Marc Hübschke, Eugen Buss, Elmar Holschbach, Stefan Lier
Abstract Research on blockchain technology in supply chain management has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to address critical challenges such as transparency, traceability, and operational efficiency. Despite this interest, the relationship between blockchain implementation and its measurable success has not been thoroughly investigated. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 46 peer-reviewed papers published between 2008 and 2024, synthesizing current research on how blockchain performance is assessed within supply chains. By categorizing the findings across key success factors, research methodologies, and performance indicators, this study provides a structured understanding of blockchain’s role in SCM. Emerging from our review, we develop a dynamic evaluation framework that systematically integrates use cases, objectives, input criteria, research methodologies, and expected outcomes, illustrating their interdependencies. This framework demonstrates blockchain’s capacity to enhance supply chain performance through improved transparency, enhanced traceability, and strengthened sustainability practices. Furthermore, it provides a structured approach to assessing blockchain’s long-term viability, emphasizing its iterative nature, which allows organizations to refine and adapt their implementations in response to evolving business and regulatory landscapes. Our findings underscore the cross-industry applicability of blockchain technology, spanning various sectors and bridging both operational and strategic objectives. However, the analysis reveals significant research gaps, particularly in empirical studies validating blockchain’s long-term impact on supply chain resilience, sustainability, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Additionally, inconsistencies in performance measurement approaches hinder the comparability of findings across studies. Addressing these gaps through future research will be essential to fully unlocking blockchain’s transformative potential in SCM and ensuring its effective integration into global supply chain ecosystems.
A virtual currency is decentralized digital money designed using cryptography and based on blockchain technology. Virtual currencies have gained wider acceptance and are now considered a viable alternative exchange mechanism with increasing adoption. According to the International Monetary Fund, the market value of virtual currencies has increased tenfold, peaking at USD 3 trillion in 2021, with current figures around USD 2.57 trillion. This rapid rise, coupled with volatility, has raised concerns among regulators worldwide about risks to investors and the financial system. Unlike traditional currencies like the Rupee or Euro, virtual currencies lack a central issuing authority to manage their value, making them immune to government interference. Regulating virtual currencies has become an intense global discourse. This research examines perspectives from both pro-regulators and anti-regulators. While some advocate banning virtual currencies, they acknowledge the potential of blockchain technology to enhance efficiency and reduce currency management costs. In India, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the launch of a blockchain-based digital rupee in her 2022 Budget Speech, released on December 1, 2022. Initially, India warned citizens and banned all virtual currency dealings, but now, it appears to lean toward regulation. However, the awaited “Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021” leaves uncertainty. This chapter discusses virtual currencies, their types, advantages, and whether they should be regulated, highlighting India’s evolving stance and regulatory confusion.
В статье представлен комплексный анализ принципов функционирования и особенностей децентрализованных систем. Исследование направлено на изучение механизмов обеспечения устойчивости, безопасности и математического моделирования таких структур. Применены методы системного анализа, теории графов и агентного моделирования. Выявлены ключевые характеристики децентрализованных систем: отказоустойчивость, масштабируемость, автономность узлов. Установлено, что эффективность таких систем достигается через механизмы консенсуса, распределенного хранения данных и самоорганизации. Результаты исследования демонстрируют перспективность применения децентрализованных структур в различных сферах - от финансов до государственного управления. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of operational principles and characteristics of decentralized systems. The research focuses on studying mechanisms for ensuring resilience, security, and mathematical modeling of such structures. Methods of system analysis, graph theory, and agent-based modeling are applied. Key characteristics of decentralized systems are identified: fault tolerance, scalability, and node autonomy. It is established that the efficiency of such systems is achieved through consensus mechanisms, distributed data storage, and self-organization. The research results demonstrate the promising potential of applying decentralized structures in various fields from finance to public administration.
