Blockchain Papers

Iacovone, L.

No abstract is available for this record.

Itzhak Aviv, Alfred Taudesh, Davor Svetinović, Seok Won Lee

The second International Workshop on Requirement Engineering for Web3 Systems (RE4Web3), held at the 33rd IEEE RE Conference 2025 in Valencia, Spain. RE4Web3 fills in the space between traditional Requirements Engineering (RE) and particular challenges posed by Web3 technologies. Systems based on Web3 engineering principles are transforming software ecosystems with economic tools, transparent ledgers, and decentralized governance. This transition violates assumed expectations in requirements engineering, which mandates adjustments to traditional system engineering frameworks. A research agenda across quantum-safe security, autonomous agent control, socio-technical governance, token incentive design, and supply-chain transparency is advanced in seven peer-reviewed papers.

Jillian Mascelli, Megan Rodden

This paper analyzes the risks posed by future-state quantum computers, specifically the “harvest now decrypt later” (HNDL) risk. We review foundational concepts of quantum computing to address the present and ongoing threat of HNDL to currently protected data. We use the Bitcoin network as an illustrative example to study the implications of HNDL for distributed ledger cryptocurrency networks that rely upon traditional cryptography. We posit that while cryptocurrency distributed ledger network maintainers could successfully deploy post-quantum cryptography (PQC) mitigations to protect the network’s security and data integrity against a future-state quantum computer, data privacy of the network’s previously recorded transactions remains vulnerable against a future-state quantum computer due to HNDL. The difficulty in protecting data privacy lies in the risk that a bad actor can obtain a distributed ledger replica, harvest the data, and in the fullness of time reveal previously obfuscated and confidential data using a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. The authors highlight this gap in data privacy protection and note the shortage of mitigations for the data privacy risks associated with the HNDL threat within distributed ledger networks.

Md Monjurul Karim, Qiang Qu, Yaoyi Cai, Teddy Liu · 5 authors

The unprecedented rise of Bitcoin has marked a significant milestone in the evolution of decentralized finance (DeFi). Despite Bitcoin's groundbreaking contributions, it faces inherent challenges due to its reliance on the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model, which limits its capabilities in executing complex transactions and embedding diverse data types. To overcome these limitations, Ordinals and Inscriptions have been introduced, allowing extensive data and information embedding within Bitcoin transactions. Building upon these advancements, the recent development of the BRC-20 standard leverages these capabilities to introduce fungible tokens on the Bitcoin network. However, these innovations have yet to be fully integrated into the broader blockchain and DeFi ecosystems, and they still face challenges related to interoperability, scalability, and user perception. In this paper, we explore the intricacies of Ordinal, Inscription, and BRC protocols to address these challenges by analyzing their functionalities, operational methodologies, and potential applications. We offer a detailed examination of the challenges and future prospects, shedding light on the unexplored potential of these technologies in transforming Bitcoin transactions and expanding its role in the DeFi space. By thoroughly analyzing these new developments, we aim to bridge the gap in current academic research and offer valuable insights for developers, investors, and enthusiasts. This paper serves as a foundation for future innovations, paving the way for more robust, scalable, and user-friendly applications in the DeFi and Web3 landscape.

N. Alamelu Mangai

Blockchain technology is emerging as a transformative force in the banking industry, offering decentralized, secure, and transparent solutions for financial transactions and operations. By eliminating intermediaries and enabling real-time data sharing across distributed ledgers, blockchain enhances efficiency in processes such as cross-border payments, smart contracts, KYC, and fraud prevention. Major banks and financial institutions are increasingly adopting blockchain to reduce costs and improve trust. However, challenges such as scalability, data privacy, lack of standardization, and integration with legacy systems hinder its full-scale deployment. Furthermore, global regulatory uncertainties and varying compliance requirements pose additional barriers. As regulators and central banks explore frameworks like Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and regulatory sandboxes, a balanced approach is essential to foster innovation while ensuring security and consumer protection. This paper analyzes the key opportunities, challenges, and evolving regulatory landscape of blockchain in banking, highlighting its potential to reshape the financial ecosystem

