Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) are pivotal applications in the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) landscape, aiming to facilitate trustless cryptocurrency trading by relying on smart contracts and blockchain networks. The developments in the DEXs sector began with the implementation of an Automated Market Maker (AMM) system using a simple math formula by Uniswap in 2018. Absorbing significant funding and the attention of web3 enthusiasts, DEXs have seen numerous advancements in their evolution. A notable recent advancement is the introduction of hooks in Uniswap v4, which allows users to take advantage of a wide range of plugin-like features with liquidity pools. This paper provides a comprehensive classification and comparative analyses of prominent DEX protocols, namely Uniswap, Curve, and Balancer, in addition to investigating other protocols' noteworthy aspects. The evaluation framework encompasses mechanisms, components, mathematical formulations, and the performance of liquidity pools. The goals are to elucidate the strengths and limitations of different AMM models, highlight emerging concepts in DEX development, outline current challenges, and differentiate optimal models for specific applications. The results and comparative insights can be a reference for web3 developers, blockchain researchers, traders, and regulatory parties.
The emergence of Web3 technologies presents new challenges and implications for investigative techniques and evidence acquisition in the field of digital forensics. This research paper delves into the intricate landscape of Web3 and its impact on the investigative processes involved in digital forensics. By examining the unique characteristics of Web3, such as decentralized networks, blockchain technology, and smart contracts, this study aims to highlight the complexities that digital forensic investigators face in this rapidly evolving environment.Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, this paper identifies key challenges in conducting digital investigations within Web3 ecosystems. These challenges include issues related to data integrity, privacy concerns, jurisdictional boundaries, and the authentication of digital evidence. Furthermore, the implications of these challenges on traditional investigative techniques are discussed, emphasizing the need for adaptation and innovation in digital forensic practices.Overall, this research sheds light on the evolving nature of digital forensics in the context of Web3 technologies, providing insights for forensic practitioners, law enforcement agencies, and policymakers to better navigate and address the complexities of investigating digital crimes in decentralized and blockchain-based environments.
Reza Nourmohammadi, Mohammad Reza Sabramooz, Kaiwen Zhang, Chamseddine Talhi
This paper presents a pioneering federated learning framework that leverages a novel hierarchical aggregation approach, empowering clients to collaboratively generate the global model through multiple levels of aggregation. Additionally, a unique role definition mechanism is integrated into the framework to delineate clientsâ roles and tasks in each learning round. Moreover, decentralized storage (e.g. IPFS) and blockchain technologies are employed for storing local models and their corresponding hash pointers, respectively, to improve data availability and integrity. We implemented our solution using using Keras, Scikit-learn, web3 and Solidity. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using a genomic breast cancer dataset sourced from the GDC portal, yielding a remarkable 98% accuracy for the global model after 12 rounds of learning while for a centrally trained model on the 70% of the entire dataset the accuracy was 95%. This clearly shows the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Nischal Aryal, Fariba Ghaffari, E. Bertin, NoĂŤl Crespi
The rise of internet and data usage highlights the importance of service provisioning for Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in expanding their operations and meeting user demands. Implementing scalable and secure authentication and access control mechanisms is crucial for enabling service utilization among eligible users and ensuring the viability of emerging business models. Conventional centralized approaches face limitations such as single-point-of-failure, low scalability, computational overhead, and privacy vulnerabilities. MNOs must explore innovative business models to augment revenue streams and address these challenges. Realizing such models involves automating user contracts with service providers and safeguarding user privacy regarding data sharing with external entities. Blockchain technology offers a transformative avenue for integration within existing MNO infrastructures, providing novel distributed authentication and access control methodologies. We propose a new business model for MNOs and service providers in which an Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) framework handles user access to services on top of Blockchain. Moreover, a tokenized data-sharing method facilitates selective data sharing with service providers through MNO channels based on user-defined permissions. Central to this approach are non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) paradigm, where NFTs ensure secure, decentralized tokenization of user data, and SSI empowers users with ownership and control over their data. Assessments confirm the scalability of this solution, making it suitable for different use-case requirements.
