Blockchain Papers

J. S. Moodera, R. Meservey, X. Hao

No abstract is available for this record.

Dhananjay K. Gode, Shyam Sunder

No abstract is available for this record.

Bala Arshanapalli, John Doukas

No abstract is available for this record.

J. Baranyi, T.A. Roberts, P. McClure

No abstract is available for this record.

Alfredo Egídio dos Reis

No abstract is available for this record.

Marschall W. Raffel, Norma K. Raffel

Before World War II, Czechoslovakia was among the most developed European countries with an excellent health care system. After the Communist coup d'etat in 1948, the country was forced to adapt its existing health care system to the Soviet model. It was planned and managed by the government, financed by general tax money, operated in a highly centralized, bureaucratic fashion, and provided service at no direct charge at the time of service. In recent years, the health care system had been deteriorating as the health of the people had also been declining. Life expectancy, infant mortality rates, and diseases of the circulatory system are higher than in Western European countries. In 1989, political changes occurred in Czechoslovakia that made health care reform possible. Now health services are being decentralized, and the ownership of hospitals is expected to be transferred to communities, municipalities, churches, charitable groups, or private entities. Almost all health leaders, including hospital directors and hospital department heads, have been replaced. Physicians will be paid according to the type and amount of work performed. Perhaps the most important reform is the establishment of an independent General Health Care Insurance Office financed directly by compulsory contributions from workers, employers, and government that will be able to negotiate with hospitals and physicians to determine payment for services.

G.J. Foschini, Z. Miljanic

No abstract is available for this record.

Narasimhan Jegadeesh, Avanidhar Subrahmanyam

No abstract is available for this record.

M. Altarelli

No abstract is available for this record.

L.A. D'Asaro, L.M.F. Chirovsky, E.J. Laskowski, S.S. Pei · 11 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

J. Duato

No abstract is available for this record.

G.C. Sih, E.A. Lee

No abstract is available for this record.

Gail E. Kaiser, Simon M. Kaplan

The problem of change propagation in multiuser software development environments distributed across a local-area network is addressed. The program is modeled as an attributed parse tree segmented among multiple user processes and changes are modeled as subtree replacements requested asynchronously by individual users. Change propagation is then implemented using decentralized incremental evaluation of an attribute grammar that defines the static semantic properties of the programming language. Building up to our primary result, we first present algorithms that support parallel evaluation on a centralized tree in response to single edits using a singe editing cursor and multiple edits with multiple editing cursors. Then we present our algorithm for parallel evaluation on a decentralized tree. We also present a protocol to guarantee reliability of the evaluation algorithm as components of the decentralized tree become unavailable due to failures and return to availability.

F. auf der Meyer Heide, B. Oesterdiekhoff, R. Wanka

No abstract is available for this record.

Yvo Desmedt, Yair Frankel

No abstract is available for this record.

Janet K. Wanzek, F. Larry Leistritz

In the 1980's, in the US across the board, domestic manufacturers have have faced foreign competition with an increased disadvantage with imports. Domestic businesses, including those in rural areas, have had to struggle with restructuring their businesses, decentralizing them, outsourcing, relocating overseas, go out of business altogether or to reduce their business size or workforce numbers. Economic initiatives like 'Growing North Dakota' attempted to educate North Dakota citizens to the necessity of their state increasing it's growth in manufacturing and in ways they could help these industries grow such as financing these industries at favorable terms, aiding in the transfer of technology commercialization or assisting such technologies. By aiding the manufacturing sector this was deemed as aiding in the diversification of the North Dakota economy.

Olympia Icochea

The author studies Chile's educational reforms in the eighties, and assesses their successes and failures in terms of quality of teaching. The reforms rested principally on two aspects: decentralized administration (municipal authorities assuming responsibility) and the application of market economic mechanisms for financing schools. Chile's democratic government subsequently added a number of measures that the reforms lacked, such as increasing outlay to the sector and improving educational quality in subsidized schools. However, the success of these reforms is still uncertain.

S. M. Ageev

T. It is shown that any free action of a zero-dimensional compact group G on the О·-dimensional Menger compactum Mn is О·-universal for free actions, and that the orbit space MnjG is В«-classifying. Nonexistence of equivariant mappings between Mn+m and Mn implies that the orbit space R/Ap has infinite dimension, where R is any compact ANR-space with free action of the group Ap of p-adic integers. Knowledge of such nonexistence would then permit proof of the Hilbert-Smith conjecture under the assumption of finite dimensionality for the orbit space.

Robert Wangermée

Trends of Cultural Administration in Western Europe. In the last three decades, the ways and means of public intervention in cultural affairs have been multiplied and diversified following variable patterns in different countries. There has been an evolution in the levels of public intervention, which differ according to decentralization and federalism. There has also been an evolution of the means of intervention, because governments use new financing practices. Nowadays a new actor is emerging on the scene of cultural policy : the European Community.

Dominique de Waleffe, Jean-Jacques Quisquater

No abstract is available for this record.

Phoebe S. Liebig

The frail elderly have special multidimensional housing needs beyond affordability, including shelter that is more adaptive to reduced function and offers supportive services. Suitable housing for this population comprises three policy areas—housing, health care, and social services. In a federal system, development and implementation of policies in these areas involves participation of several levels of government and the nongovernmental sector. This paper uses federalism as a conceptual framework to examine and compare these policy areas in Canada and the United States. In both countries, general national housing policies—relying heavily on the nongovernmental sector and characterized by joint federal‐provincial programs in Canada and by important local government roles and age‐specific programs in the United States‐have benefited the elderly. The effects of such policies on the frail elderly, however, have been less positive because of the general lack of essential human services and, to a lesser degree, health care that enables them to live outside institutions. This is especially true in the United States, where health care policy is fragmented and is dominated by a private insurance system, partial federal financing of health insurance for the elderly, and tense federal‐state relations in financing health care for the poor. Although Canadian policies and programs operate autonomously and more uniformly within a national health plan, neither country has a universal, comprehensive long‐term care system. Geographically diverse patterns of social services, funded by grants to states and provinces and the nonprofit sector, are common to both countries. However, the United States has inadequately funded age‐specific programs and has relied on a growing commercial service provision. Housing outcomes for frail elders are moving in the right direction in both countries; however, Canada seems to be better positioned, largely because of its health care system. As increased decentralization continues to characterize the three policy areas that affect suitable housing for frail elders, the United States can learn from Canada's negotiated federalism approach to more uniform solutions to merging housing and long‐term care.

G.E. Mailloux, Rita Noumeir, R. Lemieux

It is shown that the MART (multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique) algorithm can be derived by POCS. This gives MART a new theoretical interpretation and a proof of convergence to a stable solution even when other convex constraints are introduced. However, MART, as a multiplicative algorithm, depends on the initial solution. It is noted that, far from being a flaw, this property can be used to introduce further a priori knowledge about the image to be reconstructed, to maximize the entropy, to keep the ratio between the regions of the original image constant, or to set to zero the area outside the reconstruction volume. MART should be preferred to MENT (a maximum entropy algorithm) for entropy maximization, for it performs as well but is much faster. ART is much less influenced by the initial solution than MART.>

Kaoru Kurosawa

No abstract is available for this record.

Larry Peterson

No abstract is available for this record.