Cultural policy in Sweden. During the ‘70’s, Sweden adopted a genuine cultural policy evolving along the following main criteria : major opportunities for self-expression, creative and community development, decentralization and financial efforts in favour of the underprivileged. Since State finance does not reach the local level, the implementation of such a policy remained within the exclusive terms of reference of local govemment. This accounts for wide discrepancies among boroughs. The 80ties witness a cut in public expenditure with serious effects on cultural policy which had not yet reached its full development and still lacked strong local structures. Therefore, future cultural policy is as yet uncertain. It will largely depend on societal options taken : privatization and commercialization or cultural welfare and creativity.
In the American governmental system, local governments have a fairly high degree of autonomy in their relations with state and federal governments. This is one reason that local governments play such an important role of financing and delivering human services. Moreover, the many agencies, both private and public, which deliver these services at the local level, have a high degree of autonomy in carrying out their missions and in relating to each other. In such a decentralized context, the working relations among human service agencies are critical to the effective delivery of the services they provide. The coordination of these organizations and their services is a complex and pervasive issues. This paper will describe and compare two complementary studies of the same substantive area, coordination of transportation provided by human service agencies in the United States.
Prologues: We live in an age of high technology, whether the subject is medicine, the exploration of space, or unraveling other mysteries of mankind. One small reflection of this reality is the presence on Capitol Hill of the Office of Technology Assessment, an arm of Congress created to assist legislators to better understand the relentless pace of technological change in our society. One of the pursuits of OTA involves a wide range of health related issues, which command the attention of a professional staff numbering about a dozen at any given time. David Banta, a board-certified specialist in preventive medicine, directs this work. One of his senior associates is Jane Willems, a Ph.D economist with a particular interest in technology. The thinking of Banta, as it relates to the appropriate role of government in monitoring technology, has changed in the seven years he has worked on Capitol Hill. Once a devout believer in strong regulation as the primary force to improve the use of technology, Banta has come around to thinking that a variety of instruments may be needed to undertake such tasks in the United States. Willems, on the other hand, has maintained a firm belief in the workings of the marketplace and in decentralized decisionmaking. The paper written by Banta and Willems reflects this tandem of thought. Three congressional committees in particular make use of the OTA 's health work: the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee, the Senate Finance Committee, and the House Energy and Commerce Committee. Recent studies undertaken by the OTA include technology transfer at the National Institutes of Health, the role of technology in Medicare, alternatives to health and safety regulation in the work place, and technologies for handicapped people.
Abstract Social services in the Netherlands have traditionally been delivered by non-state agencies, in a climate of support for ‘private initiative’ and resistance to direct intervention by government. These agencies have, however, become almost totally dependent upon government finance, while operating virtually autonomously in a non-politicised sphere where services have become increasingly sophisticated and expensive. The power exercised over public resources and public services by these ‘private’ agencies, particularly at national level, and the lack of control over the welfare sector by government, has been the subject of growing criticism in recent years. The dysfunctions of a ‘voluntary’ system of social services have also become glaringly evident. This article traces the development of a relationship between state and ‘private enterprise’ in the social services which has developed from a strictly ‘separatist’ model to one where a high degree of inter-penetration has been reached. It also examines current efforts to extend this second ‘incorporated’ model of statutory-voluntary relationships by placing social welfare services under a greater measure of public control within a decentralized system of local political responsibility.
