Tracking the evolution of smart contracts is challenging due to their immutable nature and complex upgrade mechanisms. We introduce EvoChain, a comprehensive framework and dataset designed to track and visualize smart contract evolution. Building upon data from our previous empirical study, EvoChain models contract relationships using a Neo4j graph database and provides an interactive web interface for exploration. The framework consists of a data layer, an API layer, and a user interface layer. EvoChain allows stakeholders to analyze contract histories, upgrade paths, and associated vulnerabilities by leveraging these components. Our dataset encompasses approximately 1.3 million upgradeable proxies and nearly 15,000 historical versions, enhancing transparency and trust in blockchain ecosystems by providing an accessible platform for understanding smart contract evolution.
Os chamados smart contracts ou “contratos inteligentes” são uma inovação tecnológica difundida a partir do lançamento da plataforma Bitcoin em 2009 e, principalmente, da plataforma Ethereum em 2014. Em princípio, eles têm como propósito automatizar a execução das obrigações das partes em um negócio jurídico, de modo a diminuir o risco de seu inadimplemento e evitar a dependência de um terceiro de confiança (seja ele um árbitro, um juiz ou mero registrador dos dados referentes à transação celebrada). O potencial uso de smart contracts em vários setores econômicos desperta questionamentos sobre a adequação das normas do direito contratual tradicional para sua regulação. No presente trabalho, busca-se analisar dois pontos específicos sobre o tema, a saber: o momento de formação do negócio jurídico segundo a disciplina trazida pelo Código Civil brasileiro e as consequências de um contrato inteligente com objeto ilegal. O trabalho revisa amostra da literatura dedicada ao tema, tanto nacional quanto estrangeira, esta última sobretudo quando provinda de autores dos Estados Unidos da América e de Estados membros da União Europeia. O texto também questiona a adequação dos novos negócios ao marco normativo brasileiro sobre negócios.
Did you ever wonder whether cryptocurrencies are allowed in Egypt? Or which rights token holders have in case of an insolvency under US law? Or what is the tax treatment of Bitcoin in France? This is the first book to address these questions and others in a comprehensive manner. Twenty-six reporters describe the rules of their national laws as applying to the new phenomena, from regulatory to private law, including conflict of laws. The findings are then summarised by two experts. The wide array of information provided in this book will help the reader navigate the global labyrinth of blockchain laws.
The integration of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) in legal contract execution has revolutionized traditional contract enforcement mechanisms. Smart contracts, self-executing contracts with terms encoded into blockchain networks, have emerged as a transformative tool in business transactions, reducing the reliance on intermediaries and enhancing contract security. AI further enhances these contracts by providing predictive analytics, natural language processing (NLP) for contract interpretation, and automated dispute resolution mechanisms. However, despite their potential, the legal recognition and enforcement of smart contracts pose significant challenges. Jurisdictional issues, regulatory compliance, contract validity, and the limitations of blockchain immutability necessitate an in-depth analysis of the legal landscape governing smart contracts. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the legal and regulatory frameworks surrounding AI-driven smart contracts, identifying their advantages, limitations, and future prospects. The study examines case laws, real-time implementations, and the role of AI in streamlining dispute resolution. The findings reveal that while blockchain enhances contract security and AI assists in interpretation, the lack of uniform legal frameworks remains a major hurdle. Through comparative analysis of existing regulatory approaches and real-world applications, this paper outlines potential solutions for effective enforcement and dispute resolution in AI-enhanced smart contracts.
It is quite challenging to properly address the issues of digital assets and online identities by conventional estate rules in the era of digital technologies. Rising social media platforms, cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and other virtual assets have made digital legacy complex. Current research highlights the constraints of existing estate laws for the administration of digital assets after death and the legal obstacles resulting from digital platform contractual limitations. The key challenges identified are assets classification, protection of privacy rights, and enforcement of policies on a wider scale. By comparing the global legal approaches and evolving trends in digital inheritance, a comprehensive framework including digital assets into estate planning has been proposed. A balanced legal framework ensuring fair distribution, protecting heirs' rights and building trust in the digital economy is the solution.
