Blockchain Papers

Andrea Stazi

No abstract is available for this record.

David Wicki-Birchler

NFT (Non Fungible Tokens) und Metaverse: Die beiden Schlagwörter finden immer mehr Eingang ins allgemeine Bewusstsein, insbesondere seit Facebook Inc. als Vorreiter der Social Media Firmen 2021 seinen Namen in Meta Platform Inc. geändert und damit auch die Geschäftsstrategie auf eine Präsenz im Metaverse ausgerichtet hat. Der Verfasser legt dar, weshalb es im Schweizer Recht punktueller Anpassungen bedarf, um Rechtssicherheit im Umgang mit NFT im Metaverse zu schaffen.

Filippo Zatti

Italy is distinguishing itself as one of the pioneers of crypto art and among its most important ‘producers’. If domestic blockchain technology-based industry is lacking, its applications in the field of art are fuelling a cultural awakening in the country. NFTs are pushing a sector different from the one in which the creative industry traditionally deployed, so much so that it is named ‘Crypto Renaissance’. However, the need undermines this promising opportunity for a clear regulatory framework while waiting for future EU Regulations. However, the MiCAR proposal, in its current version, excludes from its scope NFTs, leaving space for the Member States. How Italy could use this space to create a market for NFTs in Italy by reviving the lustre of the past and taking advantage of the technology’s development opportunities for the future is yet to be seen.

Authors unavailable

Blockchain teknolojisinin yaygnlamas, zellikle web3 ve metaverse gibi gelimeler, blockchain andaki kayt niteliindeki kripto varlklarn hukuki adan incelenmesi ihtiyacn da beraberinde getirmektedir. Gerekten de her gn farkl blockchain a zerinde kripto varlklar zerinde birok ilem gerekletirilmekte, ilem hacmi de artmaktadr. Bu almada sz konusu varlklarn hukuki nitelii incelenmeye allmtr

Gook-Mi Shin, Jin Kim, GiSeung Kim

분산성, 보안성, 투명성을 특징으로 하는 블록체인 기술이 처음 소개된 이후 암호화폐를 필두로 사회･경제적으로 다양한 분야에서 블록체인 기술의 활용이 시도되고 있다. 특히 스마트계약은 최근 주목받고 있는 블록체인 기술의 응용영역 중 하나로서 우리 정부는 부동산거래에 블록체인 기술을 도입하는 방안을 추진하고 있다. 이 글은 사람들의 실생활에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 부동산 거래에 스마트계약을 도입할 때 발생할 수 있는 법적 쟁점 사항에 관해 살펴보았다. 먼저 스마트계약을 현행 민법의 적용이 가능한 계약의 범주에 포섭시킬 수 있는지 둘째, 포섭시키는 경우 관련 사안에서 계약법리의 적용여부를 검토하고 셋째, 부동산거래에 스마트계약을 도입하기 위해서는 블록체인의 특성상 부동산소유권의 디지털자산화(스마트자산화)가 이루어져야 하는데 이 경우 블록체인의 외부에 있는 부동산에 대해 물권변동과 점유를 어떻게 이전시킬 것인지, 즉 블록체인과 현실세계 사이의 간극을 어떻게 메울 것인지에 대해 다루었다.

Mete Tevetoğlu

Borcun kaynaklarından biri olan sözleşmelerin temelinde tarafların sözleşme yapmak konusunda iradelerini açıklamaları ve bu iradelerin birbiri ile uyuşması yatar. Sözleşmesel yükümlülüklerin sözleşmelerde düzenlenen şekilde yerine getirilmesi önemlidir. Bu nokta, taraflarının iradelerine tabi olup ve birbirlerine yönelik karşılıklı güvenlerine dayanır. Sözleşmelerin gereği gibi ifası, dayanağı ve kaynağı bakımından hassas, zayıf ve kırılgandır. Zira, taraflar her zaman birbirlerinin iradelerini tam ve doğru şekilde anlayamayabilir. Yine böylesine akitlerde taraflar, aradan geçen zamanın veya değişen şartların etkisiyle yahut ortada bunun için zorlayıcı bir sebep yokken bile sözleşmeye yansıyan iradesine konu taahhüdünü tam veya zamanında yerine getirmekten kaçınabilir. Güven esasına dayanan sözleşmelerin ifası itimat asimetrisi riskine ve taraf iradesinin zaaflarına tabidir. Teknoloji, güven ve sözleşmelerin ifa edilmesine dair bu risklerin giderilmesine çözüm getirebilir mi? İşte bu soru, Bitcoin ile ortaya çıkan Blokzincir teknolojisini pek çok yönden daha ileri taşıyan Ethereum ile birlikte daha fazla tartışılır, merak edilir hale gelmiştir. Ethereum ile beraber tekrar hatırlanan ve Blokzincir teknolojisi ile yeniden yorumlanan akıllı sözleşme kavramı mezkur sözleşmenin, taraflarının karşılıklı, subjektif güvenine mahkum edilmeden, kendi kendini ifa edebilmesinin yeniden tartışılmasına ve heyecanla karşılanmasına yol açmıştır. Bu makalede, Ethereum üzerinde geliştirilebilen ve uygulanabilen akıllı sözleşmelerin ne anlama geldiği, kendi kendini nasıl ifa edebildiği, gelecekteki teknoloji ve hukuk işbirliğine dair hangi etkileşimleri yarattığı ve bunların hukuki sonuçlarına incelenmektedir.

