Cross-contamination, counterfeit ingredients, false packaging, and labelling are all issues that contribute to food fraud which is a major concern undermining the integrity of the food supply chain and consumers health. Therefore, there is a need for an on-demand traceable, transparent food supply chain. This is a universal problem and blockchain presents itself as a means to maintain traceable, transparent food supply. This paper presents an innovative consensus algorithm and simulates the usage of it to identify the precision and recall of fraudulent food detection. This protocol aims to solve the issue of malicious leader node selection in common voting-based consensus protocols while achieving efficiency. Thus, providing a single version of truth for foods in a long food supply chain, preventing information asymmetries.
Presently, machine learning (ML) techniques have gained considerable attention, with growing interest in various areas and applications. Healthcare, agriculture, and bioinformatics are the most identified areas to study with the help of ML. This chapter introduces about the basic principle of ML such as data, model, basic mathematical details of ML, and types of learning. The important aspect of ML is “how to teach a machine.” This chapter focuses on the types of learning: supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning. Some commonly used ML algorithms such as decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), naïve Bayes, k-mean, q-learning, etc. are briefly discussed for understanding. Finally, the author offers the application of ML with blockchain that is reforming the traditional healthcare and agricultural sector to a more reliable means.
Two major interconnectivity technologies that are present in the contemporary digital era, namely, BlockChain (BC) technology and IOTA are compared in this paper. After this, their characteristics shall be explained in addition to some significant applications which they have been utilized in to provide further context in a real-life setting. In the modern era, success and rise of bitcoin have proven the need as well as the value of blockchain technology. The demand for IOTA industry is increasing day by day. This requires looking for something completely different from the bitcoin as well as the solution for the technology of bitcoin in separated cryptocurrencies. After this, a conclusion shall be presented, which shall serve to summarize the paper as a means of comprehensively present it and synthesizing the gist of the entire paper to present a more nuanced and interconnected understanding of the paper. After this, recommendations shall be provided based on the information presented in the paper to act as a guide for other scholars for their research endeavors. Scholarly articles shall be used where necessary to provide backing and to link additional reference material.
The error assessment is made on the classical Grey Model (GM(1,1)) and the variants of Grey Lotka-Volterra dynamical system namely the Grey Lotka-Volterra Model (GLVM), the Fractional Grey Lotka-Volterra Model (FGLVM) and the Variable-order Fractional Grey Lotka-Volterra Model (VFGLVM) for modeling the transaction counts of three selected cryptocurrencies in 2-and 3-dimensional framework. Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ripple. The cryptocurrencies of interest are Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ripple. The 2-dimensional models use Bitcoin and Litecoin transactions from April, 28, 2013 to February, 10, 2018. The 3-dimensional model uses transactions of Bitcoin, Litecoin and Ripple from August, 7, 2013 to February, 10, 2018. The error sequence patterns and the the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) suggest a relatively higher accuracy of the VFLVM in 2- and 3-dimensional study.
Currently, with the increasing scale of the enterprise, a common tendency is that more convenient and intelligent management system is demanded for high security and maximum transparency. One feasible option is via blockchain, which acts as a transparent ledger. This paper is based on a successful project, which primarily aims at the development of smart contracts used for car insurance application. According to this result, the potential benefit of utilizing blockchain in commercial area can be demonstrated, meanwhile, a possible scheme in enterprise management could be inspired. This management model would replace manual operation, for instance, salary distribution, with smart contracts, which could satisfy both security and intelligence demand. This paper will briefly descript the blockchain project mentioned above and raise original method and conception concerning with blockchain based on existed management issues, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
Data security and privacy are one of the key concerns in the Internet of Things (IoT). Usage of IOT is increasing in the society day-by-day, and security challenges are becoming more and more severe. From a data perspective, IOT data security plays a major role. Some of the sensitive data such as criminal record, military information, the medical record of the patients, etc. Due to the size and other features of IOT, it is almost impossible to create an efficient centralized authentication system. The proposed system focused on IoT security for distributed medical record to provide perimeter security to the patient. Building trust in distributed environments without the need for authorities is a technological advance that has the potential to change many industries, the IOT is one among them. Furthermore, it protects data integrity and availability. It improves the accessibility of data by using the indexing method along with the blockchain. Moreover, it facilitate the utility of tracking the previous history of the patient record using the hyper ledger with authorization.
Bitcoin (BTC) is an internet-based world's top-ranking cryptocurrency. Among widespread cryptocurrencies available in the market, Bitcoin is most experienced by the people due to anonymity and transparency in the system. Daily trends in the Bitcoin market has gained popularity among the spectators, investors, consumers and many more. Bitcoin price data exhibit desirable properties where some classical time series prediction methods exploit the behavior, producing poor predictions and also lack a probabilistic interpretation. This paper conducts an in-depth study on evolution of Bitcoin and also a systematic review is done on various machine learning algorithms used for predicting the prices. Comparative analysis envisions to select optimal technique to forecast prices more precisely.
Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living.This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments.The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP).Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling device technologies such as RFID tags and readers, near field communication (NFC) devices and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet.As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly.This paper gives very interesting understanding with IoT discussed with making as simple as possible not with the intention to reach concept only up to readers but to become understandable and friendly at students level with some text and basic models.
Recent interest around blockchains and Emerging smart contract systems over blockchain technology which allows mutually distrustful parties to transact safely without trusted third parties provided requirements good fit for the Smart Contracts sector. In the event of contractual breaches or cancellations, the decentralized blockchain ensures that honest parties get their just compensation. Blockchains permit us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network wherever non-trusting members can interact with each other without depending on an intermediary and be able to verify the transaction. All transactions, together with the flow of cash are exposed on the blockchain. A smart contract is used to 1) Facilitates for sharing of services and resources managing to the creation of a marketplace of services between devices and 2) permits us to automate in an exceedingly cryptographically verifiable manner many existing, long workflows My conclusion is that the smart contract over blockchain combination is powerful and can cause vital transformations across many industries, making new ways for new business models and innovative distributed applications.