This study examines the validity and application of smart contracts within the Indonesian civil law framework. Smart contracts are block chain-based agreements that are implemented autonomously, eliminating the necessity for intermediaries. Although it provides efficiency and openness, its integration into the Indonesian legal system continues to encounter obstacles, particularly concerning regulations and dispute resolution methods. The legitimacy of an agreement in civil law is governed by Article 1320 of the Civil Code, which stipulates the necessity of mutual consent, legal ability, definite objects, and justifiable grounds. Nonetheless, there exists no regulation that explicitly governs smart contracts, necessitating additional examination of their legal standing.This study employs a normative legal methodology utilizing both conceptual and legislative approaches. The utilized data sources comprise primary legal materials, including the Civil Code and the Indonesian ITE Law, alongside secondary legal materials from books, scholarly publications, and prior study. The investigation aimed to ascertain the validity and legal binding nature of smart contracts inside the Indonesian civil system.The study's findings indicate that while smart contracts theoretically satisfy the components of an agreement as outlined in the Civil Code, issues persist regarding regulation and dispute resolution. Consequently, it is essential to formulate specific legislation or amendments to the ITE Law and Civil Code to facilitate smart contracts. Furthermore, the function of notaries and legal entities in authenticating smart contracts need elucidation to prevent legal ambiguity. In conflict resolution, hybrid methods like block chain-based arbitration may serve as an alternate solution. Consequently, the adoption of smart contracts in Indonesia need enhanced legal certainty to facilitate widespread utilization and ensure protection for the involved parties.
Abstract This chapter examines the extent of smart contracts. A smart contract refers to software that enables contractual obligations to be executed automatically, without the need for human intervention and scope for human interference. As current-generation smart contracts generally use DLT platforms, parties can dispense with intermediaries in the process of agreeing and operating their smart contracts. However, smart contract code is no more immune from bugs than any other form of software, so it will not always work as intended. In November 2019, the UK Jurisdiction Taskforce of the Government’s LawTech Delivery Panel published the ‘Legal Statement on Cryptoassets and Smart Contracts’ to consider the status in English law of both cryptoassets and smart contracts
Smart contract as a new form of contract is recognized to provide speedy and efficient transactions. Eliminating textual ambiguities, cumbersome contractual terms, enables negotiations, verify terms and automatically enforce tempered-free contractual terms without the need for intermediaries. In traditional contract, contractual terms are written in formal language which are quite cumbersome, the process of concluding transactions is slow and requires the intervention of lawyers, banks, registry departments and the courts. Many jurisdictions including Nigeria are still carrying out contractual transactions relying solely on traditional contract despite advancement in technologies including Blockchain technology, Ethereum and use of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and others as medium of exchange in online transactions. Using a qualitative doctrinal legal research method, this research gathered online sources and examined the legality of smart contract and Blockchain technology. While highlighting the importance of using smart contract in business transaction in Nigeria. The research adds to ongoing discuss on smart contracts and Blockchain technology. Suggesting the need for a shift from purely traditional contracts in Nigeria, to adoption of smart contracts to ease both domestic and trans-jurisdictional transactions mostly concluded online. However, there is a need for a robust framework for smart contract in Nigeria just like the E-SIGN Act and the UETA in the United States and other similar legislations that have been developed in other countries across the world.
Regulatory efforts and disciplined legal analysis cannot blindly rely on stories concocted by crypto-enthusiasts. Such stories conveniently hide the fact that smart contracts, the technology supposed to fuel the crypto-driven Web3 economy, are inherently insecure and that their technical attributes are disadvantageous to commercial dealings, not to mention to the average user, who does not have technical expertise to safely transact by means of smart contracts. This chapter makes three simple points. Smart contracts cannot be analyzed as if they were contracts. Instead, assuming a more technical approach, they should be analyzed as computer programs that can in some circumstances assist in automating the performance of specific contractual obligations. Contrary to popular claims, smart contracts cannot ensure commercial certainty. Their common attributes, such as immutability and transparency, offer few benefits and may, in many instances, prove detrimental. To set solid foundations for future regulatory efforts and legal analyses, legal scholars and legal practitioners must refrain from proliferating misconceptions and adopt a more fact-based, technical perspective as to what smart contracts entail. They must not skip over the question of whether smart contracts create any legal problems and whether they provide any benefits at all.