Natascha Kupka

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, ob und wie Smart Contracts in einer Blockchain mit der Regelung des § 103 InsO vereinbar sind und versucht, Auswege aus dem sich abzeichnenden Dilemma zu skizzieren.

Jan Isler

Mit der Anpassung des Bundesrechts im Bereich der Distributed Ledger Technologie wurde insbesondere der Rahmen für eine tokenisierte Ausgabe und Übertragung von Finanzinstrumenten (etwa Effekten) geschaffen. Der vorliegende Artikel rückt die funktionalen Aspekte dieser Veränderung ins Zentrum, wagt in diesem Sinne auch einen Blick zurück und soll damit eine Einordnung der Digitalisierung von Finanzinstrumenten ermöglichen.

Authors unavailable

No abstract is available for this record.

Inbang Song, Yang young sik

No abstract is available for this record.

蔡文玲

非同質化代幣（Non fungible token，以下簡稱NFT）為近期新興的議題，NFT是透過區塊鏈技術，讓數位資產上鏈後產生代幣，每一枚代幣都有它獨特的編號，具有獨一無二的特性。而此項技術解決了過去數位資產可以重複複製的特性，是以此具有唯一性的代幣即廣泛被應用在遊戲、運動、音樂、數位化收藏品等，並且在市場引發具有新聞話題性的交易。而依照NFT特性，未來發展應會在智慧財產權、權利證明及粉絲經濟等面向發展。 但由於NFT使用區塊鏈技術且多需要使用加密貨幣進行交易，繁複的程序及幣值的換算，對於一般消費者而言應會過於困難而影響NFT市場的普及化，另外由於NFT本身法律定位尚不明確，而NFT在交易市場所創造的拍賣天價，亦可能是基於話題性而被炒作而成的交易，未來是否可以持續發展還是會泡沫化，仍然值得觀察。因此建議未來可在NFT法律議題，以及NFT商業模式發展進行研究。

Shubhani Aggarwal, Neeraj Kumar

No abstract is available for this record.

Yan Li

Bitcoin is considered a cryptocurrency and a digital currency, the two most notable characteristics are decentralization and anonymity. Bitcoin has a variety of properties. It could play not only the currency function but also have certain commodity property. To some extent, it can also be seen as an alternative investment option. The price of Bitcoin has stayed at a high level since 2021, but with greater volatility and more obvious amplitude than before. With the risk and potential problems of Bitcoin, the possibility of whether Bitcoin would lead to a big bubble in the financial market has increased. Although the legal status of Bitcoin is varying and having unclear or constantly changing definitions in different countries, the government is strengthening supervision and regulation over digital currency and planning to issue state-controlled currency, which would narrow the space for Bitcoin. Therefore, the possibility that Bitcoin will end up in a bubble is growing. At the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear that Bitcoin would not eventually gain legal tender status, driven by a combination of government denial and a lack of real value.

Agnieszka Kubiak-Cyrul, Dariusz Szostek

A number of tools used within LegalTech 2.0. and 3.0. apply blockchain and distributed ledger technologies 3 . This is not a new technology, the concept of distributed record keeping is over 50 years old (a memorandum no. RM-340-PR by Paul Baran 4 from 1964). What is innovative, is its application in a law firm and its adaptation to the needs of lawyers. Blockchain has been around for a number of years (paper by a 'Satoshi Nakamoto 5 ' from 2008) and has been identified by, among others, the European Union 1.

Gabriel Kogler

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, ob ein NFT (non fungible token) eine Sache iS des § 285 ABGB darstellt und wie dieser sachenrechtlich einzustufen ist. Aufbauend darauf wird seine Übertragung, die Begründung von Dienstbarkeiten, Pfandrechten und Sicherungseigentum sowie sein Gutglaubenserwerb behandelt.

Florian Möslein

No abstract is available for this record.

