Virtual currencies have recently become one of the most popular topics in the media. This paper focuses on economic aspects of Bitcoin, being an attempt to answer the question if Bitcoin can be considered money in the light of economic theories of money. On the basis of the reports published by the European Central Bank and the Financial Action Task Force, as well as the available Internet and primary sources, there have been presented the types, history and functioning of virtual currencies. The knowledge of virtual currencies makes it possible to foresee the problems arising from their existence, such as possible threats to international security, difficulties with taxation etc. The growing popularity of virtual currencies and cryptocurrencies is linked with the increase of importance of non-cash payments on global scale. Thus, Bitcoin may be considered next step in the evolution of digital money.
Development approach from centralization to decentralization implies the implementation of education decentralization. The purpose of this writing is to discuss problems related to the objective of education, the authority relation of district/city, the limits of authority, and the support of independency and interdependency. Such problems influence the school in ensuring the quality of education and imply the need for human as well as financial resources. It seems that education decentralization needs to be redefined. Empowering the school can be done through strengthening the curriculum to guarantee the relevance and the accountability of the education, improving the school-based management, self financing, and establishing networks between the school and government, community, and stakeholders.
Daniel Marolt, Jürgen Scheible, Göran Jerke, Vinko Marolt
This paper enhances SWARM, a novel deterministic analog layout automation approach based on the idea of cellular automata. SWARM implements a decentralized interaction model in which responsive layout modules, covering basic circuit types, autonomously move, rotate and deform themselves to let constraint-compliant, compact layout solutions emerge from a synergetic flow of self-organization. With the ability to consider design constraints both implicitly and explicitly, SWARM joins the layout quality of procedural generators with the flexibility of optimization algorithms, combining these two kinds of automation into a “bottom-up meets top-down” flow. The new enhancements are demonstrated in an OTA example, depicting the power of SWARM and its enormous potential for future developments.
In the context of a book such as A History of Mexican Literature , the discussion and selection of works from a literary period in progress is, at the very least, a problematic endeavor. It is always possible that the most recognized works of the contemporary epoch will slowly slide into oblivion – or that the masterworks that capture the present in all its intensity are being written unbeknownst to literary critics. Mexican literature of the neoliberal era, which roughly starts with the cultural policies of the administration of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994) and continues to this day, is still a work in progress. To account for it, one must mainly focus on the processes that have defined literature as a set of institutional undertakings that differ in fundamental ways from the postrevolutionary period covered in the other articles in this section, as well as on the aesthetic, ideological, and cultural consequences of these endeavors in works currently considered significant. Some of the phenomena that unfold throughout the 1990s include: the emergence of the Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (Conaculta) and its impact on funding for writers; the corporate consolidation of the editorial world and the emergence of independent publishers against the grain of corporatization; the decentralization of literary writing away from the institutions of Mexico City; and the emergence, in particular, of a strong current of writing in northern Mexico and the changes brought forward by the Internet in contemporary writing. Conaculta is an institutional body of the Mexican government that concentrates the financing and promotion of a large percentage of artistic and cultural production in Mexico. It was created in 1988 in order to coordinate cultural activities of the federal government, and it exists as a “decentralized” organism under the purview of the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP). As far as literature is concerned, Conaculta has developed substantial efforts in different parts of the process. Through its fellowship arm, the Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (FONCA), it sustains an extensive system of fellowships devoted to the financing of literary artists, ranging from new writers under the age of thirty-five (called Jóvenes Creadores) to authors with a substantial career (in the Sistema Nacional de Creadores Artísticos, under which writers may even get a lifetime fellowship).
Government leaders' attention to participatory governance, public-private partnership, and community empowering has been increased in developing countries as well as developed countries as a way of enhancing public trust in government and overcoming economic and social challenges in governance. Korea is no exception. Especially, the evolution of participatory budgeting (PB) in the Republic of Korea shows very interesting dynamics in the context of democratization and decentralization. PB in Korea is a mandatory citizen participation program in local governments since enacting the Local Finance Act in 2011. The case of PB program in Korea presents an important policy diffusion process from a bottom-up approach to a top-down one concerning intergovernmental relations for implementing a citizen participation program. As PB has been implemented in all the local governments in Korea, it provides a great opportunity to conduct a nation-wide assessment study of the PB adoption and diffusion, local government capacity for the PB implementation, and the impacts of the PB on public administration and values in local governance. Focusing on local governments' experiences of PB implementation, "Participatory Governance and Policy Diffusion in Local Governments in Korea: Implementation of Participatory Budgeting," provides theoretical and practical insights for understanding policy diffusion, implementation capacity, impacts, and challenges. It further elaborates several policy recommendations for enhancing PB implementation capacity given the ongoing challenges of PB implementation, including weak financial independency of local governments, the relation between local government and local council, and the low level of citizen participation in the PB program.