Traditionally, financial management theory has emphasized the separation of the capital investment and financing decisions [2, pp. 81 and 176]. This separation assumes that the firm's financing decision is taken as given when the investment decision is made or that the two decisions are independent of each other. In reality, these decisionis are seldom independent. Mergers and acquisitions are typical examples of capital investments that make the investment/financing separation inappropriate. The tone of research on the interaction between investment and financing decisions was set by Myers [16]. Myers advanced the concept of Adjusted Present Value (APV), which permits an examination and evaluation of the consequences of interactions between the firm's financing and investment decisions. A new project's APV is defined as the sum of the present value of its net operating income assuming all-equity financing plus the value of any additional debt capacity to the firm contributed by the project. The definition of the new project's APV presented above represents a fairly simplified version. However, a closer look at the concept of APV brings up other potential issues relating to stock purchase decisions, dividend policy, and transaction costs associated with new sources of funding, etc. These are important financial management variables that have been considered in other research efforts [1, 3, 7, 17]. The second phase of the investment/financing interaction process was developed by Bower and Jenks (BJ) [1]. They used the simplified concept of APV in their effort to estima e divisional screening rates for decentralized investm nt decisions. After assuming that each investment project had its implicit optimal debt ratio, BJ used this implicit ratio to estimate the project's cut-off rate in the fr m work of the capital asset pricing model. While BJ's study does provide an important application of the APV concept, it does not go far enough: (a) It does not provide any theoretical basis for assessment of the implicit debt ratio of each project. Their analysis instead relies on average debt ratios of different industries observed on an ex post basis. (b) It assumes that the firm's debt capacity is increased by an amount equivalent to the project's debt capacity. Although the additivity of the firm's debt ca-
well established in the United States. With few exceptions, states are paying a larger share of total education costs and, increasingly, states are setting limits on how much or how little school districts may spend for educational services. While generally acknowledged as inevitable, the movement has raised fears that the viability of local control is threatened and that the advantages of decentralized policy making are soon to be lost. The fear is summed up in the adage, He who pays the piper calls the tune. That is a possibility, but it need not be. There is much to be learned in this respect from the experience of England. The English have developed a system of schooling whereby approximately twothirds of the costs are borne by the central government while local educational authorities exercise a greater degree of discretion than enjoyed by their counterparts in the United States especially at the school building level. The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between central and local government in England and to draw implications for practice in the United States with specific reference to education.
This thesis is an attempt to generalise to the odd orthogonal group Γ_K, over an Infinite field K not of characteristic two, the work of Schur [S], and more recently Green [G], on the general linear group G_K using the approach of Weyl [W] in characteristic zero. The special feature here is that we treat Γ_K as merely a group of matrices defined by the vanishing of polynomials in its coefficients (the classical view) rather than a group generated by elements derived from an associated Lie algebra, the approach used initially by Chevalley and adopted by most authors in recent times. \n \nAfter generalising Green's [G] Schur algebra for G_K to Γ_K in §0 we prove in §1 Chevalley's famous theorem on the 'Big Cell' in G_K and then, by an easy extension, prove it for the Big Cell in Γ_K. Chevalley's original proof uses representations of Lie algebras, ours requires nothing but a little knowledge of the coordinate ring K_+[G] of all 'polynomial' functions on G_K . We define K[Γ], the coordinate ring of Γ_K, to be the space of all polynomial functions on G_K restricted to Γ_K and in §2 give a generating set of the kernel of the restriction map ψ_K:K_+ [G]→K[Γ]. This generalises Weyl's result in characteristic zero. In §3 we use this result to show that the family, or 'scheme', of rings K[Γ] (K varying over all infinite fields not of characteristic two) is 'defined over Z' ; in fact K[Γ] is naturally isomorphic to K θ Z[Γ_Q], where Z[Γ_Q] is the subring of Q[Γ] spanned by 'monomial' functions. This enables us to formulate a 'modular' representation theory for Γ which connects polynomial representations of Γ_Q with those of Γ_K. \n \nIn §4 we investigate the Schur algebras of Γ_Q following Weyl [W] and in §5 find a complete set of irreducibles for each of them, once again following the lead of Weyl. In §6 we attempt to 'reduce' these modules modulo p to obtain 'Weyl' modules for Γ_K, a task only partially completed.
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Advanced Algebra and Geometry
Finite Group Theory Research
Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
A bstract . The fiscal crisis of particular central cities has been primarily caused by social and economic decentralization within metropolitan regions. This hypothesis is examined through a case study of the Bridgeport, Connecticut metropolitan region. Middle and upper income groups have moved from the central city of Bridgeport to its suburbs while the poor remain. Business and industry have also decentralized. These factors weaken the capacity of the central city to generate sufficient revenue from its declining share of the region's taxable resources. The central city must fund a wide range of services and faces, as all local governments do, increased costs. Because of these fundamental social and economic changes , the central city cannot meet its service commitments. Unless the existing system of public finance is altered, continued decline is inevitable.
