Blockchain Papers

Milton Terris

No abstract is available for this record.

Deborah A. Verstegen

The Reagan administration’s “New Federalism” agenda focused on redirecting national priorities and decentralizing domestic programs through budgetary policy. This research analyzes the consequences of national policy shifts occurring over the decade of the 1980s for public education. Utilizing a multimethod research design, it addresses four fundamental questions: (a) What have been the federal investments in education during the Reagan years? (b) How has the overall Department of Education (ED) budget fared over this time? (c) How have individual programs in ED been affected? (d) In sum, what fiscal changes have occurred in education during the Reagan presidency and to what extent have devolution and diminution in federal education policy been influenced by the Administration’s policies? The author finds significant shifts have occurred in federal education policy and finance during the 1980s. Tax reductions, deficit financing, dwindling productivity, and an uncertain economic outlook indirectly accomplished what could not be otherwise achieved, and set the basis for a new era in national education policy and finance well beyond the Reagan years.

Cynthia Dwork, Larry Stockmeyer

We initiate an investigation of interactive proof systems (IPS'S) and zero knowledge interactive proof systems where the verifier is a %way probabilistic finite state automaton (2pfa). Among other results, we show: 1. There is a class of 2pfa verifiers and a language L such that L has a zero knowledge IPS with respect to this class of verifiers, and L cannot be recognized by any verifier in the class on its own; 2. There is a language L such that L has an IPS with 2pfa verifiers but L has no zero knowledge IPS with 2pfa verifiers.

Kazuo Ohta, Tatsuaki Okamoto

No abstract is available for this record.

Sanguan Nitayarumphong

Thailand has a long history of primary health care (PHC) development which started before the Declaration of Alma Ata in 1978. The National PHC programme was implemented nation-wide as part of the Fourth National Health Development Plan (1977–1981) focusing on the training of ‘grass-root’ PHC workers consisting of village health communicators and village health volunteers. Since then PHC has evolved through many innovative health activities: community organization, community self-financing and management, the restructuring of the health system and multisectoral co-ordination. Many of the essential elements of PHC have been achieved. Improvements in the nutritional status of children under five households accessiblity to clean water, immunization coverage, and the availablity of essential drugs have been observed. PHC has been successful in Thailand because of community involvement in health, collaboration between govermment and non-govermment organizations, the integration of the PHC programme, the decentralization of planning and management, intersectors collaboration at operational levels, resource allocation in favour of PHC, the management and continuous supervision of the PHC programme from the national down to the district level, and the horizontal teaining of villagers to villagers.

Michael Pearlman

No abstract is available for this record.

Robert H. Aten

Two aspects of Western public finance, the economic theory of federalism and public choice theory, have insights that, if adopted in the Soviet Union, could help improve its resource allocation to permit economic growth, mitigate the problems it has with its minorities, and aid the transition away from a centralized, Communist-Party-dominated State and society. The economic reforms proposed by Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev are briefly summarized and criticized in the context of a summary discussion of governmental decisionmaking in the Soviet Union. Lessons are identified from the U.S. historical experience that suggest certain steps to improve local government as necessary preconditions for improving Soviet economic efficiency. These are free local elections, a free local press, an independent judiciary with real authority to protect the integrity of the press and local elections, real decentralization of political power to the regions, steps toward equalization of fiscal capacity among the regions, increased citizen mobility, and adoption of actions to provide incentives for Western investment in local government capital formation. This last precondition requires a convertible currency. (To achieve a convertable currency may require other economic and political changes that are beyond the scope of this paper.) Aspects of the paper rely on information publically available through mid-1989.

Kenneth Lipartito

Although lawyers made crucial contributions to the development of business, scholars have said little about their role. As the following article explains, lawyers fought restrictions on business growth, worked to make laws uniform, and helped to establish legal rules in the areas of corporate reorganization, finance, and regulation. Pioneering a new type of organization—the large firm—they moved beyond the realm of legal doctrine and acquired the political influence, local knowledge, and community connections needed to reform the nation's decentralized legal system in ways that fit the demands of national-scale business.

Manuel Blum, Paul Feldman, Silvio Micali

No abstract is available for this record.

Wellner, Ingrid

No abstract is available for this record.

Cynthia Dwork, Larry Stockmeyer

No abstract is available for this record.

Robert C. Merton

No abstract is available for this record.

Walter Eversheim, H.J. Schmitz-Mertens, U. Wiegershaus

No abstract is available for this record.

Jørgen Brandt, Ivan Damgård, Peter Landrock, Torben Pedersen

No abstract is available for this record.

Joan Boyar, Stuart A. Kurtz, Mark W. Krentel

No abstract is available for this record.

Marilyn L. Flynn, Young-Soon Chung

No abstract is available for this record.

Alfredo De Santis, Silvio Micali, Giuseppe Persiano

No abstract is available for this record.

Mike Burmester

No abstract is available for this record.

Mihir Bellare, Silvio Micali, Rafail Ostrovsky

Quadratic residuosity and graph isomorphism are classic problems and the canonical examples of zero-knowledge languages. However, despite much research effort, all previous zero-knowledge proofs for them required either unproven complexity assumptions or an unbounded number of rounds of message exchange.

Moni Naor, Moti Yung

We show how to construct a public-key cryptosystem (as originally defined by DiNe and Hellman) secure against chosen ciphertezt attacks, given a public-key cryptosystern secure against passive eavesdropping and a noninteractive zero-knowledge proof system in the shared string model. No such secure cryptosystems were known before. A concrete implementation can be based on quadratic residuosity intractability.

Michael Ben-Or, Oded Goldreich, Shafi Goldwasser, Johan Håstad · 7 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Alfredo De Santis, Silvio Micali, Giuseppe Persiano

No abstract is available for this record.

Oded Goldreich, Eyal Kushilevitz

No abstract is available for this record.

Uriel Feige, Dror Lapidot, Adi Shamir

In the present study, we investigated how the symmetry/asymmetry of cell division in mitotic CD34(+) cells can be evaluated by determining the plane of cell division and the potential distribution of proteins between daughter cells. The orientation of the mitotic spindle is dependent upon the positioning of the centrosomes, which determine the plane of cell division and the sharing of proteins. If the functions of unequally shared proteins are relevant to the kinetics of cell division, they could determine whether the daughter cells undergo self-renewal or differentiation. The kinetic function of the proteins of interest was investigated using a colony-replating assay and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) staining. We used Notch/Numb as a model system, since they have a role in balancing symmetric/asymmetric divisions. Mitotic cells were examined microscopically and centrosomal markers γ-tubulin/pericentrin were used with activated Notch-1 and Numb. We monitored the first crucial divisions by CFSE staining and found an inverse relationship between activated Notch and Numb expression, suggesting a reciprocal regulation. We suggest that the subpopulations expressing activated Notch or Numb have different cell fates. To determine the influence of Notch signaling on progenitor cell self-renewal, we used the γ-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-Butyl ester (DAPT). DAPT influences self-renewal/differentiation outcome by affecting the frequency of symmetric renewal divisions without affecting the rate of divisions. Overall, the purpose of this study was to establish a cellular system for predicting the symmetry/asymmetry of hematopoietic progenitor divisions at the level of centrosomes and protein distribution and to investigate the influence of these proteins on progenitor cell kinetics.