In 1990s the government adopted D-by-D policy with a very good intention of reforming its local governments and let them enjoy the decision making powers promised by the D-by-D policy. One of the crucial of elements of decentralization was fiscal decentralization which gives the local jurisdictions to exercise adequate authority over important decisions with regard to setting development priorities, financing local services, revenue mobilization and expenditure authority continue. This article explored the perception of council on exercise of their fiscal authority in selected local authorities in Tanzania. The findings show that council exercise reasonable authority over revenues mobilization, the setting of the local tax rates and full expenditure authority over the locally generated revenue and also the discretionary grants.
We present a new, decentralized, efficient, and secure digital cryptocurrency, in which the ordinary users themselves keep turns to ensure that the systems works well. ∗sergeyg@mit.edu †silvio@csail.mit.edu
Betfunding es una plataforma de crowdfunding distribuida que usa apuestas en lugar de donaciones para promover la produccion artistica y el trabajo creativo.
A diferencia de otras plataformas de crowdfunding, en Betfunding son los inversores quienes proponen un proyecto y buscan creadores mediante la creacion de una recompensa por su trabajo. Cualquier persona puede convertirse en creador de un proyecto si se compromete con los usuarios mediante una fianza. La evaluacion de exito o fracaso de un proyecto lo determinara un tercero de confianza designado al comienzo del proyecto, quepuede ser una persona o un sistema automatico.
La aplicacion ha sido desarrollada sobre Ethereum, una tecnologia similar a la que usa Bitcoin que permite gestionar dinero mediante criptomonedas y desarrollar aplicaciones descentralizadas. El uso de la tecnologia de la cadena de bloques y criptomonedas evita la necesidad de una autoridad central de confianza que envie y guarde el dinero cobrando comisiones. En su lugar, esta tarea se realiza a traves de una red P2P de forma transparente y segura.
Recent years have seen the emergence of a new class of currencies, called\ncryptocurrencies. These currencies use cryptography to provide security\nand peer-to-peer networking to provide a decentralized system. Bitcoin is\nthe most popular of these currencies. It uses a two-pass\nSHA-256 hash at its core. Producing new bitcoins is done through a process\nreferred to as "mining", which involves a brute-force search for a hash with\na specific value. This process requires large amounts of computing power.\n\nCurrent-generation hardware for bitcoin mining includes highly-optimized\nASIC chips which provide huge amounts of performance. However, designers of\nsuch chips are having problems with delivering enough power and cooling\nto the chips. To alleviate this problem, this thesis looks at the possibilities\nof using heterogeneous computing to reduce power consumption and produce a more\nenergy-efficient mining solution.\n\nA SHA-256 accelerator and a DMA module is developed and integrated into a tile for\nthe Single-ISA Heterogeneous MAny-core Computer, SHMAC, and a system with\nmultiple cores is used to exploit the thread-level parallelism provided by\nthe platform. The system is tested using a benchmark to find out what performance\nand energy efficiency can be expected when using the system for bitcoin mining.\n\nThe results show a maximum performance of 175,7 kH/s when running the benchmark\napplication on 14 cores using the SHA-256 accelerator and the DMA module. The best\nenergy efficiency was obtained when running on 14 cores without the DMA enabled,\nat 163,2 kH/J. The results does not compare well to specialized FPGA-based\nbitcoin miners, but demonstrates the SHMAC platform's large degree of thread-level parallelism\nwhich can be better exploited in other applications.
La construction de nouvelles formes de monnaie électronique est l’un des domaines d’application de la technologie pair-à-pair qui a conduit à des développements innovants au cours des dernières années. Bitcoin est certainement parmi les exemples les plus intéressants à cet égard. Basée sur un protocole P2P publié en 2009 par un mystérieux développeur ou groupe de développeurs (Nakamoto, 2009), à ce jour toujours non identifié, et rapidement adoptée par un nombre surprenant d’utilisateurs de l...