Maria Dona Kristina Wati, Ainul Azizah, Fanny Tanuwijaya

The rapid development of digital technology has transformed the global financial landscape with the emergence of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. As a decentralized digital asset based on blockchain technology, Bitcoin enables fast, anonymous, and cross-border transactions without central authority intervention. While these features offer convenience, they also pose risks of abuse in illegal activities, including narcotics transactions. In Indonesia, the use of Bitcoin in drug-related offenses presents complex legal challenges due to the absence of explicit criminal regulations governing such usage. This study examines the criminal liability of narcotics offenders who utilize Bitcoin, focusing on three core issues: the juridical basis for punishment, the characteristics of punishment under Indonesia’s legal system, and an ideal penal concept for the future. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. Findings indicate that punishment remains based on Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, with Bitcoin regarded as a means rather than a core element of the crime. Although it does not constitute a new offense, its use may aggravate punishment through individualized sentencing. Sanctions involving digital assets remain suboptimal due to regulatory gaps. Therefore, this study recommends revising criminal laws to explicitly regulate Bitcoin use in drug crimes, developing sentencing guidelines that consider technological factors, and formulating responsive penal policies, including asset seizure and inter-agency collaboration through blockchain forensic technology.

Ejiroghene Amanda Onohwakpo, Ugochi Linda Onyeanuforo

This study examined cryptocurrency adoption patterns across developing economies using comprehensive data from 2018-2021. Through analysis of 45 developing countries, we identify key determinants of crypto adoption including financial inclusion gaps, currency stability, regulatory frameworks, and technological infrastructure. Our findings revealed that countries with higher inflation rates, lower banking penetration, and more favourable regulatory environments demonstrate significantly higher cryptocurrency adoption rates. The study contributes to understanding digital finance evolution in emerging markets and provides policy implications for fostering inclusive financial systems.

Ranith Bochu, Krishna Kumar Enumala, Siva Krishna Pllapati, Akhil Thatipally · 5 authors

Organ donation and transplantation systems are complex, sensitive, and often hindered by inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and data integrity issues. Traditional centralized systems struggle to manage consent, allocation, and tracking of organs in a secure and auditable manner. This paper proposes a blockchain-based application using a private Ethereum network to streamline and decentralize the organ donation process across hospitals. The system employs smart contracts and algorithm-driven matching to ensure secure donor registration, real-time tracking of organs, transparent allocation based on medical criteria, and immutable audit trails. Six core algorithms are implemented to manage consent, priority allocation, organ transport, and compliance verification. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system enhances privacy, accountability, and operational efficiency compared to existing methods. This solution not only reduces the risk of organ misuse and illegal trade but also builds trust among stakeholders, laying a strong foundation for ethical and technologically advanced organ donation management.

Tien-Chen Liu, Yang Liu, Dawei Zhang, Chang Chen · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Thành Khôi Lê, Thai Le, Hai Anh Tran

A university registration system needs transparency, high security, and high integrity of the data to prevent fraudulent actions on registration. Blockchain technology is a technology focused on the secure, transparent, and integrity of the data. This technology is suitable for the requirements of a registration system. This study proposes a method for integrating the blockchain into the registration system by using the smart contract to design the storage of data on the blockchain, and the functions with the logic process for the actions related to registration. This paper will discuss the architecture design, implementation, and testing to show the potential of applied blockchain in the registration system.