Virtual communities have proliferated in recent years - phenomenon triggered by technological developments and by the increased use of the internet. Virtual currency is considered to be a specific type of electronic money mostly used for online transactions. Virtual currency no doubt fulfils some of the criteria meant for e money; there is one basic difference. E-money is primarily subject to the operational risks. In contrast virtual currencies face credit, liquidity and operational risk without any kind of underlying legal framework. Bit coin is the world’s first completely decentralised digital currency. Bitcoin is probably the most successful and probably most controversial- virtual currency scheme to date. Bit coins are ‘mined similarly to gold meaning there is a finite supply in the world. Aside from being digital, there are few similarities between Bitcoin and e-money. The incentives of Bitcoins are that the transactions are anonymous as accounts are not registered and Bitcoins are sent directly from one computer to another. There are concerns about whether hacking could compromise the bitcoin economy, such as Security Breaches, Criminal Uses, and volatility.
In the past decade, blockchain technology has garnered significant attention from a diverse array of industries. Despite the fact that blockchain technology was initially developed for the Bitcoin P2P cryptocurrency network, there has been a recent surge in interest in its potential integration with other service sectors. In the domain of machine-to-machine commerce, distributed ledger technologies, as seen in blockchain systems, have recently been hailed as potential platforms. A decentralised network architecture, security, immutability, and transparency are among the primary attributes of blockchains. The unalterable nature of blockchain ledgers enables members to rely on one another, thereby increasing performance and participation. Scalability and security are substantial challenges for blockchain technology. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the emergence of blockchain technology and various methods for addressing the scalability issues associated with distributed ledgers
Beginning students in algebra classes have little experience and struggle to write proofs. The aim of this study was to look at students’ use of definitions in determining the validity of statements and in writing proofs for given propositions on divisibility of integers. The main objectives were to highlight the difficulties students have with proofs and suggest strategies to help them in writing proofs. In the first part of the study the class was given the definition of divisibility and problems were set to which written responses were obtained. In the second part of the study, divisibility problems were set and students were guided through their proofs using dialogue. The final set of tasks involved skeleton proofs to support the writing of proofs. We found that all the students had difficulties with problems involving generalised variables as opposed to numerical tasks. There was conflict between the new definition and preconceptions and prior knowledge. Students had language problems, problems of division by zero, and were reluctant to use proof by counter-example or contradiction when no direct proof was possible. The implications are that new definitions must be introduced carefully, using a wide range of examples and appropriate prompts. Dialogue and skeleton proofs are two strategies that can be used to improve students’ understanding of proofs.
‘Are fiscally decentralized countries inherently more unstable? Or is it a question of the design of decentralization, requiring, for example, higher subnational revenue autonomy and hard budget constraints? The ongoing euro crisis offers an assortment of relevant country case studies to test some of those important propositions. This volume provides authoritative and insightful assessments of how decentralization and macroeconomic stability relate to each other, and significantly contributes to our understanding of multi-level finance and to improving decentralization design.’ – Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Georgia State University, US
This chapter explores the poetic and theological potentials of the metaphor of &s;the way&s;. The richness and variety of metaphors in Isaiah 40-55 indicate that much more than a historical return from Babylon is at stake. Several critical voices have emerged against the traditional interpretation that Deutero-Isaiah proclaims a new exodus out of Babylon. The criticism that began to appear in the 1970s mainly derives from the assumption that Deutero-Isaiah does not address the exiles in Babylon, but by contrast the people in Jerusalem. The widespread allegorical approach of ancient interpreters is, of course, not a proof that the biblical narratives were composed as allegories. Due to the creative and changing nature of language, metaphors and the function of them are hardly stable throughout the centuries of interpretation. Their meaning is complex and readers can sense and elaborate on different aspects of their content.
