Historically, the means of payment has evolved from time to time. The current phenomenon is Bitcoin, claimed by its users as a means of future payments, that have been the major attention of many people, from people in business to students. The research question in this study was how the existence of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange is, and how its existence as a medium of exchange is viewed based on the maqāṣid al-syar 'īyah. This used the literature research method and the maqāṣidī approach by applying the tarjih maslahat method. The existence of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange is considered valid because of the 'urf recognition. However, it requires a legal status from the government because it is related to al-maslahat al-mmāmmah, the mafsadat (damage) value of Bitcoin is higher than its maslahat (benefit) value. Hence, it is concluded that Bitcoin is valid as a medium of exchange. Still, its use must be limited due to the mafsadat (harm) probability that is more dominant at the ḍarūriyyāt (primary needs) level, following the principle of "rejecting the harm is prioritized than realizing the benefit."
 Abstrak: Berdasarkan sejarah, alat pembayaran dari masa ke masa telah mengalami evolusi, pada saat ini terdapat sebuah fenomena yaitu fenomena Bitcoin yang diklaim oleh para penggunanya sebagai alat pembayaran masa depan yang telah banyak menyita perhatian orang mulai dari kalangan pengusaha hingga mahasiswa. Bitcoin memiliki beberapa kelebihan jika dibandingkan dengan alat pembayaran yang biasa digunakan, di antaranya yaitu sifatnya yang desentralisasi sehingga tidak ada pengendali pusat yang akan ikut campur di dalamnya. Sedangkan pada kebiasaannya, alat pembayaran di suatu wilayah berada di bawah pengawasan pemerintah karena alat pembayaran tergolong kepada kebutuhan primer yang menyangkut kesejahteraan umum. Pertanyaan penelitian dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana eksistensi Bitcoin sebagai alat tukar dan bagaimana keberadaan Bitcoin sebagai alat tukar berdasarkan maqāṣid al-syar‘īyah. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dan pendekatan maqāṣidī dengan menerapkan metode tarjih maslahat. Keberadaan Bitoin sebagai alat tukar dianggap sah karena terdapat pengakuan secara ‘urf. Akan tetapi status sah tersebut perlu mendapatkan pengesahan pemerintah karena terkait dengan al- maslahat al-‘āmmah, nilai mafsadat pada Bitcoin lebih dominan jika dibandingkan dengan nilai maslahatnya. Dari paparan di atas disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan Bitcoin sah sebagai alat tukar, namun penggunaannya merupakan sesuatu yang harus dibatasi karena probabilitas mafsadatnya lebih dominan yang berada pada tingkat ḍarūriyyāt.. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah “menolak mafsadat di dahulukan dari pada mewujudkan maslahat.”
 Keyword: Eksistensi, Bitcoin, Maqāṣid al-Syar‘īyah.
Most enterprise blockchain applications rely on real world trust relationship such as the business in financial institutions, entertainment industry, supply chain industry, transportation, education, healthcare services, etc. Hyperledger aims to advance blockchain technology that confederate in the cross-industry to open standard platform for distributed ledgers, which can transform the way business transactions are controlled globally. As we know currently the model of blockchain have permissionless blockchain and permissioned blockchain, which the permissionless blockchain such as Bitcoin cryptocurrency that anyone can operate a node and participate through spending CPU cycle and demonstrating a proof of work. On the other hand, permissioned blockchain model control who participates in validation and in the protocol. More over these nodes typically have established identities and form a consortium. Therefore, to make the innovation application that need the authority and permission for submitting the transaction we will select the hyperledger fabric framework to develop our project. Hence this paper will focus to study to develop a prototype of healthcare service application in dental clinic service. In order to keep records transactions that are accessible and controlled the authority by participants which it has a transaction id number that generate by hash number mechanism running by hyperledger composer. This application will create a trust relationship wherein the goal is to set up a set of participants in an ecosystem that it needed in health care service in the field of sharing the medical equipment and transaction that can save a variety of costs and make an interoperability process in the clinics.
Blockchain is a game changer in nowadays information technology and financial industry. Since Nakamoto invented the concept of blockchain together with its first application called “Bitcoin”, the topic of blockchain has been inundated with the booming of cryptocurrencies. People expect this novel distributed ledger technology to bring a revolution to the entire industry and thereby grab the opportunity to expand and strengthen their business. The supply chain is treated as a typical use case to adopt blockchain and relevant technologies in many previous studies. In this paper, we conduct an interdisciplinary study on business supply chain management and the latest distributed ledger technology. In accordance with our discussion and experiments, we list three major benefits that the adoption of blockchain is able to bring to contemporary supply chain management. Meanwhile, we also identify a few of challenges that the nowadays blockchain application could not effectively excel, and the potential mitigation to those challenges as well.