Musaed Autairi, Jawaher Ali Alhowaish

One major issue associated to microservices architectures is aspects related to data consistency and management of data within such a context. To measure the effect on system integrity, this research paper compares different data consistency models which are, eventual consistency, distributed transactions through Two-Phase Commit (2PC), the Saga pattern. Employing historical data analysis, case studies, and examining the recent technological advancements, the study gives a comparative assessment of various approaches in terms of their capabilities to achieve transaction latencies and throughput and possibility to guarantee consistent results. Based on the results, it is evident that although eventual consistency models provide high scale-out and availability characteristics, the models experience transitory data inconsistency. Consistency is high since data is accessed from, and committed to, multiple databases in a distributed transaction but they have performance penalties. The Saga patterning gives a balanced view but at the same time brings together additional design difficulty. New trends like Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) as well as new consensus algorithms that can be used to solve problematic approaches like the Raft algorithm give new possibilities for improving consistency of the data but bring their own concerns. The study implies that one must choose the right consistency model depending on the need and performance Degree and the future research can consider the use of the combination of several models along with the improvement of technological solutions to have a better deal with data consistency in microservices.

Pham, Harry

The Lattice Isomorphism Problem (LIP) is an emerging foundation for post-quantum cryptography thanks to the pioneering work of Ducas and van Woerden (EUROCRYPT '22). That work lays the foundation for LIP in cryptography with a zero-knowledge proof of knowledge (ZKPoK), a key-encapsulation mechanism, and a digital signature scheme which is further developed into the efficient signature Hawk (ASIACRYPT '22) using structured lattices. However, as compared to the development of lattice-based cryptography from the Short Integer Solution (SIS) and Learning with Errors (LWE) problems, LIP-based cryptography is yet to cover a rich variety of functionalities beyond the two basic ones: encrypting and digitally signing messages. This work is an effort to extend the landscape of LIP-based cryptography from the above basic primitives to more advanced ones by adapting techniques used in SIS-based and LWE-based primitives to LIP. We provide a public-key encryption (PKE) which encrypts plaintexts of integral vectors, and it comes with a zero-knowledge proof of plaintext knowledge. We use this PKE as a commitment scheme in the construction of a ZKPoK for quadratic relations, so this ZKPoK has a straightline extractor naturally. Using the same ZKPoK in non-interactive mode by Fiat-Shamir transformation, we introduce the first LIP-based blind signature scheme which is the blinded version of the digital signatures of Ducas and van Woerden. The security of our scheme stems from a new one-more Close Vector Problem (omCVP) assumption. This assumption is arguably an analogue of the one-more-SIS assumption by Agrawal et al. (CCS '22) and the one-more Short Vector Problem in Hawk signatures. To ensure confidence in omCVP, we provide a cryptanalysis attempt and convince that our parameter choice is in the safe zone.

Arpita Patil, Akanksha Mane, Poonam Todkar

Abstract: Ensuring the integrity, privacy and accessibility of electoral system remains a critical global challenge. This paper proposes a secure blockchain based e-voting framework enhanced with anti-spoofing facial recognition for voter authentication and zero-knowledge proofs to preserve voter anonymity while enabling verifiable results. The proposed system integrates seamlessly with existing election infrastructure, allowing transparent vote recording on a tamper-resistant distributed ledger while preventing identity fraud through advanced biometric anti-spoofing techniques. Zero Knowledge Proofs enable vote verification without revealing individual choices, ensuring both privacy and trust. By combining blockchain’s immutability, biometric security and cryptographic privacy guarantees, this approach addresses vote tampering, impersonation, and transparency concerns, offering a scalable , auditable, and privacy-preserving solution for modern elections. Keywords: Blockchain, E-Voting, Anti-Spoofing, Facial Recognition, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Election Security, Privacy preserving systems.

NakIn Sung

This paper examines the constitutional amendment bill and proposals of the current 1987 constitutional system that has been discussed so far, focusing especially on the local autonomy. Many constitutional amendment plans have been proposed by academia and civic groups, including the Moon Jae-in government’s constitutional amendment bill. Accordingly, this paper compares and analyzes these constitutional amendment proposals and largely divide them into moderate and progressive constitutional amendment proposals. The progressive constitutional amendment proposals aim for a decentralized state. However, there is a concern that a decentralized state can easily be confused with a state in a federal country. It is necessary to strengthen local autonomy in a unitary country while at the same time clarifying the limits of local autonomy in a single nation. In conclusion, this paper suggests constitutional amendment that can maximize local autonomy in the single state of the Republic of Korea. Local governments’ right to self-organization and self-financing should be secured. To this end, the right to self-legislation is recognized within the scope of the law.

