Blockchain Papers

Mohammad Javad Salehpour, Seyed Masoud Moghaddas‐Tafreshi

No abstract is available for this record.

Yuta Susowake, Hasan Masrur, Tetsuya Yabiku, Tomonobu Senjyu · 7 authors

In Japan, residents of apartments are generally contracted to receive low voltage electricity from electric utilities. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of high voltage batch power receiving contracts for condominiums. In this research, a high voltage batch receiving contractor introduces a demand–response in a low voltage power receiving contract, which maximizes the profit of a high voltage batch receiving contractor and minimizes the electricity charge of residents by utilizing battery storage, electric vehicles (EV), and heat pumps. A multi-objective optimization algorithm calculates a Pareto solution for the relationship between two objective trade-offs in the MATLAB ® environment.

Bin Duan, Kaihua Xin, Ying Zhong

The stability and economy of the electronic vehicle distribution network system is increasingly important as the number of electric vehicles in use continues to rise. An electric vehicle (EV) and Internet of things (IoT) charge scheduling method is proposed in this paper which uses smart contract in the distribution network (DN) with uncertain renewable energy output. Based on user charging demand and power grid load level, this paper explores peak load shifting, guiding EV charging options by electricity price to change the demand response of each node, thereby regulating the DN power quality. A smart contract is created between the user and the charging station to realize the electricity price renewal in the power flow calculation cycle. This enhances the rationality of electricity price formulation and reduces deviation between the forecast load and the actual load, ensuring the validity of the method to a certain extent. According to the achievement of the smart contracts signed with the charging station, users are given rewards or fines, which reduces the default rate of the user. This decentralized transaction process improves the security and completeness of the transaction. The feasibility of utilizing this method for the distributed power grid is verified through simulation on a 34-node test system.

Mel T. Devine, Marianna Russo, Paul Cuffe

This paper proposes a new mechanism for forward selling renewable electricity generation. In this transactive framework, a wind or solar farm may directly sell to consumers a claim on their future power output in the form of nonfungible blockchain tokens. Using the flexibility of smart contract code, which executes irrevocably on a blockchain, the realised generation levels will offset the token holders' electricity consumption in near real-time. To elucidate the flexibility offered by such smart contracts, two ways of structuring these power delivery instruments are considered: firstly, an exotic tranched system, where more senior tokens holders enjoy priority claims on power, as compared against a simpler pro-rata scheme, where the realised output of a generator is equally apportioned between token holders. A notional market simulation is provided to explore whether, for instance, consumers could exploit the flatter power delivery profiles of more senior tranches to better schedule their responsive demands.

Felipe Condon, Mohamed A. Ahmed, José Manuel Martínez, Young-Chon Kim

This paper proposes a blockchain-based energy trading platform for electric vehicles in smart campus parking lots. Smart parking lots are smart places capable of supporting both parking and charging services for electric vehicles. The electric vehicle owner may want to charge energy at a low price and sell it during peak hours at a higher price. The proposed system architecture consists of two layers: the physical infrastructure layer and the cyber infrastructure layer. The physical infrastructure layer represents all of the physical components located in the campus distribution power system, such as electric vehicles charging stations, transformers, and electric feeders, while the cyber infrastructure layer supports the operation of the physical infrastructure layer and enables selling/buying energy among participants. Blockchain technology is a promising candidate to facilitate auditability and traceability of energy transactions among participants. A real case of a parking lot with a realistic parking pattern in a university campus is considered. The system consists of a university control center and various parking lot local controllers (PLLCs). The PLLC broadcasts the electricity demand and the grid price, and each electric vehicle owner decides whether to charge/discharge based on their benefits. The proposed system is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric. Participants, assets, transactions, and smart contracts are defined and discussed. Two scenarios are considered. The first scenario represents energy trading between electric vehicles as sellers and the PLLC as a buyer, while the second scenario involves energy trading between electric vehicles as buyers and the PLLC as a seller. The proposed platform provides profits for participants, as well as enables balancing for the university load demand locally.