This study investigates the transformative impact of digitization on legal systems in developing countries, emphasizing the integration of emerging technologies such as blockchain and smart contracts. By exploring case studies from India, Kenya, Brazil, Rwanda, South Africa, the Philippines, and Ghana, the research highlights how digital adoption enhances legal infrastructure, expands access to justice, and drives regulatory evolution. A mixed-method approach, combining qualitative interviews and quantitative analysis of legal reforms, reveals that digitization significantly reduces case backlogs, improves transparency, and accelerates judicial processes. However, persistent challenges, including inadequate digital infrastructure, disparities in digital literacy, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities, underscore the need for coordinated interventions. The study identifies blockchain as a critical tool for ensuring the integrity and security of legal records, providing tamper-proof documentation, and fostering trust in legal processes. Similarly, smart contracts streamline legal transactions by automating and enforcing agreements, reducing costs, and enhancing efficiency. These technologies are essential for modernizing judicial frameworks and addressing governance gaps, particularly in regions grappling with corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Ultimately, the findings underscore the importance of phased implementation strategies, investments in digital literacy, and inclusive policy frameworks to maximize the benefits of legal digitization. By integrating blockchain and smart contracts, developing countries can build resilient, transparent, and accessible legal systems that respond to the dynamic needs of their societies.
The advent of smart contracts has reshaped the dynamics of corporate agreements with the aid of introducing automated, self-executing legal arrangements powered by using blockchain technology. These digital contracts offer great advantages, together with reduced transaction charges, greater transparency, and minimized reliance on intermediaries. However, their integration into corporate agreements provides a range of legal and regulatory challenges that stay unresolved. This paper examines the legal complexities springing up from the usage of smart contracts in corporate environments. It explores their enforceability under existing legal frameworks, highlighting troubles associated with agreement formation, consent, and the interpretation of coded terms. Jurisdictional uncertainty and cross-border enforceability further complicate the legal standing of smart contracts in multinational agreements. The study additionally addresses dispute resolution mechanisms within the context of immutable blockchain statistics, considering whether or not conventional legal remedies are compatible with smart contract structure. It discusses how emerging legal requirements and regulatory responses are shaping the adoption of smart contracts while making sure compliance with contract law principles. Moreover, the paper evaluates real-global programs of smart contracts in company transactions, together with supply chain management, monetary offerings, and decentralized autonomous groups (DAOs). It gives tips for organizations seeking to leverage this technology while mitigating legal dangers through hybrid contract models, legal safeguards, and hazard control frameworks. By means of bridging the gap among technological innovation and legal practice, this research underscores the need for adaptive legal frameworks that balance the performance of automation with the principles of justice, fairness, and duty. Understanding the legal frontiers of smart contracts is important for businesses aiming to harness their capability while navigating the evolving legal panorama of the digital financial system.
Jan Corazza, Ivan Gavran, Gabriela Moreira, Daniel Neider
When blockchain systems are said to be trustless, what this really means is that all the trust is put into software. Thus, there are strong incentives to ensure blockchain software is correct -- vulnerabilities here cost millions and break businesses. One of the most powerful ways of establishing software correctness is by using formal methods. Approaches based on formal methods, however, induce a significant overhead in terms of time and expertise required to successfully employ them. Our work addresses this critical disadvantage by automating the creation of a formal model -- a mathematical abstraction of the software system -- which is often a core task when employing formal methods. We perform model synthesis in three phases: we first transpile the code into model stubs; then we "fill in the blanks" using a large language model (LLM); finally, we iteratively repair the generated model, on both syntactical and semantical level. In this way, we significantly reduce the amount of time necessary to create formal models and increase accessibility of valuable software verification methods that rely on them. The practical context of our work was reducing the time-to-value of using formal models for correctness audits of smart contracts.