Universitas Indonesia, Sendrawan Tjhong, Rosa Agustina, Edmon Makarim · 6 authors

Inheritance laws regarding the transfer of digital property after someone’s death is a relatively new and evolving area of legal consideration. Inheritance laws were developed long before the widespread adoption of digital property, such as cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), online accounts, and other forms of digital property. Therefore, existing inheritance laws often lack clear guidance on how to handle the legal transfer of these digital assets upon the owner’s death. This article aims to analyze the legal concept of digital property to be inherited and provide solutions for current digital property inheritance issues from a notarial perspective. To conduct a thorough analysis on digital property inheritance law and how notaries should play a role in digital inheritance matters, this study employs a doctrinal legal analysis of current national and international laws and regulations pertaining to digital property succession; comparative legislative studies examining proposed policies across jurisdictions to garner real-world insights into the operational challenges, emerging practices, and pragmatic considerations surrounding notary participation in digital inheritance procedures. Updating inheritance laws to address the transfer of digital property is crucial in order to protect the rights and interests of individuals, promoting legal certainty, and ensuring that these valuable assets are properly accounted for and transferred to rightful heirs or beneficiaries. The law of property in the Indonesian Civil Code needs to be immediately adjusted to the development of the digitalization era. This article suggests optimizing the role of notaries to create authentic deeds on digital property inheritance.