The required Third National Energy Plan NEP-III offers the Reagan administration an opportunity to assess cogeneration. The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act, increasing energy prices, capital-intensive industrial investments in energy efficiency, utility financing problems, opportunities for decentralized energy systems, stabilizing gas supplies, and the economics of energy efficiency combined to make cogeneration attractive to a wide range of energy producers and users. US energy policy will be reassessing several issues, among them the roles of utilities, states, and the Federal government in cogeneration and the appropriate financial and legal incentives to ensure certainty for those developing cogeneration facilities. (DCK)
The author explains mechanism of local economy functioning and distinguishes three sets in this mechanism: decentralized, centralized and mixed sets. Taking into account conditions of local economy functioning, in which local authorities are decisive subjects (local administration and people's councils) the author formulates an opinion that postulates on decentralization, which are stated in discussions, practically refer to substitution of centralized set with mixed set — and not decentralized one — of local economy. Centralized set can not be fully abolished even when mixed set is a predominating set of local economy functioning. Anyway it does not eliminate the possibility of competence expansion of leading local authorities. In such situation decentralized set of local economy functioning, in strict meaning of the word, can play a marginal role only. The author considers in a broad way the role played by financial factor in local economy functioning. A special attention is paid to dissimilarity of financing principles in particular sets of this economy, because efficiency of the reform considerably depends on proper knowledge about these principles.
Each year we ask many of our first-year students at the University of Oregon to list the mathematical subjects or topics that they liked best and topics they liked least in their precollege classes. Although several subjects were “favorites,” the subject that was almost universalJy disliked was geome- try in high school.
Ruy de Queiroz, Luiz Carlos Pereira, Edward Hermann Hæusler
This volume contains the Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation (WoLLIC'2003). The Workshop was held in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil from July 29 to August 1, 2003, in the Escola de Minas of the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto ( UFOP ). WoLLIC is a series of workshops which started in 1994 with the aim of fostering interdisciplinary research in pure and applied logic . The idea is to provide a forum which is large enough in the number of possible interactions between logic and the sciences related to information and computation, and yet is small enough to allow for concrete and useful interaction among participants. Previous versions were held at: Recife (Pernambuco, Brazil) in 1994 and 1995; Salvador (Bahia, Brazil) in 1996; Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil) in 1997; São Paulo (Brazil) in 1998; Itatiaia (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) in 1999; Natal (Rio Grande do Norte) in 2000; Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brazil) in 2001; Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 2002. Scientific sponsorship comes from the Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics ( IGPL ), the European Association for Logic, Language and Information ( FoLLI ), the Association for Symbolic Logic ( ASL ), European Association for Theoretical Computer Science ( EATCS ), the Sociedade Brasileira de Computação ( SBC ), and the Sociedade Brasileira de Lógica ( SBL ). Funding was kindly given by:(i) CNPq ( Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico , the scientific and technological development council of the Brazilian Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia ) (grant 450709/2003-5);(ii) CAPES ( Fundação Coordenação de Apoio ao Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior , a Foundation for the Development of Higher-Education under the Brazilian Ministério da Educação e do Desporto ) (grant PAEP0565/03);(iii) FAPEMIG ( Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais , the Minas Gerais state foundation for the support of scientific research);(iv) Escola de Minas da UFOP ( Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto ). Contributions were received in the form of short papers in all areas related to logic, language, information and computation, including:pure logical systems, proof theory, model theory, algebraic logic, type theory, category theory, constructive mathematics, lambda and combinatorial calculi, program logic and program semantics, logics and models of concurrency, logic and complexity theory, proof complexity, foundations of cryptography (zero-knowledge proofs), descriptive complexity, nonclassical logics, nonmonotonic logic, logic and language, discourse representation, logic and artificial intelligence, automated deduction, foundations of logic programming, logic and computation, and logic engineering. Apart from the contributed papers (15), and the invited talks (5), the programme includes 5 tutorial lectures: 1. Algorithmic Randomness and Derandomization by Eric Allender (Department of Computer Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, USA) 2. Generalized Quantifiers by Lauri Hella (Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Philosophy, University of Tampere, Finland) 3. Implicit computational complexity by Jean-Baptiste Joinet (Preuves-Programmes-Systèmes, Université Paris 7, France) 4. Proof search foundations for logic programming by Dale Miller (INRIA/Futurs/Saclay, and Laboratoire d'Informatique, École Polytechnique, France) 5. Iterated theory change by Hans Rott (Institut für Philosophie, Universität Regensburg, Germany) All papers in the volume were reviewed by the program committee consisting of Mauricio Ayala-Rinóon ( Departamento de