India’s government has a bold goal for deploying renewable energy: 175 gigawatts of electricity-generating capacity by 2022, including 100 gigawatts of solar power. The country has a history of promoting renewable energy and a rapidly growing portfolio of solar and wind projects, but meeting the solar target alone will require a growth rate equivalent to doubling India’s installed solar capacity every 18 months. It will also require a clear understanding of the three factors that drive energy demand in India (access, security, and efficiency); new federal and state policies and incentives; innovative financing for capital investments estimated at $100 billion or more; and additional funding for manufacturing, training, and job creation. Project developers will have to grapple with the cost and availability of land, grid connections, and backup power. To meet the electricity needs of the poor and encourage rural entrepreneurship, India’s energy policies should aim for a mix of grid-connected and decentralized renewable energy sources.
The Bitcoin cryptocurrency relies heavily on a variety of cryptographic functions and operations, which are currently assumed to be secure, but will inevitably be broken in the future. As Bitcoin tries to compete against traditional currencies, it remains to be seen how the Bitcoin protocol will need to change in response to weakened cryptography. To this end, this study systematically evaluates the effects of broken cryptographic primitives on the operation of the Bitcoin network, and the changes to the Bitcoin protocol that will be necessary in response. We conclude that a broken hash function only requires switching over to a new hash function, without the need to re-write the blockchain, and is well serviced by the “checkpoint” mechanisms already built into Bitcoin. However, a vulnerability of the signature scheme cannot be dealt with in the same manner without side-e.ects, as it may lead to lost or stolen coins, even if the process is gradual and is conducted before the cryptographic primitive is broken. We conclude that solving this problem either requires some degree of centralization, or the use of Zero-Knowledge Proofs along or on top of Bitcoin.
The role of Bitcoin -open source virtual peer-to-peer money -in finance has become more important with the increasing acceptance by service providers. Nevertheless several financial institutes and governments explain their revulsion against Bitcoin, due to the unknown financial risks behind it which could have an impact on the global financial world. In this paper we examine the relationship between BTC/USD exchange rate and the network properties of the underlying transactional graph. The main goal of our research is to get a deeper understanding on the behavior of Bitcoin and ground further researches on exploring the financial risk. To characterize the transactional graph network analysis techniques, while to examine the relationship data mining and time series analysis techniques were used.
The purpose of this article is proof of linguistic philosophy’s actualization in the Middle Ages, as well as research of linguistic philosophy’s genesis in Patristics. The patristic doctrines and the modern researches in this field are used as research base. Methodology: The basic hypothesis is a concept, which implies the interrelation between language and thinking. Analysis for the presence of this concept is carried out. Historical analysis is based on the original sources, as well as on the Russian and foreign subsequent research’s findings. Findings: The patristics had a stake in propagation of Christian tenets in simple wording. That is why they studied in detail the interrelation between language and thinking. The author of this article proves that Medieval philosophy had interpretation in nature, as well as the origins of hermeneutics and Analytic philosophy’s genesis took place in Patristics. Theoretical value: The results stimulate the in-depth study of linguistic philosophy’s history. Also they contribute to the formation of fuller appreciation about its process of establishment.
Land finance is the most important issue in China during the last decade,one explanation is that the local governments are pushed to sell the land because they have great fiscal pressure.This paper uses the natural experiment of newly appointed minister in China between 1998 and 2007 to test the hypothesis,we get several finds.Fistly,newly elected ministers significantly reduce the fiscal pressure of their hometown,those ministers will change the allocation of central earmarked grants and increase 12%grants for their hometown.Secondly,the reductions of fiscal pressure of ministers' hometown have no impact on the land finance behavior,the area and revenue of land sales have not changed.Thirdly,the real cause of land finance is the impulse to invest,even the earmarked grants are used for productive infrastructure but not the basic public service.The policy implications of this paper is that the future reform should focus on the land leasehold policy,while the decentralization is not a feasible way because the fiscal pressure is not the real cause of land finance.