Digital finance has been with us for more than a decade. It is growing at a rapid rate, and the world is experiencing a significant transition in the access to new and diverse financial products that are being made available online. This chapter discusses the ensuing legal challenges of tokens, smart contracts and international commercial arbitration. It will demonstrate how there are a number of different tokens that have been developed across various sectors such as agriculture, real-estate and intellectual property amongst others. A potential dilemma that has emerged is how when applied to transnational transactions, the law pertaining to tokens is highly fragmented and still being developed. In addition, the emergence of smart contracts that are supported by blockchain technology can facilitate token transactions, which could be subject to arbitration. Problematic though, as a smart contract is subject to arbitration, the dispute resolution clause within the contract itself will require careful consideration. Also, the code supporting the blockchain technology itself will also be challenging because a practitioner will need to understand where and when the code was installed. For instance, was the code inserted in the state where arbitration has been agreed and what the arbitration clause and agreement provides. That said, the chapter has called for more research to better understand the interconnectedness between these new technology, financial products and the existing legal framework for transnational arbitration.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into smart contracts holds the potential to both enhance and exacerbate consumer protection challenges. Since the AI system embedded within the contract’s code enables a high degree of contractual personalisation – by tailoring the legal agreement to the unique characteristics of the targeted individual consumer, thanks to its capacity to process large amounts of personal and behavioural data in real time – it opens the door not only to scenarios of AI-powered consumer manipulation, but also to the promising opportunity of a consumer-centric AI. Such an AI would serve the consumer’s best interests by adapting the contract to their specific needs and preferences, while protecting them from – rather than exploiting – their information, cognitive, and digital vulnerabilities. This research aims to assess whether the EU legal framework – particularly the UCPD, UCTD, AI Act, GDPR, and DSA – adequately ensures that these technologies are designed and deployed with the consumer’s well-being at their core. The paper explores AI-related risks such as digital manipulation, personal data exploitation, and the black-box problem inherent in algorithmic opacity, while also addressing the liability challenge in cases of consumer harm. Ultimately, it seeks to answer whether AI-driven smart contracts can truly foster a high level of consumer protection in the AI era, by offering novel interpretations of the existing legal framework and advancing proposals for reform aligned with the fairness-by-design approach and informed by behavioural science insights.
The paper explores the transformation of legal concepts in the era of smart contracts, with a focus on rethinking responsibility and justice within a hybrid legal ontology. The purpose of the article is to develop the conceptual foundations of a hybrid legal ontology to analyze the transformation of responsibility and justice in the context of smart contracts, aiming to comprehend qualitatively new forms of legal reality that emerge at the intersection of human and algorithmic principles. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating philosophical-legal analysis with elements of systems theory, critical algorithm theory, and post-phenomenological research on technology. The methodological framework is based on concepts of legal pluralism, agency theory, and approaches from analytical philosophy of law to the challenges of responsibility. It is argued that smart contracts establish a hybrid legal ontology in which traditional categories of individual responsibility are replaced by distributed forms of agency. The study identifies a fundamental contradiction between the algorithmic logic of procedural justice and human needs for substantive justice. It is established that restorative justice is incompatible with the deterministic execution of smart contracts. The conceptualization of legal pluralism in blockchain ecosystems is further advanced through the coexistence of diverse normative orders. The research findings contribute to the philosophical-legal theory of the digital age by conceptualizing hybrid ontology as a new form of legal existence, thereby enriching the understanding of agency, responsibility, and justice in the context of human- machine interaction. The results provide a theoretical basis for developing new regulatory mechanisms that account for the distributed nature of responsibility in blockchain systems, establishing ethical principles for designing fair algorithmic systems, and creating hybrid justice institutions. A conceptual vision of hybrid legal ontology is proposed as a theoretical framework for analyzing qualitatively new legal phenomena. The concept of distributed agency is substantiated to describe collective responsibility in decentralized systems. An approach to understanding algorithmic justice through the limitations of formal systems is suggested. The study highlights the need for developing specific mechanisms to operationalize hybrid legal ontology in regulatory practice, creating new institutional forms to implement distributed responsibility, and exploring possibilities for integrating restorative justice into algorithmic systems.
Smart contract technology has revolutionized sectors like finance and supply chain management through its automated execution and decentralized nature in China.However, its rapid adoption necessitates robust regulatory frameworks to curb risks such as illegal activities and security vulnerabilities.A comparative analysis of international regulatory approaches reveals divergent policy priorities: the EU emphasizes personal data protection, the US fosters innovation in digital assets, Japan prioritizes transactional safety, South Korea safeguards investor rights, and the UK leverages regulatory sandboxes to balance innovation with control.This paper proposes a hybrid framework of community self-governance and indirect regulation to better mitigate risks while fostering the sustainable development of smart contract applications in China.A hierarchical evaluation system is also introduced, encompassing ex-ante review, interim monitoring, and ex-post audit, supported by quantifiable metrics to enhance regulatory efficacy.