Web3, also known as the Decentralized Web, is a vision for the next generation of Web applications, supported by blockchain technology, where users have stronger ownership over their data and identity. One of the key components in Web3 is wallets, which hold a userâs public and private keys, manage digital tokens, and sign transaction details. Despite their significance in securely managing digital identities, wallets also introduce vulnerabilities that, if overlooked, can compromise usersâ privacy and security, particularly during data exchange with network endpoints. We investigate how popular wallets like MetaMask can inadvertently expose sensitive information to RPC endpoints, even when no transactions are made. Additionally, we examine the confidentiality risks associated with the registration requirements of major node providers, highlighting how the collection of personal and financial details can further threaten user privacy. We briefly report on ongoing work in analyzing the characteristics of wallets across various blockchain networks to identify key security and privacy features that can be integrated into new wallet designs. This research aims to address the challenges inherent in wallet security and privacy within Web3.
Swagata Sarkar, K Sakthisree, P Bramarambika, V Harini ¡ 5 authors
This paper provides a concise overview of an optimal solution that addresses the need and concern for a proper healthcare management system. With the current growth in population and demand, managing healthcare data has become a paramount challenge. The unstructured, complex, and vast nature of this data poses significant hurdles to traditional centralized platforms, which, while commonly employed, raise concerns about security and erode user trust. This paper introduces a pioneering solution to address these challenges and establish a resilient hospital data management system. This proposal embraces the transition from Web2 to Web3, integrating the principles of decentralization, Automation, and machine learning. This transformative strategy not only tackles the immediate security and data management challenges but also lays the foundation for a revolutionary trend in healthcare data management. By leveraging the principles of decentralization, the system ensures heightened security, mitigating the risks associated with centralized platforms. Automation is employed to streamline processes, making data management more efficient and reducing the margin for human error. Machine learning algorithms play a crucial role in enhancing the systemâs capabilities, facilitating advanced analytics, and contributing to predictive healthcare. The integration of these cutting-edge technologies not only fortifies data security but also creates an innovative environment conducive to future advancements in healthcare. This solution not only meets the pressing needs of the present but also anticipates the evolving landscape of healthcare data management, fostering a secure and innovative paradigm shift. This solution also generates a way to solve the overwhelming insurance bills on the clients.
This article explores the metaverse in depth, from the literature to the latest technology trends. Key concepts such as Web3, blockchain, AI, VR, AR, haptic technology and the IoT are examined, framing the metaverse as a new space for human and digital interaction in an immersive 3D environment. It highlights how technological development has fostered debate on the prospects of the metaverse, which represents a new virtual frontier where human and digital interaction merge in an immersive environment. This sensory medium raises questions about human rights, especially in relation to privacy, property and digital identity, consequently, the following problem is formulated: To what extent is the protection of Human Rights appropriate within the metaverse?. Thus, the research was carried out using a qualitative methodology, which included an exhaustive analysis of the existing literature on human rights and emerging technologies, as well as case studies on virtual environments. Finally, it concludes by emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to address the challenges of the metaverse, highlighting the importance of protecting human rights in this new digital environment.
ZavrĹĄni rad opisuje izradu web3 aplikacije za voÄenje projekata unutar tvrtke koja pruĹža sigurno pohranjivanje dnevnih zadataka i poruka zaposlenika na blockchainu. Rad istraĹžuje primjenu blockchain tehnologije i njene prednosti, kao ĹĄto su sljedivost i transparentnost podataka. KoriĹĄtenjem Node.js platforme, Express.js okvira te Solidity pametnih ugovora, aplikacija omoguÄuje administraciju projekata i praÄenje zadataka na Volta testnoj mreĹži. Opisane su kljuÄne funkcionalnosti aplikacije, ukljuÄujuÄi moguÄnost postavljanja projekata na blockchain te pohranjivanje komunikacije izmeÄu zaposlenika pomoÄu Metamask suÄelja. Rad takoÄer istiÄe sigurnosne aspekte pohranjivanja podataka na blockchain te potencijalne nedostatke kao ĹĄto su sporost zapisivanja i troĹĄkovi transakcija. Kroz rad je demonstrirana implementacija web3 tehnologija te prikazana njihova primjena u stvarnom poslovnom okruĹženju.