Bitcoin is a virtual currency transaction protocol.It also is a type of virtual currency.One of Bitcoin's unique features is that it is decentralized; it is not created or issued by a single person or entity.Rather, it is "mined" by miners that are issued bitcoins in exchange for solving complex math problems with special software.Bitcoins may be converted to governmentissued legal tender (commonly referred to as fiat currency) or other types of virtual currency through an exchange, or they may be used to purchase goods and services from any of the tens of thousands of merchants who accept bitcoins for payment.The Bitcoin protocol enables the transfer of bitcoins and also can be used for other purposes, such as providing the infrastructure for smart contracts, escrow systems, smart property/title systems, and much more.Many other virtual currencies exist.Some are centralized virtual currencies that are created and issued by a single entity.Some of these virtual currencies may be converted to fiat currency, but others may not.Many are "closed loop" virtual currencies that may only be used to obtain goods and services of the issuer.
In this thesis there will be an attempt to model the market price of cryptocurrencies. Since 2010 cryptocurrencies have gone from being fairly unknown to being familiar amongst the general public which increases the need for knowledge on what affects the market price of cryptocurrencies. These connections will be found by statistical analysis and be applied on cryptocurrency data from January 2012 to January 2015. The data will be modeled by linear regression and implemented in R after the data have been formating in Excel. The results suggest that the price of cryptocurrencies depends heavily on the search traffic on the specific cryptocurrency name on Google’s search engine.
This research work was based on the study of Organizational Design currently manages the Decentralized Autonomous Government of St. Luke Parish in order to contribute to achieving quality service To make a brief analysis of the current situation of the Company, established that the central problem is the Lack of an adequate organizational design that limits institutional development and prevents a service of excellence because of this problem and as a candidate to Commercial Engineering degree was considered to pose the following research work ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR THE HOME GOVERNMENT DECENTRALISED PARISH OF SAN LUCAS AND LOJA CANTON PROVINCE OF LOJA
The objective of this research work was the development of an Organizational Design for Autonomous Decentralized Government Parish San Lucas from Loja Canton and province of Loja , for which it developed ; a situational diagnosis ; strategic projection was made ; the structural, functional , Positional Organizational was proposed; concluding with the preparation of operating manuals , Welcome and Occupational Safety and Health
The collection of information is mainly based on books and internet , with the application of the deductive method , inductive , Mathematician, Graphic and Analytic - descriptive, with techniques such as direct observation , survey and interview. The Universe of the sample was based on 344 users, over 18 employees of the institution under study, for which surveys were applied to one interview was used once the president of the institution.
In the most relevant results ; the physical structure does not meet the necessary requirements , not designed charts, manuals or functions , Welcome and Security Discussion with the Institutional diagnosis , strategic projection was developed ; the Development of Organizational Structural , functional and positional ; the Welcome Function Manual and Safety Manual .
The central conclusion is based on the absence of a proper organizational design in the body: hence the institution currently does not have a chart according to the institutional reality ; There is duplication of functions ; There are no administrative and Manuals : Welcome , Features, Safety and Occupational Health
The most important recommendations are described as follows : the construction of the Organizational and operating functions; the development of manuals Welcome, Occupational Safety and Health together with socialization with staff; investment in physical space of the Organization. With the description of the findings and recommendations of this investigation it is concluded , including bibliography and appendices respectively
The present study, has as purpose determine the factors of risk of the labor stress, in the employees of Autonomous Decentralized Government Provincial of Zamora Chinchipe's (GADPZCH). For its execution, a survey was used 68 workers, belonging to the GADPZCH, by means of visits to the different departments, in which was considered the following parameters; characteristic social, cultural and working and a test was applied to measure the labor stress, elaborated by the International Organization of the Work and the World Organization of the Health (OIT-OMS), for its valuation was obtained the participation psychologist's, those which they allowed to arrive to the diagnosis. Of the obtained results, it was evidenced that the studied population, they belong to different ethnic group and that in the daily life, they are subjected to multiple factors of risk, that they generate them labor stress and later on bearing to complications. For that which presently study, I was developed intervention plan, based on knowledge it has more than enough stress, using tools for the evaluation and intervention so much in the personal thing as institutional. This way, as well as to impart dynamic techniques of relaxation, fomenting the work in group that they allow to modify the attitudes of the employees. Finally I conclude that the labor stress is a pathology that affects the whole population in the labor field and to the health.