Advanced Research in Systems and Signal Processing
A machine-checked, sorry-free development in Lean 4 over Mathlib (about 1500 lines) that fills a gap in Mathlib — the dilogarithm Li2, which the library cites but does not define — and follows it into a quantum-mechanics problem. To the best of the author's knowledge, the first formalization in any proof assistant of: the real dilogarithm with Euler's reflection identity, Landen's transformation and the duplication formula; the golden-ratio ladder Li2(1/φ2) = π2/15 − ln2φ (derived from a 3×3 linear system, no five-term relation) and the Lee–Yang effective central charge c_eff = 2/5 (the simplest thermodynamic-Bethe-ansatz dilogarithm identity); the Clausen function Cl2 and Catalan's constant G = Cl2(π/2); the Fejér–Jackson inequality; the bound Cl2(θ) ≥ sin(θ)/2 by an asymptotics-free Abel summation; and the Margolus–Levitin and (an L1 form of the) Mandelstam–Tamm quantum speed limits. These assemble into the title theorem: the weight-2 zeta state (populations proportional to 1/n2 on equally spaced energy levels) has infinite mean energy and infinite energy variance — so both textbook speed limits say nothing — yet never reaches a state orthogonal to itself, because its autocorrelation is (6/π2)·Li2(e−iθ) and the dilogarithm has no zero on the unit circle. A clock with an unbounded energy budget that never ticks. Every identity is classical (Euler, Landen, Clausen, Fejér, Jackson, Mandelstam–Tamm, Margolus–Levitin); the contribution is the machine-checked development and its assembly. Every named theorem depends only on the three standard axioms (propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound). Formalized with AI assistance (Claude, Anthropic); the mathematics and all claims are the author's responsibility.
The advancement in smart mobility communication technology allows intelligent vehicles to interconnect and communicate with each other to improve traffic safety and efficiency. However, the highly dynamic nature of the smart mobility network and vehicle behaviour creates the requirement for effective authentication systems to establish secure and reliable communication between vehicles. The implementation of a reputation system has been proposed to establish trust among untrusted vehicles, where the reliability of a propagated message is assessed based on the reputation of the sender vehicle. Thus, preventing malicious vehicles from potentially broadcasting misleading messages that can cause accidents or disrupt the network. This paper proposes a novel decentralised and dynamic reputation management and computation model based on a consortium blockchain and a multi-signature smart contract. The implementation of blockchain and a smart contract provides a secure and transparent framework for registering vehicles, submitting events, voting feedback, evaluating reputation, and blocking malicious vehicles. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model, we conducted security and performance analyses. The results demonstrate how our model can provide resistance against various attacks, such as data tampering, message forging, self-promotion, vote duplication, bad-mouth, onoff, time-dependent, and collusion attacks.
Open access
2 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The integration of cryptocurrency transaction in online marketplace comes with its pros and cons. This integration brings security, traceability and transparency in the transactions. Besides, the major issue arising here is volatility in price of cryptocurrency,causing inconsistent transaction with reference to the nationally accepted currency.This review paper explores problems surrounding volatility of prices in blockchain based marketplace and adoption of cryptocurrency in online market-places and routine transactions. Because of the price fluctuations of cryptocurrency, the stability of transaction value became unpredictable,creating hesitation among buyers and sellers. The volatility impacts crypto acceptance when it comes to real world accepted currencies. Through the detailed review, we identified what are the possible solutions to combat volatility and enhance reliability of cryptocurrency transaction in real marketplaces, creating higher trust and acceptance rates for blockchain in varied fields. This work seeks measures for bridging the gaps between cryptocurrency's potential and stability in transactions for its acceptance in practical applications.
The rise of Intelligent Consumer Electronics (ICE), including smart home hubs and wearable devices, requires decentralized mechanisms for secure firmware validation, access control, and tamper-resistant logging. Centralized systems remain vulnerable to spoofed updates, opaque logging practices, and limited scalability. To address these challenges, we present a blockchain-based framework that integrates hash-based firmware verification, smart contract-backed access logging, elliptic curve signatures, and TLS-secured transport. Our evaluation, conducted on constrained device profiles (1 vCPU, 512MB RAM, 10 Mbps bandwidth), employed four platforms: Hyperledger Fabric (Raft), IOTA (Tangle), Algorand, and Ethereum (PoA). IOTA demonstrated the lowest latency (220 ms) and minimal resource consumption (42MB RAM, 34% CPU), while Algorand achieved peak throughput (910 tx/s) with 95% consistency. Ethereum-PoA minimized storage requirements (2.8MB per 1,000 logs), whereas Fabric exhibited higher latency (570 ms) and resource load (74MB RAM, 51% CPU) but provided strong audit guarantees. Spoofed firmware was rejected in 100% of cases, and unauthorized logs were blocked in over 97.5% of attempts. Privacy was ensured using pseudonymous identifiers and selective logging. Adversarial dynamics such as packet loss, jamming, and consensus forking were modeled. Despite partial offloading to a gateway node, auditability and verification upheld decentralized trust. These results confirm the feasibility of blockchain-secured ICE and its resilience to both operational and adversarial threats.
