Land registration is crucial for modern governance, ensuring property rights, facilitating transactions, and driving economic development. However, traditional systems often face inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and fraud. Blockchain technology offers a solution with its decentralized and immutable ledgers for secure land transactions. This work explores the implementation of blockchain in land registration, emphasizing its potential to enhance security, transparency, and efficiency. Through a review of literature and case studies, various blockchain platforms and consensus mechanisms are evaluated for land registration applications. A novel approach is proposed using the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts, showcasing the mining of blocks at different stages and a web3 portal for user interactions. The proposed work intends to advance land registration procedures by harnessing the potential of blockchain technology. Blockchain has the ability to transform property rights management by providing a secure, transparent, and tamper-proof platform for documenting land transactions, thereby increasing trust and confidence in land markets.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi), a pivotal component of the emerging Web3 landscape, is gaining popularity but remains vulnerable to market manipulations, such as wash trading. Wash trading is an illegal practice, where traders buy and sell assets to themselves within cryptocurrency exchanges to artificially inflate trading volumes and distort market perceptions. However, current research primarily focuses on traditional exchanges based on the Order-book mechanism (similar to stock markets), while ignoring the Automated Market Maker (AMM) exchanges, which dominate over 75% of the market and represent a significant innovation within the DeFi. This study utilizes entity recognition technology to detect wash trading on AMM exchanges within Ethereum-like systems, based on the understanding that colluding addresses (perceived as the same entity) must use ETH for transaction fees and exhibit direct or indirect ETH transfer links. We identify wash trading when addresses with transfer connections almost simultaneously buy and sell assets while their total asset holdings remain nearly constant. This comprehensive blockchain network analysis, compared to focusing solely on transactions within exchanges, unveils covert wash trading activities. Our detection method achieves a 95.9% recall and a 96.7% true negative rate in identifying pools affected by wash trading, demonstrating its superiority over existing methods. Furthermore, we apply our method to 98,945 pools from Uniswap V2 & V3 (the most popular AMM exchanges on Ethereum) and identify 1,070,626 abnormal transactions, totaling $27.51 billion in trading volume. Analysis of these transactions uncovers insights into wash traders’ behaviors, including the utilization of multiple addresses and the dual roles of certain addresses as wash traders and liquidity providers. These insights are crucial for developing more effective strategies to combat fraudulent activities in the DeFi ecosystem and enhance financial scrutiny.
This study explores the application of a Graph Attention Networks version 2 (GATv2) model in analyzing the Ethereum blockchain network, addressing the challenge posed by its inherent anonymity. We constructed a heterogeneous graph representation of the network to categorize contract accounts (CAs) into different decentralized application (DApp) categories, such as DeFi, gaming, and NFT markets, using transaction history data. Additionally, we developed a link prediction model to forecast transactions between externally owned accounts (EOAs) and CAs. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of the heterogeneous graph model in improving node embedding expressiveness and enhancing transaction prediction accuracy. The study offers practical tools for analyzing DApp flows within the Web3 ecosystem, facilitating the automatic prediction of CA service categories and identifying active DApp usage. While currently focused on the Ethereum network, future research could expand to include layer 2 networks like Arbitrum One, Optimism, and Polygon, thereby broadening the scope of analysis in the evolving blockchain landscape.
In the Web3, the data distributed storage has become a crucial method for secure, reliable, and efficient data storage, and an efficient distributed scheduling and distribution strategy is essential for achieving rapid data response. This paper proposes a distributed data scheduling strategy that improves the firefly algorithm to achieve optimal scheduling path selection for regional data storage. By considering the storage nodes spatial status, it enables the rapid distribution and storage of data blocks. The storage path is implemented by smart contracts and stored on the blockchain with the data block identifier. Through simulation, our proposed scheduling algorithm demonstrates better performance and higher trustworthiness compared to traditional storage models.