Peter Howson, Antulio Rosales, Olivier Jutel, Inte Gloerich ¡ 8 authors
This paper explores how so-called âWeb3â blockchain projects are materially and socially constituted. A blockchain is an append-only distributed database. The technology is being hyped as applicable for a whole range of industries, social service provisions, and as a fix for economic disparities in communities left behind by mainstream financial systems. Drawing on case studies from our ongoing research we explain how, despite being virtual, Web3 projects are dependent on clearly defined spaces of production from which they derive their speculative value. We conceptualise this relationship as Crypto/Space, where space and blockchain software are mutually constituted. We consider how Crypto/Spaces are produced in three ways: 1) how project developers are adopting a parasitic relationship with host locations to appropriate energy, infrastructure, and local resources; 2) how projects enable âvirtual land grabsâ where developers are engaging in land acquisitions, and associated displacement of local people, with no real intention to use the land for the declared purpose; and 3) how blockchain technology and speculative finance imaginaries are inspiring new anarcho-capitalist crypto-utopian âExit zonesâ, often in the Global South. Far from being a zero-sum virtual game world, we argue that cryptocurrency projects are parasitic, often requiring predation on poor and otherwise marginalised communities to appropriate resources, onboard new users and enable favourable regulation.
Jinghan Sun, Hongbo Zhang, Abdulmotaleb El Saddik, Wei Cai
As a bridge connecting the Web3 financial ecosystem and digital games, smart contracts empowered blockchain games have attracted significant attention from the Web3 community in recent years. By providing players ownership over assets and interoperable Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), blockchain games enable the reuse of in-game assets beyond the original games, thereby overturning the âwalled gardenâ among traditional games. Nonetheless, blockchain games diminish the monopolistic edge previously held by traditional game providers, forcing them to compete with players by token distribution. Therefore, this paper explores the duopoly competition within the blockchain game market, emphasizing the role of interoperable NFTs together with NFT wear and tear. Specifically, we propose a three-stage game to formulate the interactions between game providers and players. Besides, we revealed the relationship between game providers' code disclosure strategies for NFT interoperability and token retention strategies. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate how the token distribution, players' preferences, and the NFT wear level affect the profits of game providers.
A niche corner of the Web3 world is increasingly making use of hardware-based Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) to build decentralized infrastructure. One of the motivations to use TEEs is to go beyond the current performance limitations of cryptography-based alternatives such as zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP), fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), and multi-party computation (MPC). Despite their appealing advantages, current TEEs suffer from serious limitations as they are not secure against physical attacks, and their attestation mechanism is rooted in the chip manufacturer's trust. As a result, Web3 applications have to rely on cloud infrastruture to act as trusted guardians of hardware-based TEEs and have to accept to trust chip manufacturers. This work aims at exploring how we could potentially architect and implement chips that would be secure against physical attacks and would not require putting trust in chip manufacturers. One goal of this work is to motivate the Web3 movement to acknowledge and leverage the substantial amount of relevant hardware research that already exists. In brief, a combination of: (1) physical unclonable functions (PUFs) to secure the root-of-trust; (2) masking and redundancy techniques to secure computations; (3) open source hardware and imaging techniques to verify that a chip matches its expected design; can help move towards attesting that a given TEE can be trusted without the need to trust a cloud provider and a chip manufacturer.
This article explores how decentralized Web3 is reshaping Internet governance by enabling the emergence of new forms of nation-statehood and redefining traditional concepts of state sovereignty. Based on fieldwork conducted in Silicon Valley since August 2022, this article systematically addresses the following research question: How is decentralized Web3 reshaping Internet governance and influencing the rise in new nation-statehood paradigms? It compares three emerging paradigms around Web3: (i) Network States (Srinivasan), envisioning digital entities rooted in crypto-libertarian principles; (ii) Network Sovereignties (De Filippi), emphasizing communal governance aligned with digital commons; and (iii) Algorithmic Nations (Calzada), drawing on Arendtian thought and demonstrating how communitiesâsuch as indigenous and stateless groups, as well as e-diasporasâcan attain self-determination through data sovereignty. This article contributes a unique conceptual analysis of these paradigms based on fieldwork action research in Silicon Valley, responding to evolving technologies and their potential to reshape Internet governance. This article argues that decentralized Web3 provides a transformative vision for Internet governance but requires careful evaluation to ensure that it promotes inclusivity and equity. It advocates for a hybrid approach that balances global and local dynamics, emphasizing the need for solidarity, digital justice, and an internationalist perspective in shaping future Internet governance protocols.
