Smart manufacturing considered as a new trend of modern manufacturing helps to satisfy objectives associated with the productivity, quality, cost and competiveness. The smart manufacturing system is characterized by decentralized, distributed, networked compositions of autonomous systems. The model of smart manufacturing is inherited from the organization of the living systems in biology and nature such as ant colony, school of fish, bee's foraging behaviors, and so on. In which, the resources of the manufacturing system are considered as biological organisms, which are autonomous entities so that the manufacturing system has the advanced characteristics inspired from biology such as self-adaptation, self-diagnosis, and self-healing. In this paper, a cloud based smart manufacturing system for machining transmission cases is considered as research object in which the advanced information and communication technology such as cognitive agent, swarm intelligence, and cloud computing are used to integrate, organize and allocate the machining resources.
Bitcoinâs popularity increased as its value increased and people became excited about the prospect of a trustless, decentralized currency that could be used on the Internet. Within the last two years, however, people and organizations began exploiting the potential of the block chain that powers the bitcoin network. These people realized that the block chainâa transparent public ledger that cannot be alteredâcan be used for more than digital currency. One such organization calls itself Ethereum and its developers plan to use block chains to allow decentralized autonomous applications to operate free of government censorship or corruption. While such a network would have a profound effect on societyâallowing trustless voting, uncensored social networking and the likeâits impact on copyrights could be devastating. This paper argues that the emerging, decentralized Internet (also known as Web 3.0) will be the straw that breaks the copyright ownerâs back. This paper argues that, with block chain technology and decentralized applications, those buying and selling unauthorized copies of copyrighted material cannot be subject to court injunctions; making enforcement of copyrights nearly impossible on a decentralized Internet. This paper then proposes that copyright holders get out in front of the problem by embracing a decentralized Internet. This can only be done by drastically reducing the price of copyright licenses. In other words, by offering cheap licenses at the dawn of Web 3.0, copyright holders can instill a sense that itâs better to be safe than sorry when it comes to the ongoing struggle between technology and copyrights.
Abstract. Accumulators provide a way to succinctly represent a set with elements drawn from a given domain, us-ing an accumulation value. Subsequently, short proofs for the set-membership (or non-membership) of any element from the domain can be constructed and efficiently verified with respect to this accumulation value. Accumula-tors have been widely studied in the literature, primarily, as an authentication primitive: a malicious prover (e.g., an untrusted server) should not be able to provide convincing proofs on false statements (e.g., successfully prove membership for a value not in the set) to a verifier that issues membership queries (of course, having no access to set itself). In essence, in existing constructions the accumulation value acts as a (honestly generated) âcommitmentâ to the set that allows selective âopening â as specified by membership queriesâbut with no âhiding â properties. In this paper we revisit this primitive and propose a privacy-preserving enhancement. We define the notion of a zero-knowledge accumulator that provides the following very strong privacy notion: Accumulation values and proofs constructed during the protocol execution leak nothing about the set itself, or any subsequent updates to it (i.e., via element insertions/deletions). We formalize this property by a standard real/ideal execution game. An adversarial party that is allowed to choose the set and is given access to query and update oracles, cannot distinguish whether this interaction takes place with respect to the honestly executed algorithms of the scheme or with a simulator that is not given access to the set itself (and for updates, it does not even learn the type of update
We show a general connection between various types of statistical zero-knowledge (SZK) proof systems and (unconditionally secure) secret sharing schemes. Viewed through the SZK lens, we obtain several new results on secret-sharing: ⢠Characterizations: We obtain an almost-characterization of access structures for which there are secret-sharing schemes with an efficient sharing algorithm (but not necessarily efficient reconstruction). In particular, we show that for every language L â SZKL (the class of languages that have statistical zero knowledge proofs with log-space verifiers and simulators), a (monotonized) access structure associated with L has such a secret-sharing scheme. Conversely, we show that such secret-sharing schemes can only exist for languages in SZK. ⢠Constructions: We show new constructions of secret-sharing schemes with both ef-ficient sharing and efficient reconstruction for access structures associated with lan-guages that are in P, but are not known to be in NC, namely Bounded-Degree Graph Isomorphism and constant-dimensional lattice problems. In particular, this gives us the first combinatorial access structure that is conjectured to be outside NC but has an efficient secret-sharing scheme. Previous such constructions (Beimel and Ishai; CCC 2001) were algebraic and number-theoretic in nature. ⢠Limitations: We also show that universally-efficient secret-sharing schemes, where the complexity of computing the shares is a polynomial independent of the complexity of deciding the access structure, cannot exist for all (monotone languages in) P, unless there is a polynomial q such that P â DSPACE(q(n)). 1
In this work we introduce a new hard problem in lattices called Isometric Lattice Problem (ILP) and reduce Linear Code Equivalence over prime fields and Graph Isomorphism to this problem. We also show that this problem has an (efficient prover) perfect zero-knowledge interactive proof; this is the only hard problem in lattices that is known to have this property (with respect to malicious verifiers). Under the assumption that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse, we also show that ILP cannot be NP-complete. We finally introduce a variant of ILP over the rationals radicands and provide similar results for this new problem.