Historically, the complexity of identifying vulnerabilities in smart contracts required human-intensive audits to supplement imprecise automated code scans. The growing smart contract market highlights the urgency for effective automated security auditing. Furthermore, new AI-powered coding assistants can introduce vulnerabilities that evade engineers, and autonomous AI can now write 100% code changes without human oversight. This research introduces LLMSmartSec, a new approach that accurately identifies and fixes smart contract vulnerabilities, leveraging the strengths of machine intelligence to operate at high speed, scale, and without fatigue. To develop LLMSmartSec, we first fine-tuned Open AI GPT-4 to understand Solidity, the programming language of Ethereum blockchain, and to micro-analyze smart contracts holistically from the viewpoints of the developer (LLMDev), auditor (LLMAudit), and ethical hacker (LLMeHack) and to identify vulnerabilities and generate code fixes for them. We used GPT-4 again to store the smart contract code in a Control Flow Graph (CFG) annotated with the code vulnerabilities and their fixes. Finally, we trained an LLMGraphAgent with open-source LLMs on the annotated CFG so that it can run locally, identifying vulnerabilities and fixes without costly calls to GPT-4. This research enhances the security of blockchain projects in Web3 by supplementing a costly human bottleneck with a low-cost automated security tool based upon the innovative creation of an annotated CFG with GPT-4.
Ethereum 2.0 (ETH2) marks a significant evolution from Ethereum 1.0 (ETHl), playing a central role in the Web3.0 infrastructure. At its core, the consensus protocol Gasper greatly affects system performance. Given that Gasper's parameters are empirically determined, there is a clear necessity for parameter tuning. This paper presents a simulation-based study that models the performance of the block proposing mechanism within Gasper. Our simulation results illustrate the impact of design parameters (e.g., block proposing interval) on throughput and non-forking probability. They may enable us to find optimal parameter configure to balance the two-performance metrics. These findings help enhance the system performance of ETH2.
The term “Metaverse” itself is derived from the fusion of “meta” (signifying “beyond”) and “verse” (an abbreviation of “universe”), suggesting a realm transcending physical reality. It foreshadows a networked constellation of virtual worlds wherein individuals can engage in various activities, including work, recreation, and social interactions. Web3, in conjunction with AI, will be integrated into Metaverses, where people can interact, learn, exchange, and have new immersive experiences. A profoundly transformational aspect of Web3 Metaverses will be the creation of community-owned economies, known as decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs). With blockchain and smart contracts, community rules can be encoded, and digital assets allow members to exchange value within a token economy. The chapter describes a future world of greater decentralisation, a new data economy, and a world where the open Metaverse, powered by Web3, will provide social utility across multiple sectors.
Ben Biedermann, Matthew Scerri, Victoria Kozlova, Joshua Ellul
The terms self-sovereign identity (SSI) and decen-tralised identity are often used interchangeably, which results in increasing ambiguity when solutions are being investigated and compared. This article aims to provide a clear distinction between the two concepts in relation to the revised Regulation as Regards establishing the European Digital Identity Framework (eIDAS 2.0) by providing a systematisation of knowledge of technological developments that led up to implementation of eIDAS 2.0. Applying an inductive exploratory approach, relevant literature was selected iteratively in waves over a nine months time frame and covers literature between 2005 and 2024. The review found that the decentralised identity sector emerged adjacent to the OpenID Connect (OIDC) paradigm of Open Authentication, whereas SSI denotes the sector's shift towards blockchain-based solutions. In this study, it is shown that the interchangeable use of SSI and decentralised identity coincides with novel protocols over OIDC. While the first part of this paper distinguishes OIDC from decentralised identity, the second part addresses the incompatibility between OIDC under eIDAS 2.0 and Web3. The paper closes by suggesting further research for establishing a digital identity bridge for connecting applications on public-permissionless ledgers with data originating from eIDAS 2.0 and being presented using OIDC.