Nor Ashikin Mohamad Kamal, Mohd Hanif Md Saad, C. S. Kok, Amir Hussain
Internet of Things (IoT) has been implemented in most advance technologies as part of the emerging 4th industrial revolution, and recently, blockchain technology is being welcomed. These rapid growing technologies giving a big challenge to the students. As such, learning these new technologies should be made easy and simple. However, current education does not specifically offer a curriculum to empower skills and knowledge in IoT and blockchain technology. The aim of this research is to develop learning kit that can provide suitable training to understand concept of IoT and blockchain technology. The kit consists of three parts namely “brain”, “muscle” and “cloud”. Raspberry Pi is used as “brain” of operation that will be interact with the Caiser Cloud platform. A testbox operates as “muscle” to provide simple data input. The input from testbox will be sent, stored and displayed on a platform created using Xojo software. The results show that the learning kit is successfully interact with Caiser Cloud platform and can be used as a training tools for education purpose.
A portal into the public ledger cryptocurrency makes a competition of the best web sites and easily trusted by the public. These are believed to constitute a measurable dimensions of User Experience (UX). This study aims to evaluate the user experience of the use of the three web sites most frequenty accessed cryptocurrency from Indonesia. The evaluation conducted aimed at knowing the factors that influence user trust through the design of the interface and can be installed on a new design. Methods include Performance Metrics, Post-Task Rating, Post-Session Rating, and Experiential Overview and eye-tracking device. Based on the results of research, in the overall evaluation of the web site, the web site is the most superior of Indodax. The results of the evaluation are then applied on a new design using the software Invision and examined again to see a comparison of the respondent at the time of first use. The result of the research is the assessment, recommendations, and design the look of the web site cryptocurrency are trustworthy based on user experience.
Abstra k : Perkembangan perekonomian dunia khususnya di Indonesia tidak dapat dilepaskan dari unsur teknologi informasi. Perkembangan teknologi informasi akan berhubungan dengan seluruh bidang termasuk bidang keuangan. Mata uang kripto (Cryptocurrency) atau sering disebut dengan mata uang virtual/digital merupakan hasil dari sebuah perkembangan teknologi keuangan (financial technology). Mata uang digital mulai banyak digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran pada internet. Tujuan mata uang ini dibuat adalah untuk memberikan kemudahan dan keamanan dalam pembayaran. Dengan adanya teknologi Blockchain didalamnya, menjadikan membuat biaya transaksi menjadi lebih murah. Namun, Pemerintah dalam hal ini Bank Indonesia melarang transaksi dengan menggunakan uang digital/virtual karena memiliki dampak berbahaya terhadap Sistem Keuangan, Stabilitas Moneter dan Sistem Pembayaran di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menjelaskan dampak dari Cryptocurrency terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia dan sikap pemerintah terhadap teknologi yang ada didalamnya. Dari sisi teknologi yang ditawarkan, cryptocurrency merupakan perkembangan dari teknologi keuangan yang memungkinkan akan mengganti uang kertas menjadi uang digital dalam transaksi keuangan dimasa depan. Diharapkan pemerintah dapat mengkaji teknologi yang terdapat pada cryptocurrency dengan lebih mendalam sehingga kebijakan yang dibuat nantinya tidak melarang teknologi yang terdapat pada cryptocurrency serta memberikan pengetahuan kepada masyarakat agar lebih memahami tentang cryptocurrency. Kata Kunci : Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, uang virtual/digital, financial technology, internet
IoT utilization in daily lives is very potential and can be applied in various fields, unfortunately the implementation in the social field still lacking. The large number of orphanages in Indonesia caused information distribution not easily available, however donors find it difficult to get the right information about food reserves, especially rice stock in orphanages. This paper proposes an IoT-based system where rice stocks in orphanages can be detected by Raspberry pi which is connected to sensors, data information from raspberry-pi connected to the network that can be accessed and monitored by mobile applications. This application designed for service providers, donors and rice suppliers. Donors send rice through financial transactions with service providers, and rice suppliers will ship items to the orphanage. Blockchain technology is applied to all parties in order to be transparent and reduce transaction manipulation.