Yuancheng Li, Baiji Hu

This paper introduces the concept of hierarchical and zonal scheduling and proposes an iterative two-layer model to optimize the charging and discharging trading of electric vehicles (EVs), so as to minimize the overall load variance of the distribution network under the constraints of power flow and vehicle travel demand. In order to solve the mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem that exists in this model, an improved heuristic algorithm, the adaptive inertia weight krill herd (KH) algorithm is proposed. In addition, we design a decentralized trading architecture and related electricity trading process based on the consortium blockchain to ensure the security and privacy of two-way electricity trading between EVs and the smart grid. The IEEE nodes based simulation experiment shows that our scheme can effectively smooth power load fluctuations, and the improved KH algorithm can effectively improve the efficiency of model solving. Security analysis qualitatively proves that our scheme can ensure the security and privacy-preserving of electricity trading. Finally, our scheme is implemented in the Hyperledger Fabric to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness.

Jianchao Hou, Che Wang, Sai Luo

No abstract is available for this record.

Shiyu Meng, Weiqing Sun, Dong Han, Chengzhenghao Zhang

Power systems are undergoing a fundamental transition with penetration of a great number of distributed resources. Traditionally passive distribution network consumers have working been as `prosumers', actively managing their production and consumption of energy. Thus, the new business models are being investigated and implemented. In this paper, a blockchain-based energy transaction mechanism is introduced to suit the decentralized peer-to-peer energy trading. It encourages prosumers to initiate real-time trading with others nearby directly according to their actual production and consumption of energy. The transaction rules are formulated in the form of smart contract, applying the blockchain technology to clearly define the rights and obligations of prosumers. The proposed decentralized power transaction mechanism can implement peer-to-peer multilateral bidding transactions among prosumers, which encourages prosumers to put forward the reasonable demand in order to achieve efficient distribution and rational utilization of energy resources.

Zahid Ullah, Geev Mokryani, Muhammad Bilal Khan, Irfanullah Khan · 6 authors

Block-Chain (BC) based Smart Grid (SG) energy market is a very challenging domain of today's era. Various researchers and scientists worked successfully in BC technology, still, further investigations and analysis are required with respect to the SG framework. Considering the above, we present a new architecture integrating energy-generating prosumers with the utility through a BC network. Moreover, we describe a trustworthy agreement named Service Level Agreement (SLA) managing and controlling all energy transactions in the BC. The smart contract of a single prosumer with the utility is also explained in the context of the de-regulated energy market. Finally, promising features and applications of BC are presented, considering the SG paradigm.

Uzma Amin, M. J. Hossain, Edstan Fernandez, Khizir Mahmud · 5 authors

The following topics are dealt with: power engineering computing; power grids; optimisation; distributed power generation; learning (artificial intelligence); power markets; neural nets; demand side management; evolutionary computation; power generation economics.

Xin Peng, Bin Duan, Xiangxiang Xiao

In view of the increasing generation of the distributed generation system, the increasing randomness and intermittence of micro-grid have been attracted much attention. The complexity and decentralization of power status information, which is difficult to meet the needs of the current power market in the stability and efficiency of the grid transaction. According to the randomness and intermittent characteristics of distributed generation, this paper innovatively proposes a micro-grid electric energy transaction mechanism based on Master-Slave smart contract and designs a framework of the Cyber-Physical System (CPS) for micro-grid. The specific constraints of micro-grid topology are analyzed. And in the cloud platform, smart contracts are used to reasonably manage the transaction order when the stochasticity of distributed generation generates excess or insufficient electricity.

Naram Mhaisen, Noora Fetais, Ahmed Massoud

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are an integral part of a sustainable and resilient smart grid. The security of such critical cyber-physical infrastructure is considered as a major priority for both industry and academia. In this paper, we propose a new distributed smart-contract based control approach of BESSs to enable collaborative and secure operations among them. We present a comprehensive discussion on how control strategies can be implemented as smart contracts and deployed on a distributed network of BESSs nodes in order to operate these storage systems according to secure consensus. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we analyze the vulnerabilities of BESSs when controlled according to traditional schemes vs. smart-contract enabled control. Simulation results show that if individual BESSs achieve a certain maximum threshold of exploitability, then the network of distributed BESSs is more robust to cyber-attacks in smart contract-defined control.

Maria Luisa Di Silvestre, Pierluigi Gallo, Josep M. Guerrero, Rossano Musca · 8 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Olivier Van Cutsem, David Ho Dac, Pol Boudou, Maher Kayal

No abstract is available for this record.

Sai Shibu N B, S. Balamurugan, D. Arjun, Nidhin Mahesh A

Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming more popular day by day and on the other side, the demand for power is growing tremendously. A consensus driven, distributed and decentralized ledger system called blockchain technology, could be employed to introduce bidirectional power trading between vehicle to building and vice versa. This paper discusses different use cases for EV enabled blockchain based energy trading in a smart community. This paper also envisions the use of electric vehicles as a mobile power bank and enables vehicle to building power trading in a blockchain energy community.