David F. Bucher, Jens Hunhevicz, Ranjith K. Soman, Pieter Pauwels ¡ 5 authors
The field of construction informatics is fragmented and lacks clarity in understanding the interconnection of different data management strategies. This makes it challenging to address industry-specific data management issues. Using a critical interpretive synthesis, this study reviews and integrates both present and emerging data management approaches in construction informatics. The review is meant to be comprehensive, encompassing technologies and concepts such as Open Schema, Information Container, Common Data Environments, Linked Data, as well as cutting-edge Web3 technologies such as blockchain and decentralized data protocols. The different approaches are identified and classified into five categories and mapped into a two-dimensional framework that considers data storage and data processing modes. The systematic categorization provides a simple, but comprehensive understanding of data management strategies in construction informatics. Moreover, the framework allows to identify the state of the art and trends of data management approaches, providing guidance for future research perspectives, especially in the intersection with Web3 technologies.
In a time of ecological and social crises, designing new institutions is crucial for meeting future challenges. Institutions emerge from the imaginations of individuals, moving into social movements and crystallizing in legal structures. As present movements seek to develop tomorrow’s governances, they turn to decentralized structures: distributed networks with little hierarchy, characterized by a diversity of actors and dynamics. While movements and technologies may seek to utilize decentralized ideas, they lack design principles: only recently has it been possible to decentralize at the national stage. Designs may come from biology and ecological networks; fungi, plants, and slime molds in soil to the neurons, glia, and blood vessels within our own bodies. This article blends these biological analogies with present technologies like blockchain and Web3 to posit future decentralized institutions, movements and legalities that give greater consideration to the more-than-human world.
The advent of Web3 technologies promises a paradigm shift toward decentralized and autonomous economic interactions enabled by blockchain and smart contracts. However, the lack of robust trust and reputation mechanisms hinders its evolution into a fully functional economic system. This paper introduces the Dmany Nexus Protocol, a decentralized reputation system that quantifies user trustworthiness through verified on-chain and off-chain actions. By integrating principles from information economics, game theory, and mechanism design, the protocol addresses issues of information asymmetry, moral hazard, and adverse selection inherent in decentralized networks. Leveraging the Dmany Quest Engine for decentralized task management and employing zero-knowledge proofs for privacy preservation, Dmany Nexus establishes a foundation for trust and cooperation in the Web3 ecosystem. The protocol enhances economic efficiency, mitigates security risks like Sybil attacks, and fosters mass adoption by enabling secure, privacy-preserving interactions among pseudonymous actors.
The growing digitization of education presents significant challenges in maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of educational content. Traditional systems often fail to ensure data authenticity and prevent unauthorized alterations, particularly in the evaluation of teachers' professional activities, where demand for transparent and secure assessment mechanisms is increasing. In this context, Blockchain technology offers a novel solution to address these issues. This paper introduces a Blockchain-enhanced framework for the Electronic Platform for Expertise of Content (EPEC), a platform used for reviewing and assessing educational materials. Our approach integrates the Polygon network, a Layer-2 solution for Ethereum, to securely store and retrieve encrypted reviews, ensuring both privacy and accountability. By leveraging Python, Flask, and Web3.py, we interact with a Solidity-based smart contract to securely link each review to a unique identifier (UID) that connects on-chain data with real-world databases. The system, containerized using Docker, facilitates easy deployment and integration through API endpoints. Our implementation demonstrates significant cost savings, with a 98\% reduction in gas fees compared to Ethereum, making it a scalable and cost-effective solution. This research contributes to the ongoing effort to implement Blockchain in educational content verification, offering a practical and secure framework that enhances trust and transparency in the digital education landscape.
As the digital landscape evolves, the rise of Web3 and decentralized applications (dApps) is reshaping the future of web development. At the center of this transformation is JavaScript, a programming language that has remained a cornerstone of web development for decades. In the context of Web3, JavaScript continues to play a critical role by enabling seamless interaction with blockchain networks and smart contracts. This article explores the importance of JavaScript in the development of decentralized applications, its integration with blockchain technologies, and its continued adaptability in the ever-growing Web3 ecosystem. From popular libraries like Web3.js and Ethers.js to emerging trends such as decentralized finance (DeFi) and NFTs, JavaScript proves to be a versatile tool in the decentralized web revolution. However, the shift to Web3 also presents challenges for JavaScript, including scalability, security, and performance concerns. This article provides a comprehensive overview of JavaScriptâs role in the future of web development, offering insights into both its opportunities and limitations in the decentralized era.