With the development and application of Web3 technology, cross-domain identity authentication and management have become crucial topics in the digital economy. However, existing cross-domain authentication methods face challenges such as low decentralization, low management efficiency, and poor interoperability. To address these issues, this paper proposes a cross-domain authentication mechanism based on Decentralized Identifiers (DID), group signatures, and dynamic accumulators, aiming to meet the security needs of cross-domain identity authentication and dynamic management in Web3. First, a consortium blockchain is constructed among different management domains. Then, a Key Generation Center (KGC) is established in each domain, responsible for jointly generating keys with users and enhancing their DIDs, thereby reducing the reliance on the KGC and increasing the level of decentralization. By improving the Verifiable Credential (VC) format through dynamic accumulators, instant verification, revocation, and permission changes are achieved, meeting the dynamic management needs in a decentralized environment. Subsequently, each management domain issues cross-domain tokens using group public keys through group signature technology, ensuring interoperability of VC tokens and user privacy protection during the identity authentication process. Finally, each management domain only needs to verify the validity of the cross-domain tokens to complete cross-domain identity authentication. The performance and experimental analysis results of this study indicate that the proposed scheme exhibits good performance and scalability.
In the era of Web3, decentralized technologies have emerged as the cornerstone of a new digital paradigm. Backed by a decentralized blockchain architecture, the Web3 space aims to democratize all aspects of the web. From data-sharing to learning models, outsourcing computation is an established, prevalent practice. Verifiable computation makes this practice trustworthy as clients/users can now efficiently validate the integrity of a computation. As verifiable computation gets considered for applications in the Web3 space, decentralization is crucial for system reliability, ensuring that no single entity can suppress clients. At the same time, however, decentralization needs to be balanced with efficiency: clients want their computations done as quickly as possible. Motivated by these issues, we study the trade-off between decentralization and efficiency when outsourcing computational tasks to strategic, rational solution providers. Specifically, we examine this trade-off when the client employs (1) revelation mechanisms, i.e. auctions, where solution providers bid their desired reward for completing the task by a specific deadline and then the client selects which of them will do the task and how much they will be rewarded, and (2) simple, non-revelation mechanisms, where the client commits to the set of rules she will use to map solutions at specific times to rewards and then solution providers decide whether they want to do the task or not. We completely characterize the power and limitations of revelation and non-revelation mechanisms in our model.
This chapter examines some of the current definitions of the metaverse, as well as considers how the “3D Internet” and Web3 concepts relate to the Metaverse. Whilst simple definitions of the metaverse may be useful for marketing, they can hinder a deeper exploration of what a Metaverse might actually be, and what its implications are, so the chapter presents 10 axioms in order to define a Metaverse – considering the Metaverse in terms of its most complete and developed form. Armed with these axioms, some of the related terms such as virtual worlds, social virtual worlds, and virtual reality environments are considered. The chapter illustrates how some current platforms measure up against the axioms and examines Second Life &s;s standing (and OpenSim ) as the most complete current model of a Metaverse. In the second part of the chapter, the focus shifts to explaining what it is that is notably different about the virtual reality experience in psychological terms, and how this gives additional power to the metaverse concept.
Alfredo Ramón Tumbaco Reyes, Gabriel Arturo Montenegro Orrala, Byron Alexis Rocha Haro, Esther Teresa Roca Quirumbay
La transformación educativa en la era digital requiere docentes con competencias avanzadas para liderar innovaciones en la enseñanza. Este estudio evalúa y desarrolla competencias digitales docentes, considerando tecnologías emergentes como inteligencia artificial, metaverso, automatización y Web3, que están redefiniendo las metodologías pedagógicas. Se adopta un enfoque descriptivo y longitudinal, recolectando datos antes y después de una intervención formativa mediante encuestas, entrevistas y pruebas de desempeño, midiendo la alfabetización digital y el uso de herramientas emergentes en la práctica docente. Los resultados identifican brechas en la formación y oportunidades de mejora a través de estrategias de capacitación continua y metodologías innovadoras. Se propone un marco de referencia alineado con estándares internacionales para fortalecer la enseñanza híbrida, la educación inmersiva y el aprendizaje adaptativo. Este estudio aporta al diseño de políticas educativas que optimicen la integración tecnológica en el aula, promoviendo un ecosistema de enseñanza dinámico, inclusivo y eficiente.