Il presente contributo si propone di indagare, alla luce delle categorie del diritto civile, la praticabilità dell’esecuzione automatica di obbligazioni a contenuto ambientale mediante smart contracts. Muovendo da una ricostruzione sistematica del contratto ecologico quale figura atipica, ma pienamente riconducibile all’autonomia privata, l’analisi si concentra sulla verifica della compatibilità tra le caratteristiche strutturali di tali accordi e la rigidità esecutiva propria degli strumenti algoritmici autoeseguibili. Si sostiene, in prospettiva critica, l’inidoneità degli smart contracts a operare in contesti nei quali le prestazioni si fondano su standard dinamici, valutazioni discrezionali e clausole evolutive, elementi strutturalmente refrattari alla logica deterministica del codice. L’automazione cieca compromette, in tali casi, la funzione regolativa del contratto, elidendo i meccanismi di adattamento, responsabilità e controllo propri del diritto privato. In conclusione, si riafferma la centralità del contratto civile quale presidio di razionalità giuridica e strumento insostituibile per il governo della complessità nelle relazioni obbligatorie a finalità ecologica.
Nabeel Mahdi Althabhawi, Ra’ed Fawzi Aburoub, Mohamad Rizal Abd Rahman, Faris Kamil Hasan Mihna · 5 authors
While smart contracts enhance efficiency and transparency, they raise legal and technical issues. Smart contracts do not involve face-to-face negotiation or discussion, which contributes to difficulty in confirming that both parties agreed to the terms. Moreover, while smart contracts that encode the intention of the parties show up on the blockchain as digital signatures or as preprogrammed actions, this begs the question as to precisely whether this reflects their intention and mutual consent in the first place. Furthermore, the execution of offer and acceptance in an automated manner poses a challenge to the traditional principles of contract law, as it may rely on adhesion contracts that limit the opportunities for negotiation. Moreover, the verification of legal capacity of the parties identified under a pseudonym is another challenge in a decentralized blockchain environment, especially for cross-border transactions that set varying legal standards. Through a mixed-methods approach of thematic analysis of interviews and literature review, the research responds to these challenges, across practical and theoretical domains. Proposed solutions include biometric identification, digital identity schemes, and AI-assisted consent verification. The study recommends aligning traditional legal principles with technological advancements and fostering international collaboration to create robust frameworks, ensuring fairness and enforceability in smart contracts. This study concludes that a twin-track approach—combining technological improvements with regulatory adjustments—is critical for ensuring the fairness, enforceability, and reliability of smart contracts.
Smart Contracts sind ein Phänomen der Digitalisierung. Sie wurden insbesondere durch die zunehmende Popularität von Ethereum einem breiten Publikum bekannt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht daher die vertragsrechtlichen Implikationen von Smart Contracts und on chain Transaktionen auf der Ethereum Blockchain. Ausgangspunkt ist die verbreitete Annahme, dass Smart Contracts auf der Blockchain rechtsgeschäftliche Vorgänge abbilden oder automatisieren sollen. Dem wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine konträre These entgegengestellt: Smart Contracts sind nur eine spezielle Art von Software und stellen selbst keine Verträge dar. Auch die Interaktion mit ihnen (via on-chain Transaktionen) bildet einen rechtsgeschäftlich neutralen Vorgang.Technisch betrachtet handelt es sich bei Smart Contracts nämlich um schlichte Blockchain Programme, die von speziell ausgebildeten Programmierern entwickelt werden. Diese eignen sich schon konzeptionell nicht zur Modellierung von rechtsgeschäftlichen Vorgängen. Die unpräzise Terminologie der Initiatoren dieser Technologie führt zu zahlreichen Missverständnissen in der Rechtswissenschaft. Nach intensiver Betrachtung der dahinterstehenden Funktionalität und ihrer historischen Entwicklung erkennt man bereits, dass das Substantiv „Contract“ in diesem Zusammenhang genauso wenig Aufschluss über die zivilrechtliche Qualifikation wie das Adjektiv „Smart“ über die Qualität der Software gibt.Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es schließlich, einen Beitrag zur präzisen vertragsrechtlichen Einordnung der technischen Vorgänge auf der Ethereum Blockchain zu leisten. Dafür wird in einem ersten Schritt die Technologie grundlegend erklärt. Danach erfolgt neben einer historischen Analyse eine umfassende Systematisierung zum aktuellen Meinungsstand von Lehre und Rechtsprechung. Den Abschluss bildet eine intensive zivilrechtsdogmatische Analyse dieses neuen Phänomens.
