Blockchain Papers

Authors unavailable

No abstract is available for this record.

M.M. Schut

No abstract is available for this record.

Henna Abdul Azeez, G Vadivu

Bitcoin is the world's first completely decentralized peer-to-peer digital currency. The main reason behind using bitcoin is that of its low transaction fee compared to any other transfers like western union, credit card transaction etc. and bitcoin transactions are transparent. So we don't have to consider about tax problems.It avoids Taxation.

Lucília Nunes de Assis, Eliete Albano de Azevedo Guimarães, Juliana Vaz de Melo Mambrini, Filipe Curzio Laguardia · 7 authors

Introduction: The Health Surveillance Strengthening Project implemented in 2012 in Minas Gerais -subsidized by a local diagnosis- aimed at decentralizing Health Surveillance. Objectives: To characterizes the local Health Surveillance services in the state of Minas Gerais in 2014. Method: Descriptive study that analyzed 527 (62%) out of a total of 853 counties. The common variables to the Health Surveillance areas were instruments of management, financing, professional category, qualification and information system. Specific variables to the Health Surveillance areas were characterized infrastructure, reference services and actions. Frequencies, medians, interquartile differences and Spearman’s coefficient (p< 0.05) were analyzed. Results: An association among mana-gement tools, availability of professional categories, information system and population size (p<0.001) was observed. Insufficient infrastructure in the Sanitary and Environmental Surveillance and predominance of programmatic actions against monitoring actions were observed. Conclusions: The challenge of Health Surveillance demands confrontations in the field of management, practices and financing.

Yu‐Jin Kwon, Do-Hyun Kim, Yunmok Son, Eugene Y. Vasserman · 5 authors

In the Bitcoin system, participants are rewarded for solving cryptographic puzzles. In order to receive more consistent rewards over time, some participants organize mining pools and split the rewards from the pool in proportion to each participant's contribution. However, several attacks threaten the ability to participate in pools. The block withholding (BWH) attack makes the pool reward system unfair by letting malicious participants receive unearned wages while only pretending to contribute work. When two pools launch BWH attacks against each other, they encounter the miner's dilemma: in a Nash equilibrium, the revenue of both pools is diminished. In another attack called selfish mining, an attacker can unfairly earn extra rewards by deliberately generating forks. In this paper, we propose a novel attack called a fork after withholding (FAW) attack. FAW is not just another attack. The reward for an FAW attacker is always equal to or greater than that for a BWH attacker, and it is usable up to four times more often per pool than in BWH attack. When considering multiple pools - the current state of the Bitcoin network - the extra reward for an FAW attack is about 56% more than that for a BWH attack. Furthermore, when two pools execute FAW attacks on each other, the miner's dilemma may not hold: under certain circumstances, the larger pool can consistently win. More importantly, an FAW attack, while using intentional forks, does not suffer from practicality issues, unlike selfish mining. We also discuss partial countermeasures against the FAW attack, but finding a cheap and efficient countermeasure remains an open problem. As a result, we expect to see FAW attacks among mining pools.

Lathifah Arief, Tri A Sundara

Ekosistem Internet of Things (IoT) berkembang dengan sangat cepat dan diperkirakan akan menghubungkan 5-20 miliar perangkat pada tahun 2020. Data yang dihimpun dari perangkat ini akan mencapai jumlah yang sangat besar. Saat ini, ekosistem IoT pada umumnya menggunakan model sistem terpusat. Model tersebut memiliki beberapa kelemahan, seperti biaya pemeliharaan yang relatif tinggi, Sistem terdistribusi dapat menjadi alternatif solusi. Blockchain, teknologi ledger terditribusi, memungkinkan transaksi peer-to-peer tanpa perlu adanya perantara pihak ketiga yang terpercaya. Paper ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi potensi pengintegrasian Blockchain ke dalam ekosistem IoT. Hasil penelitian berupa model dan use-case pemanfaatan Blockchain dalam IoT.