Shalini Shukla, A.N. Thasmiya, Donthi Shashank, H. R. Mamatha
Voting is an important part of the administration of a country. Votes are still being carried out by physically going to voting booths. This process doesn't guarantee security and cases of tampering has been observed. This paper aims at removing these issues in the voting process by making it online and using the technology, Blockchain. Blockchain uses encryption and hashing to make every vote secure. In this case, one vote is considered as a transaction. A peer to peer network is created to create a private blockchain that share this distributed ledger having voting transaction. The application is designed in such a way so that the intricacies of the underlying architecture is hidden from the user. Each voter is uniquely identified by Government approved Aadhar number. The application makes use of this number to make sure that each voter gets only one chance to vote. When the vote gets submitted as a transaction then all the peers get synch up. Since each peer is associated with a public and private key the votes are encrypted and hashed and added to the blockchain to increase security and form a chain of blocks. Votes cannot be tracked back to the voter. In this paper, a peer to peer network is created having minimum three peers. Since voting is made online, it is expected that this paper will increase the voter turnouts. The scalability of the blockchain application depends on the secondary memory limit of the peer.
Patrick G. Sylim, Fang Liu, Alvin Marcelo, Paul Fontelo
BACKGROUND: Drug counterfeiting is a global problem with significant risks to consumers and the general public. In the Philippines, 30% of inspected drug stores in 2003 were found with substandard/spurious/falsely-labeled/falsified/counterfeit drugs. The economic burden on the population drug expenditures and on governments is high. The Philippine Food and Drug Administration (FDA) encourages the public to check the certificates of product registration and report any instances of counterfeiting. The National Police of Philippines responds to such reports through a special task force. However, no literature on its impact on the distribution of such drugs were found. Blockchain technology is a cryptographic ledger that is allegedly immutable through repeated sequential hashing and fault-tolerant through a consensus algorithm. This project will develop and test a pharmacosurveillance blockchain system that will support information sharing along the official drug distribution network. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a pharmacosurveillance blockchain system and test its functions in a simulated network. METHODS: We are developing a Distributed Application (DApp) that will run on smart contracts, employing Swarm as the Distributed File System (DFS). Two instances will be developed: one for Ethereum and another for Hyperledger Fabric. The proof-of-work (PoW) consensus algorithm of Ethereum will be modified into a delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) or practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm as it is scalable and fits the drug supply chain environment. The system will adopt the GS1 pedigree standard and will satisfy the data points in the data standardization guidelines from the US FDA. Simulations will use the following 5 nodes: for FDA, manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, and the consumer portal. RESULTS: Development is underway. The design of the system will place FDA in a supervisory data verification role, with each pedigree type-specific data source serving a primary data verification role. The supply chain process will be initiated by the manufacturer, with recursive verification for every transaction. It will allow consumers to scan a code printed on the receipt of their purchases to review the drug distribution history. CONCLUSIONS: Development and testing will be conducted in a simulated network, and thus, results may differ from actual practice. The project being proposed is disruptive; once tested, the team intends to engage the Philippine FDA to discuss implementation plans and formulate policies to facilitate adoption and sustainability. REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER: RR1-10.2196/10163.
This paper discusses the mining-trading of cryptocurrency in Islamic law as a digital asset that has recently been traded in cyberspace. The value of cryptocurrency is soaring and fluctuation and it is influenced by the demand of buying and selling. Indodax.com is the official digital asset site in Indonesia that trades more than 13 digital currencies. As we know, digital currencies are not electronic money, even though the characteristic is similar. Starting from this, I analyze whether cryptocurrency is worthy of being value as money that has a certain value. Until now, the Indonesian government through Bank Indonesia has published regulation Number 16/8/PBI/ 2014, which explicitly prohibits using bitcoin and altcoin on financial transactions. Otherwise, MUI (Indonesian Ulema Council) has not issued a fatwa yet related to cryptocurrency. From here, I focuse on this study to the law of cryptocurrency in Islamic law. Bitcoin has advantages and disadvantages. Among its advantages are the user can use exchange or transaction without third service (bank), and it can be traded in merchandise shops. But, the disadvantages of bitcoin are mach more, such as fluctuating value every times, it is not listed as a commodity, it is not watched by Financial Services Authority (OJK), it presents the element of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling or bet), which makes it possible to be used for money laundering and drugs. On the other hand, until now, the Indonesian people have not considered that bitcoin as a treasure like gold or silver