Lin Liu, Bin Li, Bing Qi, Qiuyue Qin · 7 authors

Demand response (DR) in the smart grid will promote the stable operation of the power system and reduce economic costs effectively. However, uncertainty of users' behavior becomes a barrier of DR, in which the credibility between the DR users and aggregators will have a crucial impact on the DR. Blockchain is a new technology to solve the trust problem without third‐party endorsement, which has the advantages of decentralization and irreversibility. Considering the difference of computing capability between users and aggregators, this article proposes a blockchain‐based strategy to support the bidirectional selection between DR users and aggregators based on reputation values, which improves the success rate of the DR and mitigates the impact of user behavior on the DR. At the same time, this strategy can also increase the enthusiasm of users with a high reputation value to participate in DR. Using the network topology and DR incentive rules of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, the rationality of blockchain‐based reliable interoperation for DR entities proposed in this paper is verified. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Xiaolin Fu, Hong Wang, Zhi-Jie Wang, Zhong Shi · 6 authors

This paper aims to study the problems of surplus interaction, poor real-time performance, and excessive processing of information in the micro-grid scheduling and decision-making process. Firstly, the micro-grid dual-loop mobile topology structure is designed by using the method of block-chain and multi-agent fusion, realizing the real-time update of the decision-making body. Secondly, on the basis of optimizing the decision-making body, a two-layer model of intelligent decision-making under the decentralized mechanism is established. Aiming at the upper model, based on the theory of block-chain consensus mechanism, this paper proposes an improved evolutionary game algorithm. The maximum risk-benefit in the decision-making process is the objective function, which realizes the evaluation and optimization of decision tasks. For the lower layer model, based on the block-chain distributed ledger theory, this paper proposes an improved hybrid game reinforcement learning algorithm, with the maximum controllable load participation as the objective function, and realizes the optimal configuration of distributed energy in the micro-grid. This paper reveals the rules of group intelligent decision making in micro-grid under multi-task. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by using Beijing Jin-feng Energy Internet Park data.

George Cristian Lăzăroiu, Mariacristina Roscia

The growing demand for EVs will lead to an increase in charging systems, both to guarantee the capillarity of charging systems and to distribute the demand for energy, which will increase over time. Since it is possible to have an efficient bidirectional energy flow, in fact car batteries can be used like any other energy storage system in the grid, with the added benefit of portability. The bi-directional energy flow would allow electric vehicle owners to participate in trading in energy markets, recharge batteries when energy is available at a low cost and discharge if the smart grid rewards them for their excess energy. This type of negotiation and control sharing can allow the network to perform demand management in periods of high demand, (e.g. peak shaving) or provision of additional storage in case of excess generation from RES. Through smart charging systems, it will be possible to decide where, when and which EV to recharge, thus reducing the load. The grid can be structured differently, in networks that serve small communities, in order to better manage RES energy flows, EV recharges and smart appliances. With this paper we want to determine a model for the smart charging of EVs, through the adaptive EV charging flow chart, through which a software agent, with a specific logic, decides whether to load a machine, in which sequence or if it is better to sell energy to the retail market. The agent learns and adapts to the individual Prosumers of EV, learning the preferences and mobility habits of different users, a fundamental element of the decision- making process, so that the owners of electric vehicles (or charging systems) decide to be part of the system. Finally, the management through Blockchain, makes every transaction reliable and verifiable, with the possibility of reducing or eliminating intermediaries in energy trading, thus reducing the range of antiexity of electric vehicle drivers, will make it possible to develop a new generation concept distributed: Smart Grid Community.

Qun Zhang, Hongming Yang, Jiawei Hou, Ben Niu

This paper studies the multi-to-multiple energy trading mode and quotation strategy based on Block-chain intelligent contract and continuous auction mechanism. When distributed power generation entities and power consumers exist in Many-to-many form, buyers and sellers can be in the trading cycle at any time. The quotation is submitted to the smart contract address, and the quotation is continuously adjusted according to the transaction result disclosed by the smart contract. Once the price is matched, the transaction can be completed, and the transaction settlement is realized through the Block-chain intelligent contract. The IEEE13 node power distribution system is taken as an example to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