Tutkielma tarkastelee älysopimusten ja lohkoketjuteknologian soveltamista vakuutusliiketoiminnassa, painopisteenä parametriset vakuutukset. Tavoitteena on arvioida, miten teknologia vaikuttaa vakuutusmarkkinoiden keskeisiin ongelmiin — haitalliseen valikoitumiseen, moraalikatoon, kilpailuun ja hallinnolliseen tehokkuuteen — sekä millaisia haasteita käyttöönottoon liittyy. Menetelmänä on kirjallisuuskatsaus, jota täydennetään olemassa olevien ratkaisujen tapausesimerkeillä.
Public Prosecution Office at the Egyptian Court of Cassation, Mohammed Abdelnabi, Yassin Abdalla Abdelkarim, Sohag Primary Court
The prevalence of digital technologies in contemporary human interactions has elevated the role of digital means in contractual relations among society members, prompting renewed attention to smart contracts as automated, code-based legal instruments. This study examines the nature, structure, and operational mechanisms of smart contracts, comparing them to traditional contract theory under the Egyptian Civil Code (Law No. 131/1948). Smart contracts create binding obligations through software-based processes that rely on encryption, offering efficiency but also posing technical and doctrinal challenges. The paper investigates whether the Egyptian legal framework can adequately address issues such as consent, validity, termination, and dispute resolution in digital contracts. By analyzing smart-contract characteristics through the lens of Egyptian civil-law principles, the study seeks to clarify how existing doctrines may be adapted to accommodate emerging technologies. It ultimately proposes a jurisprudential foundation for integrating smart contracts into Egyptian law, ensuring legal certainty and coherence with established contractual norms. __________ CONTRATOS INTELIGENTES BAJO EL DERECHO CIVIL EGIPCIO: ESTRUCTURA Y TERMINACIÓN La prevalencia de las tecnologías digitales en las interacciones humanas contemporáneas ha elevado el papel de los medios digitales en las relaciones contractuales entre los miembros de la sociedad, impulsando una renovada atención a los contratos inteligentes como instrumentos legales automatizados basados en código. Este estudio examina la naturaleza, la estructura y los mecanismos operativos de los contratos inteligentes, comparándolos con la teoría contractual tradicional del Código Civil egipcio (Ley n.º 131/1948). Los contratos inteligentes crean obligaciones vinculantes mediante procesos basados en software que se basan en el cifrado, lo que ofrece eficiencia, pero también plantea desafíos técnicos y doctrinales. El documento investiga si el marco legal egipcio puede abordar adecuadamente cuestiones como el consentimiento, la validez, la rescisión y la resolución de disputas en los contratos digitales. Al analizar las características de los contratos inteligentes a través de los principios del derecho civil egipcio, el estudio busca aclarar cómo las doctrinas existentes pueden adaptarse para dar cabida a las tecnologías emergentes. En última instancia, propone una base jurisprudencial para la integración de los contratos inteligentes en el derecho egipcio, garantizando la seguridad jurídica y la coherencia con las normas contractuales establecidas. __________ 埃及民法下的智能合约：结构与终止 数字技术在当代人际互动中的普及提升了数字手段在社会成员间契约关系中的作用，促使人们重新关注智能合约这种自动化、基于代码的法律工具。本研究考察了智能合约的性质、结构和运行机制，并将其与埃及民法典（1948年第131号法律）下的传统合同理论进行比较。智能合约通过基于软件的加密流程产生具有约束力的义务，这在提高效率的同时，也带来了技术和法理上的挑战。本文探讨了埃及法律框架是否能够充分解决数字合约中的同意、有效性、终止和争议解决等问题。通过运用埃及民法原则分析智能合约的特征，本研究旨在阐明如何调整现有法律原则以适应新兴技术。最终，本研究提出了将智能合约纳入埃及法律的法理基础，以确保法律确定性并与既定的合同规范保持一致。