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This study examines the effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth in the context of Pakistan. The current structure of fiscal arrangements in Pakistan consists of three tiers, federal, provincial and local. Resources are distributed among these tiers through National Finance Commission (NFC) and Provincial Finance Commission (PFC) awards. Besides, local governments also receive random transfers including special/development grants, discretionary funds of parliamentarians and executives, etc. Empirical theorists postulate that Fiscal Decentralization may have positive effects on economic growth due to its efficiency advantages. However, it may have negative effects on economic growth and brings macroeconomic instability when it is not accompanied by enhancing the skill of local government apparatus and by better political accountability. Following Barro (1990) and Davoodi & Zou (1998) theoretical models of fiscal decentralization, the study in hand has developed a model and within the framework of a simple endogenous growth model, Johansenâs co-integration technique is used to estimate the effects of fiscal decentralization on economic growth in Pakistan for the period from 1972 to 2010. The study uses expenditures and revenues as indicators of fiscal decentralization and a set of control variables in the analysis. However, due to paucity of data at local level, it is assumed that over the time, public spending and revenue generation is done by two tiers of government i.e federal and provincial. Empirical results show that fiscal decentralization has positive effect on economic growth in the long run but it is statistically insignificant in case of Pakistan for short run.
Bitcoin is widely represented in the popular press, but far less so in serious academic inquiry. Researchers have analyzed Bitcoin from various discipline-specific perspectives using their own sets of theories and jargon. Yet cross-disciplinary research has been muddled by the inaccurate interpretation of terminology across fields of research. This results in polarized assessments. In an effort to examine the Bitcoin phenomenon in a more holistic and multidisciplinary manner, this paper compares Bitcoin with another innovative technology â the World Wide Web â as first envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee. By exploring the early development of the World Wide Web, we seek to compare and contrast its development with that of Bitcoin and blockchain technology. The goal of this study is to show similarities and differences in their historic development, in order to identify key success factors related to the adoption of these technologies. Through identification of these factors we seek to guide both academics and practitioners towards fruitful avenues of research and development.
This paper describes a study to understand what differentiates organization adopters of Bitcoin from nonadopters by comparing their IT-readiness, innovativeness and social media presence. The craze over cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin has been likened to a modern-day gold rush, yet academic research has not caught up. Governments are struggling with the very idea of cryptocurrency systems. After the price of Bitcoin fell from $1,200 to $300 in 2014, consumer interest flagged, leaving the future of Bitcoin adoption uncertain despite a slow and steady increase of organization adopters. Organization adoption is more important than consumer, because consumers canât use cryptocurrency if organizations donât accept them as payment. This research serves as a basis for future research on Bitcoins and Bitcoin adoption by highlighting some important hurdles to its adoption as a new innovation, in the hope that such endeavors move us ever closer to the vision of a true âpeopleâs currency.â
Bit coin, as the foundation for a secure electronic payment system, has drawn broad interests from researchers in recent years. In this paper, we analyze a comprehensive Bit coin transaction dataset and investigate the interrelationship between the flow of Bit coin transactions and its price movement. Using network theory, we examine a few complexity measures of the Bit coin transaction flow networks, and we model the joint dynamic relationship between these complexity measures and Bit coin market variables such as return and volatility. We find that a particular complexity measure of the Bit coin transaction network flow is significantly correlated with the Bit coin market return and volatility. More specifically we document that the residual diversity or freedom of Bit coin network flow scaled by the total system throughput can significantly improve the predictability of Bit coin market return and volatility.