Ting Li, Wei Zhang, Ning Chen, Minhui Qian · 5 authors

With the emerging technology for distributed generation and urge of improving quality of service of power supply for energy users, more and more Microgrids (MGs) are integrated into the distributed networks to serve the energy users. These Microgrids are gradually formulating a Multi-Microgrid System (MMGS, Multi-Microgrid System), which will play an important role for the future energy supply. Building a centralized control center not only increases the expense of investment, but also brings the issues of maintaining fairness among energy users. To address these problems, this paper proposes a peer-to-peer method for energy trading of MMGS, based on the idea of decentralized trading. An auction-based trading mechanism suitable for peer-to-peer energy trading is proposed first. For this mechanism, the MGs firstly declare their energy buying bids or selling quotations. Then, the market-clearing price is determined by using a unified weight clearing algorithm in a decentralized manner. By applying the edge technology of Blockchain, the implementation of the proposed peer-to-peer energy trading method, including the architecture, procedures, security check, etc., is also discussed. The proposed Blockchain-based energy trading platform can realize the decentralized and autonomous energy trading of MGs within an MMGS. A case study with an MMGS with 10 MG units is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Abdullah Bin Masood, Marios Lestas, Hassaan Khaliq Qureshi, Nicolas Christofides · 6 authors

Closed-loop Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are significant constituent elements for smart city applications. However, security and resiliency of closed-loop CPSs can be compromised due to the centralized control structure, network interdependency and power/computational constraints. In this paper, towards addressing this problem, we propose a blockchain based de-centralized closed-loop CPS framework. Sensed measurements are stored on the blockchain and controller implementation and actuation is realized using smart contracts. The feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated via its simulative implementation on a distributed frequency control system within an islanded microgrid. A co-simulation framework is developed that incorporates a microgrid simulated in Matlab interfaced with Ethereum blockchain. Actuated signals from smart contracts embedded with a distributed frequency control algorithm dictate the microgrid's operating frequency to its nominal value. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through the convergence of the time-dependent signals to their expected nominal values. In addition, the feedback delays involved in transacting the sensed data and generating the actuation signals are characterized and found to be of the order of a few seconds, which is acceptable for the purpose of secondary frequency control and does not lead to instability. The effect of the block size and the crypto puzzle difficulty level on the delays is also investigated and while the difficulty does not affect the delay significantly, the increase in block size can lead to excessive delay values.

Nenad Petrović, Djordje Kocic

In this paper, we propose a framework for efficient energy trading. The main aspects of implementation are presented: a linear optimization model, load forecasting module based on deep learning approach and smart contract generator aiming the transaction execution supported by blockchain technology. Some evaluation elements are included: prediction performance, smart contract generation time and distribution cost reduction.

Alen Hrga, Mirna Gržanić, Ning Zhang, Tomislav Capuder

With the rise of blockchain technology and distributed ledger application platforms in general, it became possible to create new forms of digital assets and implement financial mechanisms in a transparent and secure way. Many companies use these features to create crowdfunding campaigns to raise funds for projects and offer digital assets in form of tokens to investors in return for their investments.This paper aims to propose and elaborate a platform based on distributed ledger technology for investing in flexible assets of an energy community. In addition to the investment platform, complex management mechanisms would be implemented to enable the investors to freeze transactions or stop fund withdrawals if they find the investment wrong or unnecessary. In this system, tokens modeled on a distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform would be issued to investors as proofs of their investment, and as voting stakes for managing the collected funds. Tokens would also be used as tradeable assets in complex market mechanisms implemented on top of the investment platform.The investment platform is complemented with community energy management system, where the community manager (CM) is an electricity market entity and optimizes the operation of the energy community assets in order to minimize the investment return period. Benefits gained by smart positioning of the energy community in the market are shared among micro-loan investors. The concept is demonstrated for energy community investments in different distributed energy sources.

Kyawt May Hlaing, Dim En Nyaung

Ethereum, a blockchain-based distributed computing platform, provides smart contract functionality. It also provides Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) that can execute peer-to-peer contracts across decentralized network. However, the gas consumption of smart contract is so costly that it becomes one of the important problems to be solved. The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual overview of blockchain based electricity billing system with the aim of lessening gas consumption of the smart contract. In this system, Firebase is employed as a data storage while Ethereum blockchain acts as both a cryptocurrency payment system and an authentication channel. Moreover, this paper illustrates two-factor authentication by utilizing Ethereum account and Firebase Authentication as an authentication channel. Results show that by utilizing Firebase with blockchain, the transaction cost of each transaction made on Ethereum is decreased by approximately 73%.