฅ ์งํ๊ณผ ๋์ผํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๋ ์๋์ดํ์ด ํ์ฉ๋๋์ง, ํ์ฉ๋๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ๋ ผ์ํ๋ค.BR ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฒํ ์๋ ฅ ์งํ์ผ๋ก ์๊ธด ๋ถ๋นํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํด ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค. ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์๋์ด ์์๋๋ฉด ์ค๋จ์ํฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์๊ณ ์์ํ๋ณต์ ๋ช ํ๋ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์ ๋์ด๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์งํํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ ์๋ค. ์๋ฒํ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์๊ธด ๋ถ๋นํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ ์ํด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ์๋จ์ ๋ง๋ จํด์ผ ํ ์ง์ ๊ดํด ๋ ผ์ํ๋ค.
Vincent Ooi, Kian Peng Soh
In the rapidly developing cyber sphere dominated by cryptocurrencies and code, it is perhaps not uncommon for firms to focus on cutting-edge technological developments leaving the law behind as an ...
HyoungSuk Ko, Hyoung-suk Ko
1997๋ Nick Szabo์ ์ํด ์ฒ์ ์ ์๋์๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌํ๋์์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณ์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ํํ๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๋ํ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๊ณ์ฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์ํด ๋ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ณ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ๊ณ์ฝ ํํ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ ํ ํํ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์ฌ์๋ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ ์ญ์ ๋ค์ํ ํํ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐํํ์ฌ ํํ ๋ฒ์ฒด๊ณ์์ ์ ํฉ์ฑ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ํํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํ์์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ก ํํ ๋ฒ์ฒด๊ณํ์์์ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ์ ์ด์์ ๋ํด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์ ์๋๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์๋ ํ์์ ์ ์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ๋์งธ, ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํํ์ ๋น๊ตํ ๋, ๋น์ฌ์์ ์ต๋ช ์ฑ, ๊ธ๋ถ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋์งํธ์ฌ์ฐ, ๋ถ์ฐํ ์์คํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํน์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ด ์ด๋ฌํ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค๊ณ ๋จ์ธํ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ณค๋ํ๋ค. ์ ์งธ, ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋งํ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ณค๋ํ์ง๋ง, ์ ์ใ์๋ฌด๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ท์งธ, ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ ์๊ฑฐ๋๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ์๋ ๋ ์์ ํํ๋ก ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ค๋ ํน์ง์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํต์ฌ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด(์ฝ๋)๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฌํญ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์๋ ๋๋ฌ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์ทจํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค์ฏ์งธ, ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ํ์์ ์ผ์ข ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์์ ๋๋ ์ฝ์ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ธ ์ ํ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์์ ๊ดํ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ์ ๊ท์ ์ด ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ค๋ง, ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์ดํ์ด ๋์์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๋ถ๋น์ด๋๋ฐํ์ด ํญ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋น์ฌ์์ ์ ์์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฏ์งธ, ์์ฌํ์์ ๋ถ์ผ์น ๋๋ ํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ญ์ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ ผ๋์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์ 3์์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ํดํน์ ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ด๋ค. ํดํน์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ์์๊ฐ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ ์์คํ ์ ํตํด ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ฐฉ์ค ๋๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ์ต๋ช ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ฐํ์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋๋ถ์ด ํด์ปค๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐฉ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ทจ์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ค์์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ํดํน์ ํตํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์์ ์ 3์์๊ฒ ์ด์ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ์ ์ ์์ ์ 3์ ๋ณดํธ๊ท์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐํ์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํด์ปค์๊ฒ ์ํด๋ฐฐ์์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๊ณฑ์งธ, ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋์งํธ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ์์ทจ๋์ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ ๊ฐ๋ ์๋ ํฌํจ๋์ง ์์ง๋ง, ์ ์ถ์ ์ฉ์ ํตํด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๋์งธ, ์์์ธ์ด ๋์งํธ์ฌ์ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ฅ์(๊ณ์ ๋ฑ)๋ฅผ ์๋ชป ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์์ด์ ์ฑ๋ถ๋ถ์ดํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํด ์ด๋ ์ฑ๋ฌด๋ถ์ดํ์ด ์๋ ์ฑ๋ฌด์ดํ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋ํ ์์๊ฒ ๋ฐํ์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ต๋ช ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ถ ์ค๋งํธ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์์ด์ ์ฑ๋ฌด๋ถ์ดํ์ด ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํด์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ต๋ช ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค๋ฉด ํด์ ๊ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ ์์ํ๋ณต์ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ง๋ง, ๋น์ฌ์๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ผ๋ฐ ๊ณ์ฝ๊ณผ ๋์ผํ๊ฒ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ์ ์๋ค.
Hye Ri Kim, Hee-jung Kang, Seng-Phil Hong
No abstract is available for this record.