Bitcoin is a new financial system that has the potential to have a big impact on the way the world does business. Its open ledger system and distribution network make it a valuable system. Although it is still in its infancy, as bitcoin becomes larger and more sophisticated, it may very well provide solutions to many of the current financial systemâs problems.
Conventional public key infrastructure (PKI) designs are not optimal and contain security flaws; there is much work underway in improving PKI. The properties given by the Bitcoin blockchain and its derivatives are a natural solution to some of the problems with PKI - in particular, certificate transparency and elimination of single points of failure. Recently-proposed blockchain PKI designs are built as public ledgers linking identity with public key, giving no provision of privacy. We consider the suitability of a blockchain-based PKI for contexts in which PKI is required, but in which linking of identity with public key is undesirable; specifically, we show that blockchain can be used to construct a privacy-aware PKI while simultaneously eliminating some of the problems encountered in conventional PKI.
Abstract : Authentication is deemed to be a critical function in the operation of tactical wireless ad hoc networks. The dynamic nature and unpredictability of these self - organizing networks requires that new security protocols be deployed that allow users to efficiently gain access to network resources without the burden of a centralized security infrastructure. Authentication protocols based on Zero - Knowledge Proof (ZKP) of identity schemes provide a means for establishing mutual trust between network entities. While many papers have looked at the virtues of ZKP - based authentication protocols from an academic perspective, little work has been carried out to actually deploy and test the protocols in fielded wireless networks. In this paper we present lessons - learned regarding the installation of ZKP - based authentication protocol on processing hardware designed for deployment on AFRL's small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) test bed.
The introduction of Web GL standards accelerated the arrival of the Web3 D era. The generation and processing of3 D model is the core in Web3D project. On the basis of the three.js engine,the data drive modeling,importing and processing of static 3D model,and importing and analysis of dynamic 3D model in the Web environment are introduced. The experimental results show that the Web3 D technology based on Web GL platform and three.js engine can not only effectively achieve the data visualization and the database-oriented parametric modeling,but also has compatibleness with most of the industrial 3D models and support the whole Web3 D project.
Financial resources and funding methods of the North African terrorist organizations have been largely influenced by their independence and the change from a centralized organization to a decentralized network of autonomous groups and cells. Although often associated with drug trafficking, this is an indirect source of funds for the groups, but kidnapping foreigners for ransom has been particularly lucrative for them. In the course of these operations, there is increased cooperation between organizations. One of the problems is that kidnapping for ransom is not specifically addressed in any of the terrorist conventions. In order to combat this phenomenon, the international community will need to work together collectively, as well as at the national level, to strengthen the prohibitions against such activity.