John C. Moore, Marc Macias‐Fauria, Michael Wolovick
Key points • Academics, activists, and Arctic inhabitants are deeply concerned about cryosphere systems at imminent risk of collapse, and yet decades of "consequences-based" lobbying have failed to produce sufficient political will for deep decarbonization. • There are moral imperatives to search for tools that may help stabilise Arctic earth systems and to explore knowledge co-production and co-design with Arctic peoples to ensure both local and global benefits. • We propose a "compassionate harm reduction" paradigm, whereby climate scientists prioritise the well-being of humanity, and take responsibility to thoroughly understand any potential interventions that might minimise the harm from the consequences of climate change. A New Paradigm The prevailing "consequences-based paradigm" defines the role of climate scientists as informing the public about the negative effects of climate change, assuming this will mobilize political action to reduce emissions. Under this paradigm, research into strategies other than decarbonization is often seen as counterproductive, an argument advanced by Siegert et al. (2025) in their lead article, "Safeguarding the polar regions from dangerous geoengineering", in Frontiers in Science. Yet after half a century of alarm-raising, this paradigm has failed to generate the political will needed for deep decarbonization. This article presents insights from 27 academics, activists and Arctic inhabitants who propose an alternative: a "harm-reduction paradigm." We maintain that climate interventions research and decarbonization are not mutually exclusive. Instead of focusing solely on the problems, climate scientists should also explore all potential solutions to reduce harm to humanity. The effectiveness and risks of interventions remain uncertain, and only further research can address these questions – research that some, including Siegert et al. (2025) seek to halt. This perspective also carries implications for governance. Stewards of the Arctic Unlike Antarctica, the Arctic is more accessible, making it a more likely starting point for intervention field trials. It is not a Global Commons, and Arctic Peoples must be central to any decision-making. Preference from those in the mid-latitudes are secondary. The key question is how should decisions be made – through evidence or guesswork? Evidence includes both traditional knowledge and the scientific method, each of which has long produced valuable insights. Whether climate interventions make sense, pose risks, or are preferable to inaction remains unknown and cannot be determined without comprehensive research across legal, scientific, and technical domains. Pirita Näkkäläjärvi, President of the Sámi Parliament in Finland, states: "It is my personal opinion that we need to keep all options open and research climate interventions because of the risk of exceeding the goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees and the risk of crossing multiple climate tipping points" (Operaatio Arktis, 2023). Motivated by these concerns, the University of the Arctic has set up a review process for high latitude interventions (https://climateinterventions.org/), led by the Saami Council and incorporating both academic and traditional knowledge perspectives (Fig. 1). Gunn-Britt Retter, Head of the Arctic and Environmental Unit of the Saami Council, explains "The Saami Council acknowledges the need to face suggested intervention ideas and initiatives that are developed or are being developed. (...) It is our position that a rights-based perspective must be the foundation in any evaluation of intervention suggestions in relation to strengths and weaknesses and benefits and co-benefits.(...) Saami Council's participation in this project should not be interpreted as Saami Council's endorsement or support of the intervention suggestions assessed". Another core group interested in the future Arctic are the youth. Anni Pokela, strategic planner with Operaatio Arktis and a Gender Studies student at Helsinki University, asks: "Are we truly ready to accept the damage, the suffering that's unavoidable without climate intervention? Or are we going to give climate repair a chance?" In their lead article, Siegert et al. (2025) ask "why would a nation such as Greenland embrace a geoengineering solution to sea level rise" —since sea levels around Greenland's coasts are falling as the ice disappears. A good way to find out is to ask Greenlanders. Those of us that have readily identified several reasons for pursuing interventions research. For example, many Greenlanders have empathy and feel a sense of solidarity with low-income communities around the world who are already feeling the impacts of sea level rise. Furthermore, the ice itself is a global good which, if valued appropriately (Brown et al., 2021), would be highly rewarding for Greenland. Finally, declining sea levels impact Greenlanders, for instance through boat collisions with unmapped islets previously submerged. Challenges of Decarbonization There is near-universal agreement amongst scientists and policymakers that decarbonization is essential. The Earth is already at 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels, and no climate intervention can work sustainably without rapid emissions