Key words: Stress Labor, employees, Government Autonomous Decentralized Provincial of Zamora Chinchipe
The research focuses his aim to make a proposal for evaluation and job classification for Decentralized Autonomous Government Paquisha, indispensable to the administration of human resources in all organizations in general and public entities in particular tool; for this proposal proceeded to make the collection of information on all its internal organizational structure and within this arrangement and organization; an analysis of each and every one of the jobs held by civil servants was made. This information allowed the staff relate in an organized what your inherent in the position they were performing functions and some responsibilities that were responsible, desirable requirements for the same and detail of the information on its internal and external environment are . The document allowed the Institution, obtaining a legal update of the formal structure of its human talent, as it is the basis for achieving optimally locate people in the appropriate position in order to perform effectively and personal and professional development. The proposal Valuation and Classification also presents a quantitative assessment of the posts as the basis for allocating remuneration more equitable than traditional, and presents a classification within the table used in the Ministry of Labour Relations. So it is expected that should become a tool to support and guide decision-making at the administrative level of the Autonomous Decentralized Government Paquisha Canton province of Zamora Chinchipe, in the case of staff requirements. The implementation of this proposal requires a comprehensive, verifiable documentary and comparative analysis of compliance with the competencies required for each job profile, in order to take specific administrative measures for this final phase
This legal thesis entitled Constitutional principles of good living, efficiency, continuity and quality in managing decentralized autonomous had the purpose to analyze various problem areas generated about the services provided by these public authorities to the population in their respective jurisdictions, the same as justified conduct research, both for its impact in the context of the requirements of society, the need to improve the quality of governance. For this purpose, objectives, general and specific formulated, which lead to more research, are identified in the conclusions.
The formulation of the hypothesis routed by the literature and field research. Data collection and information needed for hypothesis testing was carried out by conducting surveys and interviews to sectors of the population considered.
The results of the field research showed that the hypothesis was positive, for he went on to show that it is relevant to reform Art. 3 of the Organic Code of Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization, which are incorporated into the base of principles, the following constitutional principles: efficiency, continuity and quality.
The conclusions of the investigation, it was ultimately determined that it is necessary to complement the basis of general principles of COOTAD with the constitutional principles of efficiency, continuity and quality principles will undoubtedly regulate and guide the operation of the Decentralized autonomous governments depending on the requirements, interests and needs of the general population.
Municipal governments in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic , have the exclusive competence to regulate , authorize and control the exploitation of aggregates and stone products called building materials, which are in the beds of rivers , lakes, beaches sea and quarrying, the Constitution determines that the hierarchical enforcement , consider the principle of competition, in particular the ownership of the exclusive competence of the Autonomous Decentralized Governments. The Organic Law on Territorial Organization , Autonomy and Decentralization , establishes exclusive jurisdiction of the Autonomous Government decentralized Municipal among other regulate, authorize and control the exploitation of aggregates and stone materials shall mean materials of construction rocks and their derivatives , are these sedimentary or morphological fiery nature such as , andesites , basalts, dasitas , rhyolite , granite , pumice , calcareous materials , surface clay, sand of fluvial origin or gravel : deposits alluvial type , flows, and in general all materials which process not involve a different crushing and / or particle size classification or in some cases cutting and polishing treatment , including its management and other end-use and technically established by the Ministry / Sectoral industrial process. The natural or legal person performing mining activities in the territory of the Canton , be done by a function of regulatory laws, and those contained in the Municipal Ordinances under good environmental practices , seeking the restoration of the environment and mitigating potential negative effects on the environment . The anti technique aggregates and stone materials exploitation, causing the destruction of the environment and landscape , putting at risk the neighbors and causing environmental pollution , making it necessary to have a law regulating their use and allow autonomous governments decentralized Municipal technical and environmental control thereof. The Constitution of the Republic and the Organic Law on Territorial Organization , Autonomy and Decentralization COOTAD provide that any decision or municipal authority that may affect the environment must be consulted prior to, the community , which will be informed promptly and giving it wide citizen and in case of that consultation proves overwhelming opposition of the respective community , the decision to implement or not the project will be adopted by resolution duly reasoned request higher administrative surveillance.