Maria Ambrosanio, Paolo Balduzzi, Massimo Bordignon
For almost two decades, starting from the early ‘90s, Italy experienced the strongest wave of decentralization reforms in its post II World War history. The causes were both economic and political. Yet, in recent years, again economic and political causes seem to call for opposite reforms. Along with a second wave of scandals, this time interesting local politicians, the crisis that has hit our country since 2008 is having relevant effects on the relationships between central and local governments. The aim of this paper is to assess dimension and direction of these effects. We first review the situation of "fiscal federalism" in Italy before the crisis, summarizing the decentralization process in the ‘90s, its consequences in terms of financing and functions for local governments, the constitutional reform of 2001 and the implementation problems this created. We then look at the numbers of the crisis; the "double dip" of the economic cycle in the period 2007- 2013, the policies implemented to contrast the financial market confidence crisis and the distribution of the burden of the fiscal consolidation across levels of government. We also discuss the institutional features of the implemented policies, in particular referring to number of local governments and to the financial relationships between level of governments, including taxes, transfers, fiscal rules and bankruptcy procedurals. Finally, we look at the future: what consequences will the new European rules, as enshrined in the new art. 81, have on the financial relationships between levels of government? And how is the balance of power between the center and the periphery going to change in lieu of the new proposed Constitutional reform?
Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kemampuan pengelolaan keuangan daerah Kota Semarang dalam rangka mendukung pelaksanaan otonomi daerah. Sedangkan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Laporan Realisasi Anggaran Kota Semarang Periode 2009 -2013. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan Deskriptif Komperatif analisisis untuk mengukur kinerja pengelolaan keuangan daerah dan tingkat kemandirian daerah Kota Semarang, yaitu Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah, Rasio Derajat Desentralisasi, Rasio Efektifitas PAD, dan Rasio Keserasian Belanja Daerah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: hasil analisis rasio derajat desentralisasi dapat dijelaskan bahwa rata– rata rasio derajat desentralisasi sebesar 25,87% yang berada interval 25% –50% atau mempunyai kemampuan yang sudah baik dalam membiayai pembangunan daerah. Berdasarkan rasio KKD dengan rata – rata rasio KKD sebesar 37,79% berada pada interval 25% -50% berarti konsultatif artinya campur tangan pemerintah pusat sudah mulai berkurang, karena daerah dianggap sedikit lebih mampu melaksanakan otonomi daerah. Rata-rata Rasio Efektivitas PAD ³ 100%, berarti kemampuan daerah dalam menjalankan tugas dikategorikan sangat efektif itu menunjukan dalam memobilisasi penerimaan PAD sesuai dengan yang ditargetkan. Menurut uraian dan perhitungan Rasio Keserasian bahwa sebagian besar dana yang dimiliki pemerintah Kota Semarang diprioritaskan untuk belanja pembangunan sehingga belanja rutin masih relatif kecil. Kata Kunci : Kinerja Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah, Tingkat Kemandirian Daerah Abstract This study aimed to analyze the effect the financial ability of Semarang City in order to support the implementation of regional autonomy, base on Semarang Budget Realization Reported the period of 2009 -2013. A descriptive comparative analysis used to measure the performance of regional financial management and the independence level of Semarang, consist of Regional Financial Independence Ratio, Degree of Decentralization Ratio, PAD effectiveness Ratio, and the Harmony Expenditure Ratio. Based on the analysis that has been obtained, the following results: from the analysis of the ratio of the degree of decentralization can be explained that the average ratio of the degree of decentralization is 25,87% of which is in the internal level of level 25%-50%, means already have a good ability to finance region development. Average KKD ratio is 37.79% which is in the interval 25 % -50 % means that central government intervention has begun to decrease, because the region is considered a little more able to implement region autonomy. From the analysis of PAD effectiveness is more than 100%, it can be concluded that the overall performance of local financial management and the degree of independence of Semarang area continued to improve. It can be seen from some of the financial performance ratio is the ratio of the area of financial independence, the ratio of degrees desentralization, effectiveness ratio and the ratio continues to increase harmony and good effect on the autonomy of the region . Keywords: Region financial management performance, Degree of region decentralization
This thesis is divided into eight sections that contextualize and illustrate the market potential for commercial PPA solar leasing on mid-sized commercial roofs in the US.First, a discussion of the drawbacks from fossil fuel reliance reveals the benefits of solar energy.The second section explains the photovoltaic effect and the process through which sunlight is converted to electricity.From that foundation, the theoretical solar dependence in the US is then contrasted with current energy consumption.The disparity shown to be the result of such large-scale challenges as the reliance on peak power plants, unavoidable heat losses and other problems stemming from the lack of a decentralized grid infrastructure.By factoring in these challenges, a commercialization strategy for mid-sized commercial photovoltaics business is realized, which logically leads to a discussion of the cost trends of photovoltaic modules and parts.Understanding costs gives rise to an examination of potential pricing options in the following section, along with breakeven analyses.Lastly, a discussion of the developments of the solar industry shows that traditional silicon wafer cells are the least expensive and most efficient technology available, and that a hypothetical company serving enterprise-class data centers in the state Ohio will break even in 9 years with optimal debt financing.