Loren King

Forms of informal cooperation, coordination, and action that embody mutuality without hierarchy are the quotidian experience of most people. Only occasionally do they embody implicit or explicit opposition to state law and institutions. Most villages and neighborhoods function precisely because of the informal, transient networks of coordination that do not require formal organization, let alone hierarchy. In other words, the experience of anarchistic mutuality is ubiquitous. Subsidiarity frustrates. Emerging from Catholic roots to become an explicit part of EU law,1 the principle admits of clear articulation as an ideal (‘vest authority as close as feasible to those most affected’) but then invites conflicting interpretations and elaborations. As a workable principle, subsidiarity founders seemingly when we need it most: when we ask what, precisely, that principle regulates. Andreas Føllesdal has shown that distinct interpretations of subsidiarity have strikingly incongruous political implications, with any “apparent consensus … gained only by obfuscation” (Føllesdal 1998, 190). And as a moral precept, subsidiarity promises a politics sensitive to diverse needs and responsive to local knowledge; yet in practice, any implementation of the ideal pulls us back toward an authoritative center to regulate disputes and coordinate all of this local wisdom. Jenna Bednar describes subsidiarity as “the soul of federalism” (Bednar 2014, 231) and she has in mind two complementary rationales: ensuring that political power is close to the people affected, while also finding efficient ways to satisfy diverse preferences. Of particular interest in Bednar's account is the epistemic role for subsidiarity in bringing a wider range of perspectives to bear on judging new policies than might otherwise be the case in a more centralized system. Here, then, the justification of subsidiarity appeals to efficiency and accountability, not simply for any given snapshot of needs, interests, and associated policies, but also (and more critically) to the constitutional and administrative system as a whole.2 Still, these epistemic hopes for subsidiarity seem to assume, as Jacob Levy puts it, “a fantastic level of competence, knowledge, and disinterestedness on the part of the body that allocates decision-making authority in each case—itself usually one of the contenders for the authority at stake” (Levy 2007, 462). I love subsidiarity for these frustrations and ambiguities. In this respect, it is the perfect moral maxim for the real worlds of political institutions and practices, where most of us, most of the time, muddle through the messy day-to-day complexities of living together, while leaving space for dissent and resistance. Levy argues that subsidiarity “fails as an institutional decision rule,” but he prefaces that indictment with the thought that it “may offer a useful critical language” (Levy 2007, 462). That, I think, is a thought worth pursuing. Perhaps we will be less frustrated with subsidiarity if we see it not primarily as a decision rule or principle of institutional design, but also, and perhaps more importantly, as an essential challenge to the dominant vocabulary of the sovereign territorial state? To be sure, subsidiarity labors under the long shadow of the Westphalian imaginary, a vision of politics anchored in justifying coercion over a bounded territory. Sovereignty and rights are the coins of that realm. If subsidiarity is to be a critical lens, then it will be laboring against that imaginary, and our settled moral and legal vocabularies so firmly entrenched therein. To make my case, then, this is the labor I will undertake here. On a rather cold and unfriendly morning in October 1625, Rudolph Christian, the newly enthroned count of Eastern Frisia, arrived at the city gate of Emden, expecting that the city would welcome him and immediately start with the traditional ceremonies during which it had to pay homage to its new sovereign. But nobody met Rudolph Christian at the gate, and only later in the day a delegation of the city council appeared at the count's residence, telling him to his great surprise, that it had not been possible to meet him at the city gate because it had not been known through which of the several gates he had wished to enter (Hueglin 1979, 9). Centuries later and half a world away, Clifford Geertz (1980) offers the following story to set the puzzle of his remarkable account of politics and ceremony in precolonial Bali. Dutch administrators, seeking to establish clear designations of local authority and ownership, wished to establish the boundary between two hostile princedoms. The princes agreed that the boundaries were, respectively, wherever one could see the sea, facing outward, or the marshlands, facing inward. Perplexed, the administrators asked if there hadn't been past conflicts over such a murky division: didn't they fight over this territory? “Mejheer,” one of the old leaders replied, “we have much better reasons to fight than these shabby hills” (Geertz 1980, 24–25). Ultimately, things end poorly for the Balinese order. Geertz recounts one of the final encounters of that regime with Dutch forces in 1908, at “Klungkung, the nominal ‘capital’ of traditional Bali” where “the king and court again paraded, half entranced, half dazed with opium, out of the palace into the reluctant fire of the by now thoroughly bewildered Dutch troops. It was quite literally the death of the old order. It expired as it had lived: absorbed in a pageant” (12–13). What binds these two accounts? In each, older forms—and animating symbols and rituals—of political order fall before the imperatives of sovereignty and its most central ordering feature: coercion. Violence. Max Weber's (in)famous claim to monopoly over legitimate coercion within a clearly delineated territory (Weber 1919, 78). In the case of the Balinese order, Geertz means to highlight what our Westphalian-inflected conceptions of politics and the state tend to obscure: “the ordering force of display, regard, and drama” (Geertz 1980, 121). If we invoke our favored analytic categories and causal explanations to reduce