Municipal governments in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic , have the exclusive competence to regulate , authorize and control the exploitation of aggregates and stone products called building materials, which are in the beds of rivers , lakes, beaches sea and quarrying, the Constitution determines that the hierarchical enforcement , consider the principle of competition, in particular the ownership of the exclusive competence of the Autonomous Decentralized Governments. The Organic Law on Territorial Organization , Autonomy and Decentralization , establishes exclusive jurisdiction of the Autonomous Government decentralized Municipal among other regulate, authorize and control the exploitation of aggregates and stone materials shall mean materials of construction rocks and their derivatives , are these sedimentary or morphological fiery nature such as , andesites , basalts, dasitas , rhyolite , granite , pumice , calcareous materials , surface clay, sand of fluvial origin or gravel : deposits alluvial type , flows, and in general all materials which process not involve a different crushing and / or particle size classification or in some cases cutting and polishing treatment , including its management and other end-use and technically established by the Ministry / Sectoral industrial process. The natural or legal person performing mining activities in the territory of the Canton , be done by a function of regulatory laws, and those contained in the Municipal Ordinances under good environmental practices , seeking the restoration of the environment and mitigating potential negative effects on the environment . The anti technique aggregates and stone materials exploitation, causing the destruction of the environment and landscape , putting at risk the neighbors and causing environmental pollution , making it necessary to have a law regulating their use and allow autonomous governments decentralized Municipal technical and environmental control thereof. The Constitution of the Republic and the Organic Law on Territorial Organization , Autonomy and Decentralization COOTAD provide that any decision or municipal authority that may affect the environment must be consulted prior to, the community , which will be informed promptly and giving it wide citizen and in case of that consultation proves overwhelming opposition of the respective community , the decision to implement or not the project will be adopted by resolution duly reasoned request higher administrative surveillance
This research called Analysis of Items of Wages, Salaries and Benefits Act Employees and Workers in Decentralized Autonomous Municipal Government of the canton Valencia, fiscal years 2013-2014, is based on the urgent need to allow verifying compliance with the Act. the wage level could be verified as from 2013 to 2014, the unified basic salary has evolved to the insertion of a living wage, which most social benefits and profits, reached to cover the basic basket of employees Municipal workers and GAD of Valencia in 2013, its objectives are as follows: Determine the analysis of headings Salaries, Wages and Benefits Act employees and workers of the Autonomous Government of Valencia Canton Municipal Decentralization of Fiscal Years 2013 -2014.Comparative analysis of games Wages, Salaries and Benefits Act employees and workers Decentralized Autonomous Municipal Government of Valencia Canton, in fiscal years 2013-2014. Determine compliance with budgetary Wages, Salaries and Benefits Act employees and workers of the Autonomous Government of Valencia Canton Municipal Decentralized fiscal years 2013 -2014 games. The results of the analysis showed that the behavior and variation over the previous year is not significant because the increase is minimal even though there are new areas that has required more personnel and that the area of MIES, INFA, It represented a relative percentage increase of 43.40% from 2013 to 2014. The organization meets all wage compensation and benefits law. Items Comparative Analysis of Salaries, Wages and Benefits Act employees and workers Decentralized Autonomous Municipal Government of Valencia Canton, it was found that decreased by 1.22% from 2013 to 2014. Analysis of the Wages, Salaries and Benefits games Law employees and workers of the Autonomous Government Decentralized Municipal Valencia Canton, in fiscal years 2013-2014, the MIES, INFA, Council for Children and Adolescents, won a higher percentage (87.34% executed), because other modality adopted convention in 2014 so he earned more staff to work in this area and the signing of several agreements with these and other institutions. Analysis of the Wages, Salaries and Benefits Act employees and workers of the Autonomous Government Decentralized Municipal Valencia Canton items it is concluded that the Municipal GAD Valencia Canton complies with the law regulating the Salaries, Wages and Benefits Law, the budget compared from one year to another (2013 - 2014) varied 1.22% which is acceptable within the legal framework of COOTAD and heading established in fiscal 2014 was executed 2013¬ responsibly. From the findings it is recommended that comparative analysis of games Wages, Salaries and Benefits Act in considerable periods to support decision making.