In the context of Web3.0, the rapid pace of technological innovation has resulted in the emergence of novel computing paradigms. This is a natural result of the exponential growth of technology. Within the ecosystem of Web 3.0, the major emphasis of this research is on rethinking architecture and protocols in order to be ready for the revolution in edge computing. To improve the efficacy, security, and scalability of data processing and transmission, DECABI provides a dynamic edge computing architecture with integrated blockchain characteristics. The study accelerates data transfers without compromising their integrity by using dynamic resource allocation, encrypted data transmission, and a consensus protocol for edge computing (CPEC). The suggested method has much better performance than the alternatives. This exemplifies how the method has the ability to completely alter the way edge computing is carried out in the Web3.0 era. Countless simulations and exhaustive studies confirmed the existence of this option. This study lays the groundwork for a more stable and secure Web3.0 ecosystem, and it also makes a substantial contribution to the current conversation about the future of computer architectures and protocols.
The proliferation of counterfeit items in the worldwide market has emerged as a pressing concern for consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies alike. Counterfeiting not only results in monetary damages for enterprises but also presents significant hazards to customer well-being and brand standing. Conventional techniques for identifying and verifying products are frequently inadequate in detecting and stopping counterfeit goods, necessitating the development of novel solutions. Blockchain technology has emerged as a viable method for tackling the problem of counterfeit product identification. Blockchain is a decentralised and secure ledger that enables the recording and verification of transactions in a distributed, visible, and unchangeable manner. By utilising the distinct characteristics of blockchain, such as its transparency, consensus mechanism, and cryptographic hashing, it is feasible to establish a resilient system for product identification that may efficiently address the issue of counterfeiting.
This chapter presents a research perspective that explores the transformative impact of blockchain technology on Behavioral and Experimental Economics. It addresses critical digital challenges such as subject identity verification and privacy, trust in researchers, and the design of experimental incentives. By advocating for a blockchain-integrated framework, the chapter aims to enhance data authenticity, privacy, and incentivization through decentralized mechanisms and smart contracts, thereby ensuring research that is transparent, tamper-proof, and practical. Additionally, the chapter proposes a paradigm shift toward a âplay to learnâ model, which bridges decentralized science with the realm of gaming finance to advance research and development. This integration signals a new era of interdisciplinary research, offering profound insights into human behavior within the digital economy and illuminating new research pathways that connect Web2 to Web3 environments.
Abstract In recent years, new and technologically innovative financial products and services, generally subsumed under the fintech umbrella, have permeated all areas of capital markets at an exponential rate. Primarily driven by developments in Web3 and advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), fintech solutions offer valuable benefits to all existing markets and participants and are the basis for introducing wholly new segments to classic capital market ecosystems. However, this increasing fintech adaptation does not come without challenges. Due to the technologies' nascent nature and often unregulated status, many products are susceptible to manipulation and fraud. The result can be sizable investor losses and excessive regulatory and public scrutiny. This chapter highlights the most essential and prominent fintech solutions used in capital markets today, along with their features, value additiveness, and degree of adaptation.
There has been a dramatic shift in the digital world due to blockchain technology, offering decentralised, transparent, and secure solutions with applications spanning supply chains, finance, healthcare, and beyond. This paper presents an overview of blockchain technologies and tools, outlining their capabilities, benefits, and drawbacks. These include Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, Remix IDE, Meta Mask, Geth, Mist, IPFS, Web3.js, Corda, Dex Tools, Bitcoinj, Ganache, and Parity. It highlights the continuous endeavours to utilise blockchain to its maximum capacity by presenting the continuing attempts to overcome these obstacles via sustainability practices, standardisation initiatives, and alternative consensus mechanisms. It emphasises Collaboration among stakeholders to overcome these obstacles and achieve the digital ageâs revolutionary potential of blockchain technology.
This case study explores the evolution and strategic trajectory of Xiaohongshu, a pioneering social commerce platform in China. Founded in 2013 by Miranda Qu and Charlwin Mao, Xiaohongshu has redefined consumer engagement by seamlessly integrating social media with e-commerce functionalities. Initially conceived as an online guide for Chinese shoppers abroad, the platform quickly developed into a vibrant community where users share product recommendations, reviews, and lifestyle insights. Xiaohongshu's strategic pivot on social commerce in 2014 marked a significant milestone, enabling direct product purchases within its app and fostering a dynamic ecosystem of user-generated content. The case examines Xiaohongshu's growth trajectory, challenges such as counterfeit goods, and strategic initiatives, including influencer marketing and blockchain integration. With a focus on expanding its user base, enhancing e-commerce capabilities, and exploring emerging technologies like Web3, Xiaohongshu continues to shape the future of digital commerce in China's competitive market landscape.