Maria Helena Machado, Mônica Wermelinger, Monica Vieira, Eliane De Oliveira · 11 authors
O artigo tem como objetivo analisar os aspectos gerais da formação profissional dos trabalhadores da equipe de enfermagem. É um estudo transversal cuja população alvo é constituída por todos os enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem do Brasil, que possuem registro ativo no Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (COFEN). Os resultados enfatizam que a formação é realizada principalmente no setor privado e no Sudeste. Mostram ainda, que a maioria concluiu a graduação há menos de 10 anos e em horário parcial. Constata que 1/3 fez o curso de técnico e/ou auxiliar em enfermagem e em sua maioria exerceu a função. Já a formação dos técnicos e auxiliares é realizada pela iniciativa privada e em cursos noturnos, mais de 1/3 tem ou está realizando graduação e, desses 11,5% já concluíram e a maior parte demonstra interesse em continuar os estudos na própria área. As políticas públicas existentes não têm sido efetivas no sentido de desconcentrar o aparelho formador e o financiamento, bem como reverter o quadro de desequilíbrio entre oferta e demanda de profissionais. Os dados da pesquisa permitem subsidiar a construção de políticas públicas adequadas com a realidade desse imenso contingente de trabalhadores, fundamentais para o Sistema Único de Saúde.Descritores: Perfil da enfermagem, formação profissional, equipe de enfermagem.The article aims to analyze the general aspects of their training. It is a cross-sectional study whose target population consists of all nurses, technicians and nursing assistants from Brazil, which have active registration with the Federal Nursing Council (COFEN).The results emphasize that the training is carried out mainly in the private sector and in the Southeast. Still show that the majority concluded graduation less than 10 years and part-time. It notes further that 1/3 made the technical course and / or auxiliary nursing and mostly served the function. Already the training of technicians and assistants are held by the private sector and evening courses. Realize the data that more than one third have or are conducting graduate and, of these 11.5% have completed and most shows interest in continuing their studies in their own area. Still show the existing public policies have not been effective in order to decentralize the trainer device and financing, as well as reverse the imbalance between supply and demand picture professionals. The survey data may subsidize the construction of public policies adequate to the reality of the huge number of workers, fundamental for the National Health Sistem.Descriptors: Profile of nursing, vocational training, the nursing staff.El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los aspectos generales de su formación. Se trata de un estudio transversal cuya población objetivo consta de todas las enfermeras, técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería de Brasil, que tienen el registro activo con el Consejo Federal de Enfermería (COFEN).Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que la formación se lleva a cabo principalmente en el sector privado y en el sureste. Aún muestran que la mayoría llegó a la conclusión de graduación inferior a 10 años y de tiempo parcial. Señala además que 1/3 hicieron el curso técnico y / o auxiliar de enfermería y en su mayoría se sirve la función.Ya la formación de los técnicos y auxiliares están en manos de los cursos del sector privado y de la tarde. Darse cuenta de los datos que más de un tercio han o están llevando a cabo de posgrado y, de éstos el 11,5% ha completado y la mayoría de los espectáculos de interés en continuar sus estudios en su propia área. Aún muestran las políticas públicas actuales no han sido eficaces, a fin de descentralizar el dispositivo de entrenador y la financiación, así como revertir el desequilibrio entre los profesionales de la oferta y la demanda de imagen. Los datos de la encuesta pueden subsidiar la construcción de políticas públicas adecuadas a la realidad de la gran cantidad de trabajadores, fundamental para el Sistema Único de Salud...Descriptores: El perfil de la enfermería, la formación profesional, el personal de enfermería.