the semiotic core of Balinese politics to “the worn coin of European ideological debate” we “allow most of what is most interesting about it to escape our view. Whatever intelligence it may have to offer us about the nature of politics, it can hardly be that big fish eat little fish, or that the rags of virtue mask the engines of privilege” (123). When the homage was finally paid two years later, on the 28th of June 1627, the relation between city and sovereign had indeed been radically changed. In the place of the unilateral obligation of the city, there now was a mutual contract: in exchange for the city's oath of loyalty, the count had to guarantee the city's privileges by an equally binding ‘declaration of rights’. Especially the oath-formula itself appeared fundamentally altered. Where the old oath had spoken of obedience according to customary law between vassals and hereditary sovereign, the new text only spoke of faith between count and city according to mutual contract and in consideration of the city's privileges (Hueglin 1979, 9-10). At the dawn of the sovereign territorial state, then, and sharing so much by way of law and culture, Althusius could negotiate favorable terms of Emden's submission with the fading relevance of local sovereigns. Two centuries later, no such space was possible for the Balinese, and for countless other peoples with distinctive ways of ordering their public lives together. History is littered with peoples who had better reasons to fight than their shabby hills, or who might sometimes fight over shabby hills that they only saw and settled on every few years, before moving on. These peoples lost out to others, whose understandings of use, possession, property, territory, and place were grounded in a particular notion of a right: powers and entitlements to exclude, ultimately grounded in the violence of the sovereign territorial state. The imperatives of territorial sovereignty are distinct from mere control: Henrik Spruyt (Spruyt 1994, 34–35) notes the fundamental novelty of what happens in the decades and centuries after the encounter Hueglin describes. Human territoriality is a deep fact of social life, to be sure; and claims of exclusive and absolute authority are familiar throughout history. The latter, however, were typically made by priests, emperors, and kings, and those claims were over people (bodies and souls), resources, and activities. Territorial jurisdiction was incidental to these desirada, and indeed unimportant insofar as the final authority of divine edict—and of the king or emperor sanctioned by the mandate of heaven—was universal and undifferentiated. In the medieval West, the idea of sovereignty, while a part of medieval thought and law at least from Bodin's famous reflections,3 took a long time to become politically important because it was not clearly differentiated in space: there were no borders delimiting God's power. Spruyt puts the point succinctly: “Church and empire were universalist forms of organization” (1994, 35). This is not to say that claims of territorial jurisdiction were uncommon in human history, but most often they were not claims of exclusive and final authority over clearly bounded physical regions. More often, jurisdictional claims were limited to particular times, people, and activities. Territorial control was incidental to, and derivative of, authority over peoples, activities, and resources. So, what is possible for Emden and some other cities fades as territorial jurisdiction becomes wed to the idea of sovereign territorial states. Possibilities for understanding and implementing complex and overlapping configurations of negotiated, provisional sovereignties become foreclosed under the emerging logics of capital (commerce, exchange, exploitation) and coercion (violence, control, domination), a historical dynamic beautifully elaborated by Charles Tilly (1993).4 Against that history, we so often find ourselves chafing at the legacy of the sovereign state system. Scholars wrestle with how regionally concentrated—and often historically oppressed or marginalized—groups can be fairly and within and most or when those might it from sovereign territorial Scholars with the of and the by peoples, in the and the world has with and if sovereign territorial may and more coercion at borders And and that state and perhaps most us to the of state sovereignty and the of how institutions in fact to with these complexities the of and legitimate coordination with to and indeed the and of the idea of and These are all indeed and I if we might do to some of those ways of ordering public that have been or under the that sovereignty has over Perhaps the of from such us to an understanding of subsidiarity at its a of against that as much as a rule of for What it to subsidiarity not primarily as a principle and an authoritative as a moral principle and but as a of against the dominant vocabulary of territorial sovereignty, and rights of jurisdiction and is as a and 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any other way of life, have in political and These and foreclosed for and the quotidian of and social life, on the that have to the hopes and of and and yet that sovereign have in and in the ways The of these I and and moral and then perhaps of our and ask if our favored ownership, use, jurisdictional territorial be in ways that are not so to the idea of and more to the legacy of that that that our understandings of and and that so for politics and and resources. can the and of the Westphalian on a bounded sovereign authority over territory, and then with our and their or we can that and its at least to some useful we can do the by and and are and in through who has rights to territory, when and and how we about and and But they are much within the Westphalian a little against the and historical of that we do when we ask about the of ways of within these and we find ourselves and often So, we need and moral within the and political we have but we also at those where the and and need 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Chetan Chauhan, Pradeep Laxkar, Ram Kumar Solanki, S. R. Parihar · 6 authors

Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising paradigm for addressing the inherent vulnerabilities of Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Conventional IoT systems rely on centralized architectures that are prone to single points of failure, data breaches, and unauthorized access. This paper presents a blockchain-enabled secure communication framework for smart IoT systems that integrates symmetric encryption, distributed ledger validation, and smart-contract–driven access control. The proposed model is formalized through mathematical definitions of encryption, hashing, and contract execution, and validated using simulation tools such as NS-3 and Ethereum-based test environments. Comparative results demonstrate that the framework significantly improves communication security, data integrity, and resistance to cyberattacks while reducing latency and energy consumption relative to traditional models. The findings suggest that blockchain integration provides a scalable, resilient, and efficient foundation for trustworthy IoT communication in smart environments.

Hoon-Young Koo, Heejung Lee, Geun-Cheol Lee

This study empirically analyzes the determinants of NFT (Non-Fungible Token) value in the collectible NFT market, focusing on investor types. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group analysis, we examine the effects of rarity, number of attributes, and trading volume on NFT value, comparing differences between large-scale (whale) and small-scale (ant) investors. Analyzing over 88 thousand transaction data points for 10,000 NFTs from the Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) collection, results show that NFT rarity positively influences value but negatively affects trading volume. Both the number of attributes and trading volume negatively impact on NFT value. Multi-group analysis reveals statistically significant differences in NFT value assessment between whale and ant investors. Whale investors showed a stronger preference for NFTs with higher rarity, particularly valuing the rarity of 'eyes', 'mouth', and 'earring' attributes. Conversely, ant investors showed more interest in NFTs with higher trading frequency and a greater number of attributes. This research contributes to improving the accuracy of NFT value assessment by modeling rarity as a latent variable and clarifying the impact of market dynamics and investor behavior on the structure of the NFT market. These findings provide practical implications for NFT creators, investors, and marketplace operators, and are expected to contribute to strategy formulation for the sustainable development of the NFT market in the future.

M Savitha Devi, Ningthoujam Chidananda Singh, Thoudam Basanta Singh

Abstract - The explosion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices calls for the design of computationally light blockchain consensus mechanisms immune to quantum threats. The conventional consensus protocols such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) may have quantum cryptanalysis and incur high computational overhead on resource-limited IoT devices. In this paper, we introduce QR-LightChain, a new quantum-robust light weight consensus algorithm with the combination of lattice-based cryptography and a brand-new Proof-of-Lightweight-Work (PoLW). Our proposal is based on formalism Learning With Errors (LWE) as a quantum resistant based scheme, also, but with the use of the adaptive difficulty tuning and energy efficient mechanism to validate the hashing. Experimental results show that QR-LightChain reduces the computational overhead by 52.3% with respect to traditional quantum-resistant approaches, while preserving security against both classical and quantum adversaries. The protocol shows good performance in IoT: The average block validation time of 1.2 sec is achieved and there is 40% less energy consumed than for current quantum-resistant consensus in the literature. Our work fills the important research challenge of providing 1 Post-Quantum Cryptography and Blockchain Modern internet of things (IoT) blockchain net- works are being developed in resource-constrained environments such as smart cities, while QCs Key Words: Quantum resistance, IoT blockchain, lightweight consensus, lattice-based cryptography, post-quantum cryptography, Proof-of-Lightweight-Work, resource-constrained devices

Kai Li, Yanyu Chen, Zhangjie Fu

No abstract is available for this record.

R. A. Khan, B. Sharma, Nita Thakare

In the rapidly evolving landscape of blockchain technology, the twin challenges of scalability and security remain significant obstacles to widespread adoption. Traditional blockchain architectures struggle to balance the increasing demands for transaction throughput and the imperative of maintaining robust security measures. This work addresses these limitations by proposing an innovative model that integrates advanced privacy mechanisms, rigorous security analysis, and scalability enhancements to forge a more resilient and efficient blockchain framework. The cornerstone of our model is the introduction of ZeroKnowledge Proofs (ZKPs) to enhance user privacy significantly. By enabling transaction verification without revealing sensitive information, ZKPs mitigate information leakage and boost transaction confidentiality. Our findings suggest an estimated 15% improvement in privacy levels, marking a substantial advancement over existing methods that often compromise user privacy for transparency. Addressing the security aspect, we employ Temporal Logic of Actions Plus (TLA+) for formal verification of the blockchain protocol. This method allows us to model the blockchain's behavior systematically, ensuring its correctness, safety, and liveness even under adverse conditions such as Byzantine faults. Our analysis reveals a 98% success rate in detecting and thwarting Byzantine behaviors, thereby substantiating the robustness of our proposed model against a range of security threats. To tackle the issue of scalability, we introduce adaptive sharding with dynamic load balancing. This approach not only partitions the network into manageable shards but also optimizes transaction processing by adapting to changes in transaction volume and network congestion. Our results prove a 20% increase in transaction throughput and a 25% decrease in network latency, showcasing the effectiveness of adaptive sharding in enhancing blockchain scalability and performance.

Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores del Oriente del Estado de México, Benito Samuel López Razo, José Israel Campero Domínguez, Víctor Hugo de la O Martínez · 7 authors

La emisión de documentos oficiales en el ámbito educativo a nivel superior se ha comprometido en los últimos años en México debido a la falsificación y robo de identidad. Esta investigación presenta un sistema distribuido basado en Blockchain y Ethereum para la emisión y validación de certificados digitales, garantizando seguridad, trazabilidad e inmutabilidad mediante contratos inteligentes escritos en Solidity. Utilizando la biblioteca web3.py y la red Ethereum. El sistema integra firmas digitales X.509, ERC-721 y códigos QR para facilitar la verificación. Los resultados preliminares muestran métricas de gas usado y consumo de recurso Ethereum de 0.00442378 en promedio por transacción. Este enfoque ofrece una solución escalable y confiable para la emisión y gestión de certificados en entornos educativos e industriales. El sistema reduce costos de verificación en un 43% en comparación de un sistema distribuido con sistemas centralizado.

Hyun-Tae Choi

The diverse potential applications of blockchain technology, or so-called universality, can actually bring fear and a sense of loss to many. This study attributes this to legal uncertainty. For example, while the experience of “The DAO” incident demonstrated the complexity and risks of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and tokens, the potential and legal implications of decentralized and decentralized organizations remain unclear. This has raised serious questions about the future. To analyze the issues, assess applicability, and explore legal directions, it is crucial to understand the technical aspects. First and foremost, it is crucial to understand and examine the structural and operational legal issues surrounding DAOS, establish their legal status, and establish legal regulations.<br/> With this understanding, this study aims to address the following key issues: von Gier) and how it can be viewed from the perspective of corporate law. ii) To conduct a broad comparative legal review, we first analyze the enactment of the DAO Act in Wyoming, USA. This will be followed by a comparative study of other representative legislative examples actively utilizing DAOS. iii) We examine effective legal regulations, including those related to operational management and legal acts, to eliminate legal uncertainties that may arise during the process of establishment, operation, and dissolution of corporations and organizations. iv) As mentioned above, we aim to structure the discussion around corporate law from a macroscopic perspective.<br/> Specific details include the rights and obligations of the parties, various situations related to compensation in the event of damages, matters related to proof of breach of rights and obligations, and the subject and scope of liability. This model also provides a framework for preparing for situations where a legislative vacuum may arise before the law is enacted.

Joel Wagner, Siew Ann Cheong, Viola Priesemann

Asset exchange models (AEMs) provide a physics-inspired framework for studying wealth formation. These models capture wealth distribution dynamics via pairwise money exchanges, yielding steady-state distributions from exponential to heavy-tailed power laws. However, empirical validation remains limited due to scarce real-world transaction data. Here, we bridge this gap by analyzing spectral properties of Markov transition matrices from both AEMs and Ethereum blockchain data, enabling quantitative comparison of model and empirical exchange dynamics. We assess thermodynamic equilibrium in exchange processes - specifically, detailed balance - and derive steady-state wealth distributions from transition matrices. We find that equilibrium systems' spectra contain only real eigenvalues and link Ethereum price changes to spectral shifts. We also investigate external factors (e.g., taxes), showing that advantages for richer individuals make wealth evolution path-dependent on initial distributions. Our work establishes a quantitative framework for validating AEMs with real data, advancing economic modeling and understanding of wealth formation.