In response to the data revolution, academic research and media attention have increasingly focused on the technological adaptation and innovation displayed by the far right. The greatest attention is paid to social media and how groups and organizations are utilizing technological advancement and growth in virtual networks to increase recruitment and advance radicalization on a global scale. As with most social and political endeavors, certain technologies are in vogue and thus draw the attention of users and regulators and service providers. This creates a technological blind spot within which extremist groups frequently operate older and less well regarded technologies without the oversight that one might expect. This article examines the less well-studied traditional and official websites of the Ku Klux Klan, the most established and iconic of American far-right organizations. By incorporating non-participant observation of online spaces and thematic analysis, this research analyzes the evolution of 26 websites, from their emergence in the early 1990s to the present day. We examine the ways in which traditional printed communications and other ephemera have progressed with advances in technology, focusing on the following central elements of Klan political activism and community formation: Klan identity, organizational history, aims and objectives; technology and outreach, including online merchandise and event organization; and the constructions of whiteness and racism. The results add value and insight to comparable work by offering a unique historical insight into the ways in which the Klan have developed and made use of Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web3 technologies.
Open access
Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
Social Media and Politics
Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
With the development of artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC), the issue of interest disputes caused by data abuse has become increasingly severe. Recently, data is still dominated by the central organization instead of its producer. It is challenging to guarantee data sovereignty autonomy which helps to reasonably play the value of data and facilitate the controllable evolution of AI. The emerging “read-write-own” based Web3 is a promising pattern to break the data monopoly held by central organizations. In this paper, we propose a data interaction-oriented Web3 architecture driven by blockchain and oracle with the features of data sovereignty autonomy, zero trust, distributed security, and fair payment and incentive to guarantee data sovereignty autonomy. We finally provide a use case on life insurance to implement and evaluate our Web3 architecture in terms of performance.
Juseong Jeon, Sejin Park, Deokwoo Lee, Juncheol Ahn
The blockchain market has been experiencing rapid growth recently. Alongside this, Web3 services based on blockchain technology are expanding and gaining attention. These services can support not only encompass gaming and financial services but also leverage the numerous nodes existing in the network to distribute tasks, thereby supporting parallel computing. However, there is no way to directly access web3 services in the current network topology, which limits the expansion of services. Therefore, the current Web3 relies on centralized web servers as access points for services, resulting in the inevitable loss of benefits associated with decentralization, such as the shift in data sovereignty.
Abstract Whilst Blockchain has usually been associated with Web3 and cryptocurrencies, that is, Decentralized Finance (DeFi), this technology can be used in countless other areas, such as banking, Central Bank Digital Currencies ( cbdc s), healthcare, smart contracts, financial services, supply chain management, insurance, Internet of Things (IoTs), video games …, not much has been written about applying Blockchain technology to the traditional, Banking and Finance industry. This article will focus on how blockchain is or can be applied to the Banking industry, by analyzing a few possible use cases and its benefits, and, more importantly, it will also focus on whether it is worth it for the Banking industry to use it or not.
Ádám Bereczk, Erika Szilágyiné Fülöp, Bettina Hódiné Hernádi
The Web3 gaming and blockchain gaming landscapes have emerged as dynamic and transformative forces within the entertainment industry. A comprehensive analysis encompassing qualitative and quantitative approaches is essential to grasp these emerging sectors’ potential and trajectory fully. The study delves into the intricacies of Web3 gaming and blockchain gaming, exploring their current market size, growth drivers, prevailing challenges, and anticipated future trends. A thorough analysis of industry reports provided insights into current trends, challenges, and promising startups within the gaming space. As per our results, the Web3 gaming and blockchain gaming markets are experiencing and expecting significant growth, especially in future outlooks. The integration of Web3 into blockchain gaming is expected to accelerate, further enhancing player ownership, control, and monetization opportunities. The capital attraction of Web3 and blockchain gaming is highly correlated with the overall cryptocurrency market, suggesting that investor interest in these projects tends to rise and fall with cryptocurrency prices.