Colin Andrews, Daniel Broby, Greig Paul, Robert Ian Whitfield

In this paper, blockchain is explored from the perspective of what can been learnt from research conducted in financial markets. It is concluded that the digital aspirations of what has come to be termed “Industry 4.0” could be enhanced by the application of blockchains in advanced manufacturing. Our core finding is that blockchain can be used to provide advanced manufacturers with secure ownership verification, parts and order validation. We have learnt from financial applications that blockchain can offer a robust and resilient method of record history indexing that can be distributed and stored over the internet. We advise, however, that It is not as scalable a storage tool, as is widely perceived. Stored information must be carefully considered by manufacturers. We suggest that it is its data management capabilities that make it useful in the advanced manufacturing.

Marco Steger, Ali Dorri, Salil S. Kanhere, Kay Römer · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Mr. Atul Kumar Verma

The blockchain is a peer to peer technology that protects the integrity of a digital piece of information. It can serve as a digital decentralized distributed ledger that can record sharing of information between two parties in a permanent way. All the information is stored in a network of personal computers. Each computer has memory records called blocks and each block has a time stamp and a link to the previous block as a hash pointer. All the records are secured using cryptography. Timestamp keeps the track of creation of the record. Once the record is created no one can manipulate the records, not even the owner. It keeps the proof and exact time at which that data exists. A hash function is a mathematical algorithm and algorithm is made is in such a way that is it a one-way function that means the process cannot be rolled back. Next generation of the Internet will be using in FITS.

Carlos Oliver, Alessandro Ricottone, Pericles Philippopoulos

We propose a proof-of-work algorithm that rewards blockchain miners for using computational resources to solve NP-complete puzzles. The resulting blockchain will publicly store and improve solutions to problems with real world applications while maintaining a secure and fully functional transaction ledger.

Amy Nordrum

Blockchains-the cryptographically assured ledgers at the heart of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin-have been suggested as a platform for all kinds of financial instruments. But has the technology matured to the point where there's a significant market for developers who specialize in building on a blockchain? Signs suggest yes, based on what I saw and heard when hundreds of financiers, Wall Street analysts, and C-suite executives gathered in New York City in June. They were there to peer into the future of finance at the CB Insights' Future of Fintech conference, including what role blockchains might play.

W.R. van Nes

This paper tries to offer a non-exhaustive overview on blockchain. It is presented as being a management rather than a technical topic. With the help of the fathers of economics, the history of transactions and institutions are described accompanied by the current status of the economy. The blockchain protocol of Satoshi Nakamoto solves the problem of digital double spending. The whole protocol of hashing, blocking, chaining and mining is described together with the issues of limited computer power and computer memory, next to the general subjects such as the security of the assets and the publicity of information. The applications of the cryptocurrency bitcoin and the smart contracts basis of ethereum are reviewed. In the supply chain, blockchain can be used for more transparency regarding the origin of products, cargo shipment tracking and cargo shipment weight. Currently, IBM and Maersk are working together on a new blockchain solution in the shipping and logistics industry. As this thesis is written at CARU containers, the implications in the container sector for this company specifically will be debated and recommendations are given for different scenarios in the future. The developments need to be followed closely as the impact of blockchain could be very disadvantageous. The blockchain protocol is able to make one big ledger that is distributed, synchronized and cryptographically secured. It can make trusted third parties largely obsolete. Blockchain is still in its infancy, therefore a lot of issues need to be solved and more applications can still be developed but slowly and steadily it acquires the potential to improve the entire economy and to replace a part of the activities of the current actors in the supply chain.