Matemática, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil ) Argimiro Arratia ( Depto. Matematicas, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Venezuela ) Alessandra Carbone ( Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, and Université de Paris XII, France ) Marcelo Coniglio ( Centro de Lógica e Epistemologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil ) Gilles Dowek ( INRIA, France ) Arnaud Fleury ( Facoltà di Scienze, Università di Verona, Italy ) Dexter Kozen ( Cornell University, USA ) Maarten Marx ( ILLC, Faculty of Science, Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands ) Anto˚nio Carlos da Rocha Costa ( Escola de Informática, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Brazil ) Dieter Spreen ( Fachbereich Mathematik, Theoretische Informatik, Universität Siegen, Germany ) Luiz Carlos Pereira ( Departamento de Filosofia, PUC-Rio and UFRJ, Brazil ) Jouko Väänänen ( Department of Mathematics, University of Helsinki, Finland ) Renata Wassermann ( Departamento de Cie˚ncia da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil ) The organising committee consisted of Lucília Figueiredo ( Departamento de Computação, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil ) Fred Ulisses Maranhão ( Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil ) Anjolina Grisi de Oliveira ( Center of Informatics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil ) Elaine Pimentel ( Departamento de Matemática, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil ) (Co-Chair) Ruy de Queiroz ( Center of Informatics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil ) (Co-Chair) Maria Angela Weiss ( Departamento de Matemática, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil ) The volume will be published as volume 84 in the series Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science ( ENTCS ). This series is published electronically through the facilities of Elsevier B.V. and its auspices. The volumes in the ENTCS series can be accessed at the URL http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/entcs A printed version of the current volume has been distributed to the participants at the workshop in Ouro Preto. We are very grateful to the following persons, whose help has been crucial for the success of WoLLIC'2003: Mike Mislove, one of the Managing Editors of the ENTCS series, for his assistance with the use of the ENTCS style files; Thanks are also due to the Department of Mathematics of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and the Department of Computing of the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, which has provided the logistic support to the organising committee. August 2, 2003 Ruy de Queiroz, Elaine Pimentel, Lucilia Figueiredo
primed to give unduly consistent or instrument-induced responses clearly suggested by the rather substantial variation among service categories shown in Table 2 above. 11. Joel D. Aberbach and Jack L. Walker, Attitudes of Blacks and Whites Toward City Services: Implications for Public in J. Crecine (ed.), Financing the Metropolis (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1970), pp. 519-537; Angus Campbell and Howard Schuman, Racial Attitudes in Fifteen American Cities, in Supplemental Studies for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Praeger, 1968), pp. 3-67; Floyd J. Fowler, Jr., op. cit.; John P. Pelissero, Citizen Evaluations of Cotmmnunity Services in Oklahoma (Norman, Okla.: Bureau of Government and Research, 1978). is Race an Important Factor? in H. Hahn (ed.), People and Politics in Urban Societv (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972), pp. 369-392; Francis X. Tannian with Kevin Dawson, Views of Neighborhoods, Commuters, and Businesses Concerning the Productivity of City Services (Newark: University of Delaware, College of Urban Affairs and Public Policy, 1977); Thomas J. Williams, Citizzen Evaluations of Local Government Services in a Southern Community (Washington, D.C.: National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration, 1977). 12. In interpreting these correlations we limit ourselves to considering two variables related only when their coefficient of sufficient magnitude to be statistically significant at the .05 level of probability; i.e., there only a 5 percent or less probability that the variables are actually unrelated in the population as a whole. An important preliminary consideration in the interpretation of any multiple regression analysis the possibility that the results are compromised because of the problem of multicollinearity; i.e., very high correlations between two or more of the predictor (independent) variables in the equation. Very high correlations in this context have been considered by H. F. Weisberg and B. D. Bowen, An Introduction to Survev Research and Data Analvsis (San Francisco: Freeman, 1975) to be those greater than .70 (p. 214). K. B. Rai and J. C. Blydenburgh, Political Science Statistics (Boston: Holbrook, 1973), p. 232, consider multicollinearity present when coefficients greater than .80 are found between independent variables. In either case, none of the simple correlations between the independent variables in this analysis approach such a level. 13. See Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), 1978: The Year of the New Populism, Intergovernmnental Perspective, Vol. 5 (Winter 1979), pp. 4-5. 14. As quoted in ACIR, States Tackle Tough Fiscal Issues, Intergovernmental Perspectmve, Vol. 5 (Winter 1979), p. 7.
This article constructs a decentralized growth model with two production sectors, one having competitive firms and the other oligopolists. Since capitalized pure profits for the latter sector constitute an asset which household savings must finance, we show that imperfect competition can reduce steady-state national output through both a "static effect" on allocative efficiency and a "dynamic effect" on aggregative capital accumulation. After presenting a theoretical analysis, we generate several numerical examples. The latter suggest that the "dynamic effect" of monopoly may be significantly larger than the "static effect" in practice.