cuts. Yet, glossing over the serious challenges involved is, at best, naive. Siegert et al. (2025) describe a scenario in which global temperature is stabilized at 0.9°C above preindustrial levels - a target long since past. While we agree that this "simple vision for Antarctica is appealing", it is also nearly impossible. Even in 2020, achieving net-zero required global investments in clean-energy and carbon-removal infrastructure exceeding $4 trillion annually by 2030 (IEA, 2021). With President Trump now actively reversing U.S. commitments to renewable energy, despite the U.S. being the world's largest historical emitter of greenhouse gasses, the likelihood of achieving rapid global decarbonization in time to meet climate goals is increasingly remote. Meanwhile, human activities continue to drive planetary warming – the most effective large-scale geoengineering experiment to date. Governance Moral hazard A widely touted argument against research into climate interventions, and used by Siegert et al. (2025), is that such research may reduce the likelihood of decarbonization. This is known as the "Mitigation Deterrence" or "Moral Hazard" argument. However, evidence is mixed: public attitudes show weak and variable support for this hazard, and there is equally strong evidence of the opposite effect (Reynolds 2014): that is, the idea of interventions can motivate people to take decarbonization more seriously. Furthermore, anticipating moral hazard may limit policymakers' options (Andrews et al., 2022). Support for intervention research is strongest among those suffering the worst climate impacts—especially in the Global South and among Indigenous Peoples (Sovacool et al., 2024). Motives and vested interests Opinion on geoengineering are often influenced by who funds the research and their motives. Who gains from Arctic intervention research? The fossil fuel and mineral extraction industries have clear interests in the Arctic, which holds an estimated 25% of global untapped gas reserves and 13% of oil, and large amounts of rare earth elements, such as 40% of global palladium (Borgerson, 2013). These resources become more accessible with reduced snow, ice cover or minimal sea ice, which also facilitates safer transport. Thus, resource extraction industries are unlikely to fund efforts to preserve the Arctic cryosphere intact, unless they are cynically assuming interventions will fail. Many institutions active in Arctic research, including the University of the Arctic and the University of Cambridge have published strong ethical statements rejecting support from such sources (University of Cambridge, 2023). The Precautionary Principle Environmental risks are often cited to oppose geoengineering research (e.g., Siegert et al., 2025). The Precautionary Approach has framed most environmental legislation over the last 30 years. Davis and Vinders (2025) examine how it might apply to geoengineering. In the case of intervention field trials, environmental risks are generally very small. However, perceived risk often includes concern over a "slippery slope" toward broader deployment. Davis and Vinders (2025) argue that political risk should be included when evaluating harms, but this assessment must consider both the risk of using an intervention and the risk of not using one – the "Moral Hazard of non-research." This latter risk is missing in both Siegert et al.'s review, and more broadly, such as in the EU advisory report (SAPEA, 2024). Risks of inaction include the socio-economic damages from crossing climate tipping points which are concentrated in the polar regions (Armstrong-McKay et al., 2022). Sticky slopes not slippery ones Does research inevitably lead to deployment – the so-called "slippery slope"? Not if research is ethically guided (e.g., AGU, 2024). There is a duty to report all findings, positive and negative, often required by funders. A roadmap to potential deployment involves many checkpoints along the way (e.g., Diamond et al., 2022). So far, the slope has proven "sticky," not slippery. For example, the Arctic Ice Project ceased sea ice albedo modification research due to toxicity concerns about hollow glass microspheres that they proposed using (https://srm360.org/news-reaction/arctic-ice-project-shuts-down/). Similarly, simulations suggest the retreat of the Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbrae) glacier is unstoppable (Zhao et al., 2025). The Induction Fallacy Both decarbonization and climate interventions are extraordinarily challenging. Many intervention proposals will prove unworkable – due to feasibility, cost, timing, or being too risky. Whether this has already been demonstrated, as Siegert et al. (2025) claim, is debatable given how little research exists on most options (Fig. 1). Dismissing all climate interventions because some face serious challenges is a logical error, known as the Induction Fallacy. Siegert et al. examine only 5 of the 61 intervention ideas identified so far for the Arctic (https://climateinterventions.org), with more likely to emerge in future. Conversely, advocating a sole focus on carbon emissions reduction risks falling into "single action bias"; the tendency to favour one familiar solution while neglecting others that may also be necessary. Risk-risk assessment Any analysis of climate interventions must