Blockchain fuelled the innovation of numerous application fields. In particular, Web3 applications benefit the most because blockchain can be used to implement a rewarding system for users that contribute the most, thus increasing the overall social good provided by these platforms. One of the sectors that has benefited most from blockchain technology is the gaming sector through the so-called Play-to-Earn (P2E) model. The P2E Blockchain Video Games allow players to earn rewards in the form of tokens or NFTs, by having an impact on the social good. Unfortunately, bot accounts could exploit these platforms, which defeats the purpose of having a reward system because they invalidate the social good introduced by the rewards. In this paper, we provide an analysis geared towards detecting suspicious behaviour in P2E blockchain-based games by exploiting Gods Unchained as a case study. Using the game’s official APIs, we download 12 months’ worth of players’ activity. Analysing the data, we detect two groups of players with abnormal activity. Additionally, analysing the players’ graph, we find communities made of the best players with similar activity. Lastly, we observe that users with suspicious behaviour belong to these communities.
Background in today’s digital age, the Web2 centralized model still dominates, presenting significant access, control, and innovation challenges. Web3, with its decentralized principles built on blockchain technology, offers a method to transition to a more open and innovative system, reducing dependence on large service providers and giving greater control to users. The objective of this research is to explore the impact of Web3 on digital industries, focusing on the financial sector through Decentralized Finance (DeFi), digital asset markets through Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and the gaming industry. Using a qualitative method involving an extensive literature review, phenomenological analysis of current data, and in-depth interviews with Web3 industry experts, the results reveal that Web3 adoption significantly impacts the digital industry by improving operations and security, facilitating innovation, and expanding access and capabilities in the global market. The main conclusion of this research is that it provides valuable insights into the impact of Web3 technologies on the digital industry and suggests policy formation to support the expansion of these technologies for a more inclusive digital future.
From the emergence of the printing press to the dominance of online games, the technology of communication has shaped what we communicate and how we communicate. This chapter explores the evolution of communication including the printing press, motion picture, television, and the internet. It explores how each new medium influenced society and informed the social structures of society. For example, although online communities promote user participation, they operate with only a small active core, which has given rise to the influencer economy. As the public seeks alternatives to corporate-controlled social media platforms, the potential of Web3 to democratize the online environment is far from certain.
This work examines the realities of social networks around the platforms of media giants on the world stage and the potential transition to a new stage - web3 marketing, thanks to the development and modernization of blockchain technologies. Advertising platforms are already changing marketing strategies and interactions with customers through targeted and sensory marketing, and the opportunities and challenges facing the industry in implementing centralized and decentralized technologies in the blockchain ecosystem are discussed. To begin with, modern approaches to promoting brands with the help of online marketing were considered, taking as an example targeted advertising on web resources. The next stage of the analysis of the marketing complex is the content strategy of attracting the target audience by means of the calculation of key metrics. Through this, you can gain insight into ways to directly influence key metrics to better understand your target customer's desires. The third stage revealed the history of the development of the Internet from version web1 to web3 using examples that influenced the development of modern finance and marketing strategies for brand promotion. The final stage in the work was the disclosure of the concept of decentralized and centralized financial systems based on blockchain technology. Thanks to this, it is possible to see the impact of these systems in the world economy, as well as to reveal their positive and negative sides, which mutually replace each other, looking at the problem set by the user, using blockchain technology, as an exchange of financial assets. As a result, the principle of setting up the metauniverse as one of the most promising traffic channels for the world economy is explained.