Arthi Manohar, Jo Briggs

In this position paper, we discuss the early stages of design research conducted as part of a widely multidisciplinary inquiry involving social psychology, cyber security and deep learning (AI). TAPESTRY aims to:
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\ni. investigate online users’ approaches to establishing the trustworthiness of an interactor or organisation they are about to disclose personal information to, and
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\nii. ways of supporting judgements through the use of a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) service such as blockchain which operates as a form of personal identity credit rating.
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\nBuilding on prior work, we are utilising game design within our Participatory Design approach that involves creatively engaging with three user groups (crowdfunding, eHealth, online dating). Drawing from recent design-led research projects we highlight some of the value and challenges in using creative and innovative techniques in participatory design in technically sophisticated work. We present very early concept ideas and contribute from novel recent literatures to provoke workshop discussion.

Adam Watson, Regis Rukundakuvuga, Khachatur Matevosyan

Automated Case Management Systems are still at an early stage of adoption in many developing countries. These are frequently standalone systems implemented with donor financing, and they often fail due to capacity constraints or as a consequence of short-term, project-based funding. But there are examples of developing countries overcoming these pitfalls and producing innovative solutions that surpass government practices in more developed countries. The Integrated Electronic Case Management System (IECMS), developed and implemented by the Ministry of Justice of Rwanda from 2015-2016, is one such innovation. This system has progressed rapidly in its level of adoption and integration between law enforcement, the prosecutor’s office, courts, and corrections. This paper will discuss the key system functionalities and the implementation methodology, including both the benefits and shortcomings of this approach, with the goal of applying lessons learned in future installations. Foremost among the successes of this project were the integrated Sector Wide Approach, the thorough business process reengineering, and strong ownership by the Rwandan Justice Sector staff. Particularly instructive will be the analysis of the integrated approach, covering five institutions with a single system in less than two years. However, the particular success in this case may not be replicable for governments with a more decentralized approach.

Myungjung Kwon, Shui-Yan Tang, Cheongsin Kim

Given many potential obstacles, what types of strategic plans and measures for climate protection and/or energy sustainability are more likely than others to be adopted by cities? What are the key internal and external obstacles to adopting and implementing these plans and measures? Based on data obtained from a survey conducted from 2010 to 2011 and other sources, this paper develops a framework derived from political contracting theory and strategic orientation literature to examine how public management obstacles, socio-economic factors, and political factors influence a city's likelihood of having strategic energy sustainability plans and measures in place. Moreover, this paper finds that many California cities remain reluctant to require residents and businesses to comply with more challenging sustainability measures, such as smart-growth land-use practices, and that those cities with a strategic energy sustainability plan already in place tend to be more willing to adopt smart-growth land-use measures.

Andreas Hanl, Jochen Michaelis

No abstract is available for this record.

Zachary Baynham‐Herd

No abstract is available for this record.

S. Andryushin, В К Бурлачков

Аннотация Предмет

John D. Stoffels

This thesis develops a three-factor asset pricing model for cryptocurrencies by using a market factor, a size factor and a factor related to the transaction volume relative to an asset's market capitalisation. This model explains on average about 35% of the variance of weekly returns. Additionally, significant momentum-based returns were revealed by using several formation, holding and weighting periods and different ways of constructing the portfolios. Those returns did not only have abnormal returns up to 74.11 basis points per day by using the aforementioned asset pricing model for risk adjusting, but also have a remarkable Sharpe ratio of more than 3 by using their raw returns. Not only discrete momentum premia were calculated, but also patterns in those premia investigated. Evidence for superior returns of buying past 'winners', a so-called Long-Only approach, in comparison to buying past 'winners' and short-selling past 'losers' was found. Moreover, the analysis suggests investors to utilise a formation period of three weeks and a holding period of two weeks, while ignoring a waiting period. The used data set is covering 15 cryptocurrencies chosen by their market capitalisation and their data availability for a period from April 2016 to July 2017.

Rakesh Gopinath Nirmala

In recent years, the desire for financial privacy and anonymity spurred the growth of electronic cash and cryptocurrencies. The introduction of decentralized cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, acce ...