be framed as a risk-risk assessment, that is, comparing the risks and benefits of doing something versus doing nothing. Neither the present nor a past climate state can serve as a viable baseline; we must compare against plausible future scenarios. While research is still at an early stage for many intervention ideas, the literature on Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) is relatively mature. It generally finds that projected impacts under SAI are less severe, and crucially more equitable, than those under future greenhouse gas climate scenarios. Supporting references (see supplementary material) point to economic benefits, an overwhelmingly positive cryospheric response, and net human health gains from reduced temperatures that outweigh risks from air pollution and from ozone depletion by a factor of 13 (Harding et al). Conclusions While scientific and public support for climate action is strong (Leiserowitz et al., 2023), the political will for large-scale emissions reductions remains insufficient. Siegert et al. (2025) frequently cite fossil fuel-funded opposition as a key barrier. While such interests have obstructed other major societal and economic changes in the past (e.g., workers' rights, environmental regulations), those changes still occurred. Hence, lack of climate action is likely not solely due to fossil fuel-funded opposition but to fossil fuels being integral to modern lifestyles (e.g., Lemaire, 2025). We argue that the "consequences-based paradigm" – the belief that warning the public will generate political action – has failed. After decades of warnings, emissions remain high. Worse, fear-based messaging may even boost support for right-wing parties (e.g., Nguyen et al., 2022), which typically oppose climate action. By contrast, research into climate interventions could offer much-needed optimism and agency. Our "harm-reduction paradigm" suggests that such research may strengthen public confidence in our ability to meet climate challenges, thereby fostering solidarity, expanding empathy, and ultimately increasing political support for decarbonization. Of course, we could be wrong. And even if we are right that climate interventions research boosts support for decarbonization, that does not necessarily mean interventions themselves are good ideas. Only more research can answer that. Yet, Siegert et al. (2025) claim that "further research into these techniques would not be an effective use of limited time and resources". Arguing to shut down an entire field of scientific research is an extraordinary claim, and requires extraordinary proof. Pointing to specific problems in individual techniques, as Siegert et al. do, is not sufficient. Further research may resolve those problems. The only potentially valid argument against all interventions research is political: that it might reduce motivation to decarbonize. But even setting aside the ethical concern of suppressing science for political reasons, this argument is unproven. It rests entirely on the same "consequences-based paradigm" of climate outreach. It is fair to say that the "consequences-based paradigm" has, after half a century, failed to deliver. Perhaps, it is time that we try compassionate harm reduction instead. Formal Analysis Yes Yes Yes Funding acquisition N/A N/A N/A Investigation Yes Yes Yes Methodology Yes Yes Yes Project administration Yes No No Resources N/A N/A N/A Software N/A N/A N/A Supervision N/A N/A N/A Validation N/A N/A N/A Visualization Yes No No Figure legend Figure 1. The methodology adopted by University of the Arctic for an evaluation of intervention ideas. The Saami Council are leading the indigenous knowledge stream but are engaging with other indigenous groups in the Arctic Council. Meetings include three distinct groups: traditional knowledge holders, indigenous politicians, and indigenous experts. The meetings are in a variety of formats, including formalized workshops, town hall and council meetings in addition to awareness raising and general capacity building.
Construction industry often faces challenges such as payment delays, contract disputes, and a lack of transparency and administrative efficiency. Smart contract technology based on blockchain offers an innovative approach to address these issues through transparent, automated, and tamper-resistant systems. This study explores various applications of blockchain and smart contracts in construction projects, including solutions for automated progress payments, digital contract management, quality improvement, and technology-based dispute resolution, using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. Smart contract systems can execute payments automatically based on verified work progress, while blockchain technology ensures secure and immutable data recording. Additionally, integration with technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Internet of Things (IoT) enhances real-time project management. Despite offering numerous benefits, the implementation of these technologies still faces challenges such as regulatory uncertainty, infrastructure readiness, and the need for standardization. This study highlights that the adoption of blockchain and smart contracts holds significant potential to drive efficiency, fairness, and digital transformation in the construction sector.