FinTech developers and managers understand that the blockchain has the potential to disrupt the financial world. The blockchain allows the participants of a distributed system to agree on a common view of the system, to track changes in the system, in a reliable way. In the distributed systems community, agreement techniques have been known long before cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin (where the term blockchain is borrowed) emerged. Various concepts and protocols exist, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This book introduces the basic techniques when building fault-tolerant distributed systems, in a scientific way. We will present different protocols and algorithms that allow for fault-tolerant operation, and we will discuss practical systems that implement these techniques.
Tax is the main source of state revenues where the activity of countries such as national development funded by tax is difficult to do if there is no revenue from tax sector. To make the effectiveness of development equity, decentralization from the central government to supervise and arrange directly about affairs in the regions is needed that policy, planning, implementation, and financing are given to the regional government. The purpose of this research is to find the influence of the knowledge and understanding of taxpayers about rules taxation, the awareness of taxpayers, the quality of services, and the tax penalty toward taxpayers’ compliance. The method used in this research is explanatory research. Accidental sampling technique is used by spreading questionnaires to one hundred taxpayers’ vehicles registered in Kantor Bersama Samsat Kota Malang . The techniques of data analysis used are the statistical descriptive and multiple of linear regression analysis. The research result indicates that the variable of knowledge and understanding of taxpayers about the rules of taxation, awareness taxpayers, quality of services, and tax penalties have significant impact toward the compliance of taxpayers’ motor vehicles registered in the office . Keywords: taxpayers, tax revenue, local taxes, vehicles, compliance ABSTRAK Pajak adalah sumber utama dari penerimaan negara dimana kegiatan negara seperti pembangunan nasional yang dibiayai dari pajak sulit dilaksanakan jika tidak adanya penerimaan dari sektor pajak. Dalam rangka efektifitas pemerataan pembangunan, Disentralisasi dari pemerintah pusat untuk mengawasi serta mengatur secara langsung urusan urusan di daerah sangat dibutuhkan, sehingga kebijakan, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pembiayaan diberikan kepada pemerintah daerah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel pengetahuan dan pemahaman wajib pajak tentang peraturan perpajakan, kesadaran wajib pajak, kualitas pelayanan, dan sanksi perpajakan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak . Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah explanatory research. Acci dental sampling digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan menyebarkan kuisioner kepada 100 orang wajib pajak kendaraan bermotor yang terdaftar di Kantor Bersama Samsat Kota Malang. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis statistik deskriptif dan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel pengetahuan dan pemahaman wajib pajak tentang peraturan perpajakan, kesadaran wajib pajak, kualitas pelayanan, dan sanksi perpajakan mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak kendaraan bermotor yang terdaftar di Kantor Bersama Samsat Kota Malang. Kata Kunci: Wajib Pajak, Penerimaan Pajak, Pajak Daerah, Kendaraan Bermotor, Kepatuhan
Installation of smart meters is increasing world-wide, opening the possibility to implement time-of-use (TOU) tariffs to moderate peak loads. This study is focused on the design of an optimal opt-in residential TOU tariff. Residential consumers are assumed to act in their private interests and maximize utility in response to tariffs. The regulated utility has a broader interest in maximizing societal welfare. However, the regulated utility cannot impose household behavior and cannot directly observe household type. Instead, the regulated utility must offer contract options including both a TOU tariff and current pricing to allow households to self-select the plan best suited to their interests. This paper proposes a simple flexible household utility function that can be calibrated with minimal data to describe diverse household behaviors and reveal household responses to different prices. An optimal pricing model is designed for the regulated utility, taking account of asymmetric information and potential household opportunistic behavior. Using economic constructs from principal-agent theory, the pricing model ensures participation among households most aligned with the regulated utility's desire. The pricing model can also be extended for competitive markets. A case study is performed to demonstrate the benefit the optional TOU tariff can realize.