Ideas about blockchain-based applications are soaring, while the realization of existing enterprise architecture landscapes is more cumbersome. This is also valid for applications based on track & trace blockchains. The main impediment to implementing smart contracts with a subsequent financial flow from one blockchain peer to another is trust. Trust issues are prevalent in many business areas. One of the most effective countermeasures is a demonstration of the power of blockchain information systems. By showing the actors of a supply chain how their nodes in a common blockchain are interacting, suspiciousness is traded for knowledge. For this reason, an example of a realistic blockchain application is discussed in detail. The main components are a widely used SAP Business Technology Platform and Hyperledger Firefly. Since multiple layers are part of such an instance, the focus will be on the Hyperledger side. This study presents a notable advancement in the realm of blockchain-enabled track & trace solutions through the use of a novel system architecture for its end-to-end implementation. Its architecture achieves crucial integrations between web3 technologies and established enterprise systems. It offers new functionalities, such as AI integration, while simultaneously acknowledging the inherent challenges and charting potential trajectories for future research. Received: 9 May 2024 | Revised: 21 June 2024 | Accepted: 29 July 2024 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in SAP at https://help.sap.com/docs/SAP_S4HANA_ON-PREMISE/671fe27096664c2c82ac6d2cabb38dea/74c6b169bfb74953b07a66aa248cd9aa.html?locale=en-US and https://help.sap.com/docs/SAP_S4HANA_ON-PREMISE/671fe27096664c2c82ac6d2cabb38dea/02b0ed279b5b430f9f48ad41c7e37f4f.html?locale=en-US. Author Contribution Statement Markus Rabe: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Supervision. Henrik Rainer Körsgen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration.
Microgrids are regarded as vital components in contemporary realm of energy system improvement, resilience, and sustainability. In this paper a novel decentralized peer-to-peer energy trading system leveraging blockchain technology is proposed. The proposed model not only demonstrates the implementation of blockchain technology in microgrids but also transforms the energy sector by emphasizing decentralization, security and efficiency. This research aims to enhance the energy trading system by including smart contracts written on the Ethereum network. Energy Token and Demand Response contracts are integrated to enable dynamic interactions inside microgrids, which leads to a transparent, secure, and efficient energy trading system. Moreover, automation of energy transactions and elimination of intermediaries ensure cost effectiveness and utilization of excess energy potentially reduce dependency on the main grid. A microgrid system is designed in Simulink for distributed energy trading. Energy credits are represented by standard ERC-20 digital token and then demand response contract dynamically adjusts rewards and energy prices based on energy production and consumption. the ERC-20 contract manages the token transaction and then demand response contract enforces governance rules. The purpose of a demand response contract is to enable the automatic and efficient control of energy usage in response to changing demand and supply conditions. The use of the Web3 library further facilitates a direct and smooth connection between the blockchain network and microgrids. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of both smart contracts, making trading possible at noon when the combined generation from solar array and energy management system exceed the energy demand. • A P2P decentralized energy trading model leveraging blockchain technology to enhance microgrid efficiency and sustainability. • ERC-20 tokens are used for trading purpose. • Demand Response contract is written for balanced microgrid operation. • Employs Web3 library for direct and smooth interaction between microgrid and blockchain.
This article begins with setting a definition for a Startup, explaining how a startup different to an enterprise in general.Further the article lists and describes the typical risks and challenges with which startups often have to deal and proceeds with methods of how startups mitigate the risks and solve the presented challenges.In that chapter the readers can find descriptions of such risks as problems with access to finance, talent acquisition, market need, competition, planning, customer acquisition, regulatory compliance, scaling, cash flow management, and unrealistic expectations.In the following chapter the article defines the Web3 startups and describes how they differentiate from startups in general.In that chapter readers can find an overview of fundamental Web3 principles, including decentralization, blockchain technologies, and smart contracts, and an explanation, what characteristics make Web3 startups different from startups in classical sense, the article brings a list of specific risks and challenges that are met by Web3 startup founders.Classifying risks such as lack of crypto adoption, Web3-specific security risks, regulatory uncertainty, vendor management problem, the challenge of fundraising in Web3 environment and Interoperability problem -all these risks are to be considered by founders when starting a Web3 project.The final chapter provides methods of solving the presented Web3-specific risks and challenges, 7(35) 2024 137 taking into account that every startup is different and offering several methods of solving every described problem.Authors do not endorse any particular solutions, however they make real life examples when explaining possible solutions to such problems as legal uncertainty and interoperability problems.In general authors stress that this material is a good base for further research and Web3 founders should not take any given examples as a ready-made solutions without consulting experts or doing their own research.The article contains useful material for founders of Web3 Startups and people who are interested in studying the process of running a Web3 startup at an early stage.