The emergence of Web 3.0, built upon blockchain technology, signals a paradigm shift toward decentralized applications and token economies. Digital-native millennials and Gen Z consumers demand hyper-personalization, convenience, and sustainability from brands, influencing a transition toward innovative approaches to customer engagement within the Web 3.0 landscape. Web 3.0 wallets play a crucial role in digital asset management, offering enhanced control and security to users. Many enterprises are expected to embrace Web 3.0, blending centralized services with decentralized applications to meet diverse business needs shortly. This transition is driven by Web 3.0’s unique capabilities, benefiting consumers and enterprises alike. However, the academic literature has limited awareness and scientific clarity regarding Web 3.0 and cryptocurrency integration. This chapter critically reviews cryptocurrency integration in the Web 3.0 ecosystem, delving into real-world case studies of successful projects and exploring opportunities, challenges, and future directions. In the Web 3.0 ecosystem, transactions are predominantly conducted using cryptocurrencies on decentralized blockchains, diverging from traditional fiat currencies issued by governments. The convergence of conventional finance and decentralized finance (DeFi) represents a pivotal moment in the evolution of the blockchain industry, promising to unlock new opportunities for financial inclusion and innovation. The regulatory challenges, scalability issues, and seamless integration of traditional finance and DeFi are poised to reshape the future of finance and foster a more transparent and accessible financial ecosystem.
В статье рассматриваются ключевые аспекты экономического анализа встроенного надзора (embedded supervision) в экосистеме децентрализованных финансов (DeFi). Автор исследует экономические стимулы для участников рынка, а также анализируют влияние автоматизированных механизмов контроля на прозрачность, устойчивость и предотвращение финансовых рисков. Особое внимание уделяется сопоставлению традиционных методов надзора с инновационными инструментами, реализуемыми через смарт-контракты и децентрализованные протоколы. В статье выделяются основные преимущества и потенциальные вызовы внедрения встроенного надзора, в том числе вопросы соблюдения нормативных требований и защиты прав инвесторов. Результаты анализа позволяют сформулировать рекомендации для регулирующих органов и участников рынка по эффективному использованию встроенного надзора, способствующего развитию безопасной и устойчивой среды децентрализованных финансов. The article discusses the key aspects of the economic analysis of embedded supervision in the ecosystem of decentralized finance (DeFi). The author examines the economic incentives for market participants, as well as analyzes the impact of automated control mechanisms on transparency, sustainability and prevention of financial risks. Particular attention is paid to comparing traditional surveillance methods with innovative tools implemented through smart contracts and decentralized protocols. The article highlights the main advantages and potential challenges of implementing embedded supervision, including issues of compliance with regulatory requirements and protection of investors' rights. The results of the analysis make it possible to formulate recommendations for regulators and market participants on the effective use of embedded supervision, contributing to the development of a secure and sustainable environment for decentralized finance.
Ovaj rad prikazuje dizajn i implementaciju decentralizirane aplikacije za kvizove koja spaja prednosti blockchain tehnologije s praktičnošću Web2 tehnologija. Koristeći hibridnu arhitekturu on-chain i off-chain obrade podataka. Korišteni su Angular, Ethers.js, MetaMask na frontendu, Node.js/Express i MongoDB na backendu te Solidity pametni ugovori na ethereum virtual machine (EVM)-kompatibilnoj mreži (Polygon Amoy za testiranje). Arhitektura uključuje QuizFactory za kreiranje ins- tanci, osnovni Quiz za besplatne sesije i proširivi QuizWithFee koncept za nagradni fond. Testiranjem je utvrđena funkcionalnost sustava, ali i ukazan je linearni porast troškova s porastom broja igrača i pitanja. Rezultat je na kraju funkcionalna apli- kacija za live kvizeve u kojem sudionici nemaju on-chain troškove, ključni ishodi su javno provjerljivi na blockchain-u, a visoko-frekventne interakcije ostaju izvan lanca radi boljeg korisničkog iskustva i nižih troškova; sustav je modula
This chapter explores the relationship between blockchain technology and accounting ethics, highlighting how blockchain technology aligns with the principles of accounting ethics, which are the rules and guidelines businesses use to maintain financial integrity. This chapter used a thematic literature review to identify similarities between blockchain technology and accounting ethics, including security, transparency, integrity, fraud reduction, confidentiality, professional competence, access to financial data, reliable data, distributed ledger systems, reduced auditor dependence, and stakeholder trust. These similarities demonstrate that blockchain technology holds significant promise for handling ethical considerations in accounting. It explores the possibility of blockchain technology to enhance ethical considerations in the accounting profession. Blockchain can improve accuracy, transparency, integrity, and security in accounting records and positively impact decision-making processes. This study proves blockchain’s efficacy in advancing accounting practices and reinforcing ethical values in accounting records.