Mahmoud Aymo, Carlos Bellón Núñez-Mera, R. Sáenz Díaz

Capítulos en libros

P. М. Filippov, Vitaliy Sadkov

Introduction: the paper deals with the phenomenon denoted by the term "cryptocurrency" from the perspective of modern civil circulation, its relationship with other statutory concepts which characterize the digital economy. It is necessary to introduce the term "electronic fiducion" into the legal lexicon to denote the phenomenon that is known as "cryptocurrency" at the everyday level. The authors' definition of the category "electronic fiducion" is proposed. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive legal analysis of the phenomenon referred to at a simple level as "cryptocurrency" from the perspective of the object of civil relations. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparative law. Results: the authors' well-founded position is based on the legislation and the opinions of the competent scientists on the issues of determining the legal essence of the category, which is now referred to as "cryptocurrency" from the perspective of civil law. Conclusions: as a result of the study the authors proposed to introduce in the legal lexicon, instead of the term "cryptocurrency", the term "electronic fiducion" which denotes the universal contractual payment (settlement) means with the decentralized record of the transactions based on free will and good faith, free from the external administration used by the contractors on the telecommunication network "Internet".

Stefan Tönnissen, Frank Teuteberg

No abstract is available for this record.

Florian Möslein, Sebastian Omlor, Nils Urbach

Der am 11. 8. 2020 vorgelegte Referentenentwurf fur ein Gesetz zur Einfuhrung von elektronischen Wertpapieren (eWpG-E) beschrankt sich vorerst auf elektronische Inhaber-Schuldverschreibungen, stellt aber bereits die „geplante[n] Ausdehnung auf elektronische Aktien“ in Aussicht. Das Ziel der Blockchain-Strategie der Bundesregierung, „die Anwendung der Blockchain-Technologie im Gesellschaftsrecht“ zu prufen, erfahrt damit behutsam eine gewisse Konkretisierung. Der nachfolgende Beitrag greift deshalb die Zielsetzung der Blockchain-Strategie auf. Er diskutiert zentrale Fragen eines kunftigen Blockchain-Kapitalgesellschaftsrechts, und zwar mit Blick auf Aktiengesellschaften und Gesellschaften mit beschrankter Haftung sowie unter Berucksichtigung der technischen Umsetzbarkeit.

Björn Wegberg

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der inhärent dezentralen Natur der distributed-ledger Technologie und dem Transparenzverlangen der Geldwäschereibekämpfung. In einem zweiten Schritt analysiert der Autor die Möglichkeit, mittels LegalTech Anwendungen die Automatisierungslösung goAML der MROS und die Video- und Onlineidentifizierung der eidgenössischen Finanzmarktaufsicht (FINMA) in einer geeigneten Form zu verknüpfen, die den Bedürfnissen aller Parteien gerecht wird.

Markus Hartung, Micha-Manuel Bues, Gernot Halbleib

No abstract is available for this record.

Jakub Hospodka

Legal aspects of cryptocurrencies Abstract The aim of this work is to analyse the legal aspects of cryptocurrencies, especially focusing on their position within the legal system, legal binding of so-called smart contracts and their proper taxation in the field of personal income, legal entities and value added tax. The main content of the work is divided into six chapters. These six chapters are preceded by an introduction, which contains the reasons for choosing the topic, the chosen goal and the individual sub-goals and methods by which these goals are achieved. The last part is followed by a conclusion, which contains a summary of individual findings and recommendations for further research. The first chapter briefly deals with the history of cryptocurrencies, respectively describes the origin and life of two important precursors of the cryptocurrency bitcoin, E-Cash and E-Gold. The second chapter contains an analysis of the concept of cryptocurrency in relation to concepts such as currency, money, electronic money, digital and virtual currency. The content also includes the position of cryptocurrencies in the Czech legal system, an analysis of the fulfilment of the defining features of a security and the effects of their inclusion in the issue of combating the legalization of proceeds from crime. The...

Alois Birklbauer

„Ansichgebracht“ in Sinne von § 165 Abs 2 1. Fall StGB ist ein Vermögensbestandteil bei Erlangen faktischer Verfügungsmacht darüber. Eine solche ist nicht erst – wie bei der Hehlerei (§ 164 StGB) – bei Erwerb des Gewahrsams anzunehmen, sondern bereits bei der ab Einlangen darauf bestehenden Möglichkeit, über den Vermögensbestandteil in Form eines Positivsaldos auf einem Konto (etwa durch Behebungen oder Überweisungen) verfügen zu können. Ein Verkaufsauftrag über eine Gesamtmenge von beim Vortäter bereits vorhandenen Bitcoins samt dessen Verfügungsmöglichkeit („privater Schlüssel“) zum Transfer ist unter die Begehungsweise des § 165 Abs 2 erster Fall StGB subsumierbar.