А. К. Дулаев, V. A. Manukovskiy, D. I. Kutyanov, Yu. Yu. Bulakhtin · 6 authors

OBJECTIVE. The authors developed the management strategy of emergency care for patients with acute spinal surgical pathology in conditions of megapolis. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A comparative statistical analysis was made in 2627 patients. The patients (n =777) underwent treatment in multicenter hospitals of emergency care of the spine (decentralized system). The other patients (n = 1850) were treated in Municipal Center of Emergency Surgery of the Spine (centralized system). RESULTS. It is appropriate to establish departments of emergency surgery of the spine on the base of separate multicenter hospitals in megapolis. These hospitals should be properly equipped and they should have specially trained doctors and nurses, stable financing, effective management on admission to hospital. CONCLUSIONS. The efficacy of proposed measures allowed authors to recommend them to wide practical application.

Ian LaMarsh

This literary review aims to explore Bitcoin, a growing topic in modern finance. The purpose of my piece is to explain the technology behind it (blockchain), discuss blockchain’s potential, examine current world regulations, and suggest future research. Through a review of current literature and data, I was able to reach conclusions on the understanding of Bitcoin, and the role it plays for future virtual currencies and modern financial principals. This study is original, as it will provide the reader with current perspective of the principles of Bitcoin, how it works, and how governments and companies of the world are acclimating to its growing popularity.

Dimitris Chatzopoulos, Sujit Gujar, Boi Faltings, Pan Hui

The popularity of digital currencies, especially cryptocurrencies, has been continuously growing since the appearance of Bitcoin. Bitcoin's security lies in a proof-of-work scheme, which requires high computational resources at the miners. Despite advances in mobile technology, existing cryptocurrencies cannot be maintained by mobile devices due to their low processing capabilities. Mobile devices can only accommodate mobile applications (wallets) that allow users to exchange credits of cryptocurrencies. In this work, we propose LocalCoin, an alternative cryptocurrency that requires minimal computational resources, produces low data traffic and works with off-the-shelf mobile devices. LocalCoin replaces the computational hardness that is at the root of Bitcoin's security with the social hardness of ensuring that all witnesses to a transaction are colluders. Localcoin features (i) a lightweight proof-of-work scheme and (ii) a distributed blockchain. We analyze LocalCoin for double spending for passive and active attacks and prove that under the assumption of sufficient number of users and properly selected tuning parameters the probability of double spending is close to zero. Extensive simulations on real mobility traces, realistic urban settings, and random geometric graphs show that the probability of success of one transaction converges to 1 and the probability of the success of a double spending attempt converges to 0.

Luqman Nurhisam

<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>In Indonesia, <em>bitcoin</em> is a form of digital currency (<em>e-money</em>) and means of payment transactions that have been used by some communities. It is necessary to get attention, especially from Bank Indonesia. Other than that, the supervision that was once fully done by the central bank of Bank Indonesia, is now taken over by OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan). Thus, Bank Indonesia only has the authority to regulate and control the circulation of currency only. Since some of the tasks and authorities of Bank Indonesia were taken over by OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan), many things have not been covered, such as the new phenomenon in the field of finance in terms of capital, investment, currency circulation, and others. In addition there is no legal umbrella against <em>bitcoin</em>, which is increasingly widespread transaction using <em>bitcoin</em> done in <em>e-commerce</em> transactions. So in terms of security also need to be questioned, therefore there needs to be regulation and supervision specifically against <em>bitcoin</em>, and society will not feel harmed. When viewed in the perspective of Islamic law, that relating to the issuance of money as a means of transactions in a country, is a matter protected by general rules in Islamic law. Therefore, the issuance of money and the determination of the amount is matters relating to the benefit of the people. Another aspect to consider in the use of <em>bitcoin</em> is whether from the side of <em>madharat</em> is greater or benefits taken if used as currency and tool transactions, even as a commodity though. So the focus in this research is the use of <em>bitcoin</em> as currency and transaction tool by using approach and study of Islamic law.</p>