The contemporary pursuit of technology integration in commerce has taken a promising pathway in complex systems like decentralized systems. Once seen as a technology facing risks and shortcomings, blockchain and its associated projects have been on a steady global rise as a decentralized systemic relay. Blockchain’s role in enhancing trust in decentralized systems is significant. The technology enables secure storage and transfer of information in a tamper-proof manner. The transparency of blockchain systems, with their distributed ledger maintained by peer nodes, is a central feature. Analyzing transparency in blockchain aligns with calls for more responsible research and innovation that considers long-term societal impacts. Discussions on blockchain’s feasibility, sustainability, and societal implications remain ongoing. Trust models for blockchain-based systems rely heavily on transparency to ensure the trustworthiness of information and mitigate dishonest behavior. Despite its rapid growth, many remain unfamiliar with blockchain’s mechanisms and potential. By understanding its applications, blockchain’s real-world potential becomes more apparent. Its ability to streamline processes, enhance security, reduce costs, and remove intermediaries gives it transformative power. Blockchain promises increased efficiency, transparency, and privacy, potentially revolutionizing finance, healthcare, supply chains, voting systems, and intellectual property. This chapter explores blockchain’s transformative impact and the critical role of transparency in fostering trust.
Abstract Verifiable encryption enables the decryption to be taken on properly generated ciphertexts, by making the encryptor provide a zero-knowledge proof. To meet the quantum-safe application requirements, such as key escrow, Lyubashevsky et al. proposed a one-shot verifiable encryption (LN17 scheme) based on the hardness of lattice problems. In their scheme, the FSwA-type zero-knowledge proof was obtained using rejection sampling on a discrete Gaussian distribution. In this paper, we present a construction of verifiable encryption that utilizes rejection sampling on bimodal Gaussian to get the associated zero-knowledge proof. Our new construction, while exhibiting a weaker soundness property than LN17 scheme, benefits from a smaller proof size, leading to a reduced size of the verifiable ciphertext. As for the weaker soundness property, it supports some applications such as key escrow where honestly generated verifiable ciphertexts are more useful to be decrypted out in the hope of doing some further computation tasks. We provide the efficiency comparison of the new construction by instantiating it with several sets of concrete parameters.
Traditional centralized systems often fail to prevent fraud and ensure data integrity, especially as cyber threats grow more complex. This paper proposes a blockchain-based framework enhanced with artificial intelligence to address these limitations. Blockchain provides secure, tamper-proof storage and smart contract–based access control, while AI enables realtime anomaly detection by analyzing behavioral patterns. The system is built using Ethereum smart contracts and machine learning models, with a modular architecture connecting frontend, backend, and AI components. Evaluation shows over 92% accuracy in fraud detection, efficient response times, and reliable audit trails. The approach proves scalable and suitable for sensitive sectors such as healthcare and finance, offering a secure, intelligent, and decentralized solution for modern data protection
Yan Xu, Jingqi Zhang, Xiyan Dong, An Wang · 6 authors
Multi-scalar multiplication (MSM) is the primary computational bottleneck in zero-knowledge proof protocols. To address this, we introduce FAMA, an FPGA-oriented MSM accelerator developed through algorithm-hardware co-optimization. By integrating a 3D-Pippenger optimization algorithm, FAMA minimizes computational complexity, while its compact dual-mode point addition (PADD) unit significantly reduces hardware overhead. Compared to the best CPU-based design, FAMA achieves over 184.20× speedup. It also outperforms state-of-the-art FPGA-based MSM accelerators, reducing resource overhead by more than 64% and boosting area-time product (ATP) by up to 37.09×.
Along with the sustained occurrence of black swan events in the decentralized application ecosystem, smart contract security is a growing concern. Traditional solutions mainly rely on predefined rules, while highly accurate, require intensive manual code analysis. Machine learning methods (mainly based on BERT) leverage semantic and contextual information, but overlook crucial code structure features, which are critical for identifying vulnerability. Furthermore, the presence of useless or harmful attention heads in the BERT model leads to less robust predictions and slows down processing speeds. We propose a novel method named Pruning attention Heads based on Semantic and Code Structure (PHSCS) for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection. Specifically, we introduce a new structure-aware pre-training programming language task, Variable Edge Prediction, which bypasses the use of data flow nodes as input and directly predicts data flow edges between variables, aiming to efficiently learn code structure while ensuring the ability to process extensive code. Additionally, we present a pruning strategy to optimize BERT, tailored to the semantic and structural peculiarities of code. By employing Taylor Expansion for evaluating attention heads' significance and guiding their pruning, iteratively refined the BERT model. Experiment results on 8 vulnerability types illustrate that the PHSCS method surpasses state-of-the-art methods.