The use of technology has become important at this point in helping to meet human needs.Due to the increasing use of technology, new challenges are brought in the process of democracy as most people today don’t trust their governments, making elections is very important in modern democracy . Elections have a great importance in determining who will rule a nation or an organization or it can be said as it is an event that decides the fate of any nation. In modern democracy, elections are very important but large sections of society around the world do not trust their election system which is a major concern for democracy. Even the world’s largest democracies like India, United States, still suffer from a flawed electoral system. Vote rigging, hacking of EVM (Electronic voting machine), election manipulation, and polling booth capturing are the major issues in the current voting system The blockchain is said as emerging, decentralized, and distributed technology that promises to enhance different aspects of many industries. Expanding e-voting into blockchain technology could be the solution to eliminate the present concerns in e-voting system There is no doubt that the ever changing concept of the blockchain, which is the backbone of the famous cryptocurrency Bitcoin has triggered the start of a new era in the Internet and the online services. While most people focus only on bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies; there are in fact, many operations, both administrative and fintech that can only be done online/offline can now safely be moved to the Internet as online services because of immutability of blockchain. What makes blockchain a powerful tool is its smarts contracts and many features which overcomes traditional systems. Smart contracts are meaningful pieces of codes, to be integrated in the blockchain and executed as scheduled in every step of blockchain updates. E-votin, is another trending, yet critical, topic related to the online services. The blockchain with the smart contracts, emerges as a good candidate to use in developments of safer, cheaper, more secure, more transparent, and easier-to-use e-voting systems.Due to its consistency, widespread use, and provision of smart contracts logic, Ethereum and its network is one of the most suitable ones. An e-voting system must be secure, as it should not allow duplicated votes and be fully transparent, while protecting the privacy of the attendees. In this project, we have implemented and tested an e-voting application as a smart contract for the Ethereum network using the Ethereum and the Solidity language.
Kelompok Keahlian Ilmu Kemanusiaan, Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Asep Zaenal Ausop, Elsa Silvia Nur Aulia
Cryptocurrency is virtual money or digital money or electronic money in illusion world which has no any concrete thing. This cryptocurrency has many varieties such as Litecoin, Monero, Ether, Ripple, Ethereun, Qtum, Dash, Zcash, and Bitcoin. The safety of Bitcoin is protected by Blockchain technology but it has weaknesses such as no underlying asset, no authority, and responsibility. Moreover, the ownership of this bitcoin is anonymous, and the fluctuation of this Bitcoin values was very extreme and dominated by public opinion about marketing system. Therefore, the usage of this Bitcoin in the term of investation and bussiness transaction causes pro-contra from economical experts and ulama. This research is purposed to get a representation around Bitcoin technology its self and the validation for using Bitcoin in business transaction according to Islamic sharia. The used theory is the taxonomy bussiness of haram lidzatihi and haram lighayrihi from Jumhur Ulama and constructed by Adiwarman Abdul Karim. The method of this research is literature research; its resources are taken from Al Quran, Hadith Rasulullah, classical and contemporary books also online media. This research resulted the great revolusionarytechnology, but the usage of this Bitcoin as the investation of instrument contained maysir (gambling) and the instruments of bussiness transaction contained gharar. The law position is haram lighayrihi.
Blockchain is the core technology used to create the cryptocurrencies, like bitcoin. As part of the fourth industrial revolution since the invention of steam engine, electricity, and information technology, blockchain technology has been applied in many areas such as finance, judiciary, and commerce. The current paper focused on its potential educational applications and explored how blockchain technology can be used to solve some education problems. This article first introduced the features and advantages of blockchain technology following by exploring some of the current blockchain applications for education. Some innovative applications of using blockchain technology were proposed, and the benefits and challenges of using blockchain technology for education were also discussed.
Bitcoin is a digital currency raised by Satosghi Nakamoto, which is Completely decentralized, Highly anonymous, cross-border. Nowadays it has became one of the most widely used currency. Recently, as the used capacity has approached the capacity limitation of each block, the time needed to confirm a transaction increase dramatically. As a result, bitcoin cannot satisfy the need of a large number of bitcoin transactions. This paper aims to apply merged mining technology to bitcoin blockchain scaling, which builds another blockchain called auxiliary blockchain based on bitcoin blockchain and stores some of small rapid transactions in auxiliary blockchain. This paper also proves the merged mining technology can concentrate computing power and design a special miner reward program.
The blockchain technology is seen as revolutionary technology, which obtains attention from various fields in many countries. In China, students information in higher education needs to be managed by the third part-China Credentials Verification. Although this website brings a lot of convenience to students, it still exists some disadvantages. Through analyzing the application of blockchain technology in finance field, the key feature -decentralized can also be effectively applied in the education field to improve the work efficiency of verifying degree, storing considerable data or transmitting students' information in the way of point-to-point and so on. Through exploring the modern of 'blockchain+education', considerable students' info rmation in database can be stored in the blockchain and can be traced by companies to conveniently query their records. This paper will discuss the application landscape of blockchain technology in higher education in new view.