The Autonomous Government decentralized Quevedo Canton, immersed in social, political and economic commitments, requires the active participation of governmental and nongovernmental organizations that promote advice and funding for project implementation and diffusion and dissemination of results. This activity has required the hiring of professional services, expenses for this item and an inactive activity secretarial staff in this context In this sense, the present research has as main objective. To design a training guide and application of standards protocol and etiquette in the secretarial area Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Canton Municipal Quevedo. The results reported that the municipal GAD does not maintain a staff of secretaries with knowledge of etiquette and protocol that ensures efficient attention from external customers (government authorities at local, regional, national and international), which has impacted negatively on institutional image.
It is noted that the executive secretary now has become part of the structure of a company, therefore part of the organizational development of the same, it is for this reason that the theme Leadership Executive Secretary raised and its influence on organizational development in the Autonomous Government Decentralized Rural San Juan Parish, Pueblo Viejo, was considered important to address this issue, since it is essential to publicize the role of the professional in society. The main objective raised in this research work, is precisely establish leadership exercised by the Executive Secretary in the Vestry Rural de San Juan Pueblo Viejo Canton, with the aim of it is determined that leadership contributes positively secretary in organizational development of the institution, which not reflected in the results because there is no leadership and no good organizational development. The research project has been developed based on the methods applied, taking into account the primary information sources, such as surveys and interviews, which were applied to the authorities, the department heads, secretaries, administrative assistants and users Autonomous Government Decentralized Rural San Juan Parish, Pueblo Viejo. The purpose of the research work is to present the important role of executive secretary at present, but it is multifaceted and efficient as demonstrated by their profile, so it is advisable to take into consideration the information provided about to leadership and organizational development, as it is just contribute to the improvement of the corporate image of La Junta Parroquial de San Juan.
Art. 423 of the Organic Code of Territorial Organization. Autonomy and Decentralization establishes where you can proceed to the declassification of goods, change prior resolution of the board of legislation decentralized self-government must occur. The same legislation in Art. 424 states that in any urbanization and fractionation of soil, will be delivered to the municipality, at least ten percent and maximum twenty percent calculated useful area of land urbanized or fractionated, as areas green and community.
In this green area obtained for the Decentralized Autonomous Government as provided in Art. 479 of the Organic Code of Territorial Organization. Autonomy and Decentralization, the law gives the character real domain and public use; which in the abovementioned legal provision expressly determined that they can not be changed category and can not be alienated. But in everyday practice, in the municipal autonomous governments, the concept of land for green areas constitute the majority of assets, which do not always fulfill their duties; and, unable to be sold stays often as vacant lots; in these circumstances it is necessary that the law provides for the possibility of changing the categorization of these goods, provided that the destination is receiving in terms of social welfare; and a maximum percentage of land that can be recategorized is established; and, thus alienated