In the current digital era, managing inheritance presents a critical challenge, necessitating a balance of effectiveness, security, and transparency. Traditional processes are often complex, time-consuming, and susceptible to fraud and disputes. This paper introduces the successor chain model called Waris-Chain, a blockchain-based solution designed to streamline and secure inheritance management. Waris-Chain integrates smart contracts and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to automate and verify inheritance processes, ensuring accuracy and reducing manual intervention. Developed using the Ethereum blockchain, ERC-1155 tokens, and MetaMask for authentication, Waris-Chain offers a comprehensive, adaptable, and secure platform. Performance evaluation shows that Waris-Chain achieves a high throughput of 477.36 transactions per hour, a low transaction latency of 7.54 seconds, with a 99.42% accuracy rate and a 0.58% error rate. Despite these advancements, challenges such as blockchain adoption, legal integration, and system scalability remain, suggesting avenues for future research to fully realize blockchain’s potential in inheritance management.
В статье описан процесс реформирования системы здравоохранения, который привел к созданию децентрализованной системы, в которой существуют автономные медицинские организации разных форм собственности, обладающие правом оказания платных медицинских услуг населению, но выполняющие единые регламенты и стандарты оказания медицинской помощи. Эти преобразования создали условия для формирования новой модели бизнес-процессов, основанной на информационных и цифровых технологиях. В статья перечислены выгоды и риски, которые создает едина платформенная система для пациентов. The article describes the process of reforming the healthcare system, which led to the creation of a decentralized system in which there are autonomous medical organizations of various forms of ownership that have the right to provide paid medical services to the population, but that follow unified regulations and standards for providing medical care. These transformations have created conditions for the formation of a new model of business processes based on information and digital technologies. The article lists the benefits and risks that a single platform system creates for patients.
The FTX collapse marked a significant shock to global crypto markets, prompting concerns about systemic contagion. This paper investigates the dynamic connectedness between cryptocurrencies, DeFi tokens, and tech stocks, focusing on the systemic impact of the FTX collapse. We decompose total, internal, and external connectedness across asset groups using a time-varying parameter VAR model. The results show that post-FTX, Bitcoin and Ethereum intensified their roles as core shock transmitters, while Tether consistently acted as a volatility absorber. DeFi tokens exhibited heightened intra-group spillovers and occasional external influence, reflecting structural fragility. Tech stocks remained largely insulated, with reduced cross-market linkages. Network visualizations confirm a post-crisis fragmentation, characterized by denser internal crypto-DeFi ties and weaker inter-group contagion. These findings have important policy implications for regulators, investors, and system designers, indicating the need for targeted risk monitoring and governance within decentralized finance.
Gyuyeon Na, Minjung Park, Hyeonjeong Cha, Soyoun Kim · 9 authors
Blockchain transaction networks are complex, with evolving temporal patterns and inter-node relationships. To detect illicit activities, we propose a hybrid GCN-GRU model that captures both structural and sequential features. Using real Bitcoin transaction data (2020-2024), our model achieved 0.9470 Accuracy and 0.9807 AUC-ROC, outperforming all baselines.
David King Boison, Musah Osumanu Doumbia, Ahmed Antwi-Boampong, Frank Senyo Loglo · 5 authors
This study explores the application of blockchain (BC) technology in enhancing terminal operations at West African seaports, with a specific focus on Tema Port in Ghana. The purpose is to address inefficiencies in cargo processing, traceability, and data integrity that often impede port performance. Using a multi-layered qualitative approach, including observation and value stream mapping, the study examines current operational challenges at Tema Port and proposes a BC adoption model tailored to ship operations, quay transfers, yard management, container freight stations, and receipt/delivery processes. The findings suggest that BC technology significantly improves transparency, operational efficiency, and data security across port processes, offering a unified ledger system accessible to all stakeholders. Based on these findings, the study recommends a phased BC implementation, beginning with targeted pilot programs to mitigate technological and infrastructural constraints common in developing regions. Implications for port managers, policymakers, and academics underscore BC’s potential to reduce operational costs, enhance real-time visibility, and improve compliance in port logistics. This study is limited by its focus on terminal operations at a single port; future research could explore BC’s impact on other areas of the maritime supply chain across multiple ports. The originality of this study lies in its contextualized BC model for West African ports, addressing specific challenges faced by developing regions and offering a foundational framework for future BC applications in logistics.