Tri Suci Dayanti, Raja Adri Satriawan, Rheny Afriana Hanif
The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the effect of budget participation, budget goal clarity, incentives and decentralization on the performance of the financial sector employees work unit area of Pekanbaru. The population to be used in this research is that there are local government officials in the regional work units (SKPD) Pekanbaru. Determination of the sample in this study using purposive sampling method for the election that meets the desired criteria researchers. The sample in this study is a government employee who was in the finance department which consists of a head of the division / Head of finance, treasurer and finance department staff totaling 74 people. Analysis of the data used is multiple regression (multiple regression) assisted with SPSS Windows Ver 17. The results of this study prove that budget participation did not affect the performance of employees in finance SKPD Regional Government Pekanbaru. While the budget goal clarity, incentives and decentralization significant effect on the performance of employees in finance SKPD Regional Government Pekanbaru. Keywords: Participation Budgeting, Clarity Budget Targets, Incentives, Decentralization, Performance.
Dong He, Karl Habermeier, Ross Leckow, Vikram Haksar · 11 authors
New technologies are driving transformational changes in the global financial system. Virtual currencies (VCs) and the underlying distributed ledger systems are among these. VCs offer many potential benefits, but also considerable risks. VCs could raise efficiency and in the long run strengthen financial inclusion. At the same time, VCs could be potential vehicles for money laundering, terrorist financing, tax evasion and fraud. While risks to the conduct of monetary policy seem less likely to arise at this stage given the very small scale of VCs, risks to financial stability may eventually emerge as the new technologies become more widely used. National authorities have begun to address these challenges and will need to calibrate regulation in a manner that appropriately addresses the risks without stifling innovation. As experience is gained, international standards and best practices could be considered to provide guidance on the most appropriate regulatory responses in different fields, thereby promoting harmonization and cooperation across jurisdictions.
Bitcoin is the first decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) electronic currency. It was created in November 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Nakamoto released the first implementation of the protocol in an open source client software and the genesis of bitcoins began on January 9th 2009. The Bitcoin protocol is based on clever ideas which solve a form of the Byzantine Generals Problem and sets the foundation for Decentralized Trust Protocols. Still in its infancy, the currency and the protocol have the potential to disrupt the international financial system and other sectors where business is based on trusted third parties. The security of the bitcoin protocol relies on strong cryptography and one way hashing algorithms.
The development objective of the Local Government and Decentralization Project for Indonesia is to improve the accountability and reporting of the central government’s specific purpose grants (DAK) for the infrastructure sub-sectors within pilot local governments (LGs). The restructuring involves: (i) removing the requirement for 10 percent LG contribution or LG matching funds from the loan agreement and results framework of the project; and (ii) increasing the threshold of contracts up to United States dollars (USD) 3 million, applying requirements on the use of electronic procurement submitted through the national procurement portal (LPSE) for contracts between USD 2-3 million, in addition to requirements stated in the loan 8438-ID.
Шульгина Анастасия Николаевна, Колядина Марина Геннадьевна, Бикалова Надежда Александровна
в работе рассмотрены основные особенности платежной системы Bitcoin, история и перспективы развития данной системы. Приведены сведения по использованию данной платежной системы в разных странах, а также выполнен краткий анализ позитивных и негативных сторон использования Bitcoin. Системы стимулирования развития операций с данной «валютой». Развитие информационных технологий способствует развитию системы быстрых платежей. Отношение к данному процессу неразрывно связано с уровнем развития и культуры и экономики стран. Приведенные положения являются самыми важными, но не единственными, которые делают систему ВТС противоречивой, неповторимой, притягательной и непредсказуемой. Идеи Bitcoin революционны, несут в себе возможность создания уникальной финансовой системы, при которой люди будут защищены от любых посягательств на их капитал
Les monnaies digitales peuvent-elles remplacer les devises ? Un examen détaillé du protocole Bitcoin montre que cette prouesse conceptuelle et technique est encore loin de pouvoir jouer le rôle de monnaie, mais qu’elle a suscité des innovations dans la technologie financière qui pourraient avoir une grande portée dans les systèmes de paiement. Classification JEL : E42, G20, L86, O33.