Bitcoin is the most popular, decentralized virtual currency in the world. Businesses both large and small have begun to accept bitcoins as a legal form of payment. In addition, Bitcoin currency exchanges, which trade bitcoins for real currency, have quickly arisen because of the currencyâs growing popularity.\nBut Bitcoinâs evolution has also been marred with criminality. Hundreds of millions of dollarsâ worth of bitcoins have been stolen from businesses and large Bitcoin currency exchanges. The infamous âSilk Roadââan illegal, online drug market, which the FBI took down in 2013âdealt in this currency. The use of bitcoins for illicit purposes not only facilitates criminal activity throughout the world, but also undermines the security of individuals using bitcoins for legitimate purposes, such as users who send remittances to family members abroad.\nThe Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, stands at the forefront of Bitcoin regulation. FinCEN was the first federal agency to address convertible virtual-currency regulation, providing legal guidance (the Guidance) explaining how the Bank Secrecy Act applies to convertible virtual currencies. For this reason, this Article analyzes and evaluates the Guidanceâs standards regarding convertible virtual currencies.\nThis Article proposes a refined regulatory framework that both deters money laundering in Bitcoinâa pervasive problem in the world of decentralized virtual currenciesâand allows the recognized benefits of this virtual currency to develop free from innovation- stifling regulation. Among other benefits, Bitcoin increases access to financing in impoverished areas, provides an avenue for low-cost remittances, lowers transaction costs for businesses burdened with high credit-card fees, and perhaps most importantly, creates a global platform for financial and technological innovation to flourish. While authorities recognize these advantages, the potential for criminal abuse nevertheless remains salient. This Article seeks to provide the optimal balance between these often-conflicting interests.
Judith Lee Smith, Arthur Long, Marcellus McRae, Jeff Steiner ¡ 5 authors
In the past five years, virtual currencies, or 'cryptocurrencies' have evolved tremendously and are quickly establishing themselves as a payment system. Today, virtual currencies are a multibillion-dollar venture with dual potential as both an investment and an electronic medium of exchange.* 1 2 3 Increasingly, mainstream retailers are announcing plans to accept Bitcoins, Bitcoin ATMs are growing in prominence,' the first Bitcoin debit cards have been delivered ' and the first Bitcoin derivative transactions have been executed on a US-regulated exchange.4 Yet, there remain numerous risks and challenges associated with virtual currencies. In addition to experiencing significant volatility in exchange rates and susceptibility to attacks from and illicit use by cybercriminals, the virtual currency marketplace remains largely unregulated. Governments around the globe are taking widely divergent actions-or taking no action at all - to define and regulate virtual currencies. This article will provide an overview of the virtual currency landscape, including legislative, regulatory and law enforcement developments.What are virtual currencies?Virtual currencies are decentralised peer-to-peer payment systems that are digital representations of value and can be transferred, stored and traded electronically. At their core, they are distinct from other digital payments (eg, PayPal, Facebook credits, airline miles, etc) because they provide a means to transfer value between two parties without needing an intermediate party. They do not have legal tender status; they operate with no central authority or banks, and their issue is carried out collectively by a distributed network. While the transaction between buyer and seller is direct, the identities of the parties are encrypted and therefore no personal information is transferred. However, virtual currency transactions such as Bitcoin transactions are not fully anonymous. A transaction record of every Bitcoin and every Bitcoin user's encrypted identity is recorded on a public ledger. As a result, it is most appropriate to characterise Bitcoin and many other virtual currencies as 'pseudonymous' as opposed to anonymous. This pseudonymity, combined with its efficient and decentralised nature, makes it appealing to both consumers and criminals alike.''Virtual currencies have grown exponentially in recent years. Today, there are several hundred virtual currencies in existence with a market capitalisation of over $5.75bn.n The Bitcoin system is the most prominent, with an estimated market capitalisation of over $5bn.' The exchange rate of dollars to Bitcoin soared to more than $1,200 at its peak last November, although it has since retreated and was recently less than $400 per Bitcoin.s Ripple, which recently outpaced Litecoin as the virtual currency with the second-largest market capitalisation, has a market capitalisation of over $140m and an exchange rate of about $0.0049.9 Other mineable virtual currencies with a sizeable market capitalisation include BitSharesX, Peercoin and Dogecoin. However, as Bitcoin is the dominant virtual currency, this article (and the attention of regulators and policy-makers) focuses primarily on it.While these descriptions provide a helpful understanding of what a virtual currency is and some of the different virtual currencies in existence today, they do not clarify the role of virtual currencies in the modern financial system. Are they a commodity, a currency or a medium of exchange? Can they be more than one of these? As will be discussed in more depth in the following sections, policy-makers and regulators are still trying to answer these questions. The Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has defined virtual currency as a 'medium of exchange that operates like currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency... [including that it] does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction'. âŚ