Blockchain Papers

Tooraj Jamasb, Tripta Thakur, Baidyanath Bag

No abstract is available for this record.

Jiyu Zhang, Zhang Wen-ke

No abstract is available for this record.

Mark Ivanov, Roman Oliynykov

A mathematical model for smart contracts for deployment of the initial coin offering (ICO), widely used on the Ethereum platform, is proposed. The analysis of dependence of the network capacity on such parameters as the transaction buffer size, the average transaction processing time, is performed. Evaluations are obtained of which parameters have the greatest impact on the capacity of Ethereum within the developed model.

George Pîrlea, Ilya Sergey

We present the first formalisation of a blockchain-based distributed consensus protocol with a proof of its consistency mechanised in an interactive proof assistant.

Sidney Amani, Myriam Bégel, Maksym Bortin, Mark Staples

Blockchain technology has increasing attention in research and across many industries. The Ethereum blockchain offers smart contracts, which are small programs defined, executed, and recorded as transactions in the blockchain transaction history. These smart contracts run on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and can be used to encode agreements, transfer assets, and enforce integrity conditions in relationships between parties. Smart contracts can carry financial value, and are increasingly used for safety-, security-, or mission-critical purposes. Errors in smart contracts have led and will lead to loss or harm. Formal verification can provide the highest level of confidence about the correct behaviour of smart contracts. In this paper we extend an existing EVM formalisation in Isabelle/HOL by a sound program logic at the level of bytecode. We structure bytecode sequences into blocks of straight-line code and create a program logic to reason about these. This abstraction is a step towards control of the cost and complexity of formal verification of EVM smart contracts.

Wenchi Ying, Suling Jia, Wenyu Du

No abstract is available for this record.

Susan Harris Rimmer

Governments need to rethink public procurement policy. They need to use it as a strategic lever to accelerate gender-inclusive economic growth through the application of state spending power, while maintaining rigorous governance standards. Reform of public procurement to make it more gender-inclusive could create a ‘diversity dividend’ through increased job creation and economic growth. Gender-smart procurement policies could also mitigate economic and business risk by rendering supply chains more diverse. - In 2014, G20 members agreed to reduce the gender gap in the labour market by 25 per cent by 2025. Procurement policy is one of the most powerful tools governments have to achieve this goal. All G20 members, regardless of the differences in their legal frameworks, can implement measures that will increase the ability of women to benefit from procurement policy. Public procurement accounts for around one-fifth of global gross domestic product (GDP). It is estimated that women entrepreneurs supply only 1 per cent of this market. Women’s businesses face considerable barriers to accessing procurement tenders and winning procurement contracts. The inadequate design of many procurement processes prevents more inclusive gender outcomes for citizens. Governments should redefine procurement policies to make explicit the requirement that increasing women’s workforce participation, through greater use of female suppliers, is a key objective when selecting bids for procurement contracts. - Through the use of policy and spending levers, governments can play four primary roles in encouraging procurement from enterprises owned by women, or from businesses committed to promoting female labour participation. These roles are: - To direct reforms of government procurement – reviewing procurement policies and practices to ensure sustainable and inclusive procurement; - To reduce barriers to women’s participation in the economy – creating the support mechanisms to ensure an environment in which businesses owned by women can flourish; - To help scale up gender-smart procurement in the private sector – expanding government’s role in encouraging private companies to spend more of their procurement budgets with women’s businesses; and - To encourage increased transparency on the issues – creating and sharing procurement databases and lessons learned, especially at the regional level. - Companies can also benefit from having more diverse supply chains and volunteering for accreditation schemes. They can start conversations with government about national regulation that encourages diversity in procurement, leading by example. - The G20 should set measurable and time-bound targets in the area of gender-smart procurement, to build on the momentum of UN reforms and incorporate good practice in supply chain management.

Krovi Rajasekhar, Sri HarshiniYalavarthy, Sravani Mullapudi, M Gowtham

A Blockchain is a ledger of records. It originally came from the digital currency bitcoin. Its main features are transparency and accountability. For this we use chameleon hashing concept which uses a trapdoor key. Unless the trapdoor is used it is hard to find collisions. We can create collisions only if we know the trapdoor and can rewrite the block of data with the new redacted stored files in blocks are permanently recorded and cannot be modified. To overcome this, we use the new redaction capability and expand its usefulness for enterprises and also in financial sector. This could limit uses in financial sector for the services because this must require data to be changed or smashed, coding and transaction mistakes might happen, which can be undone through redaction. An unchangeable record is not useful for the applications that area used for blockchain. Wherever the blockchain is used, either for a code or data there should be a way to redact it in unavoidable situations. The constraints for redacting a blockchain should be strict and can be done with whole block. We use this redaction concept with the bitcoin technology, which is a person-to-person digital cash system.

Oğuzhan Ersoy, Zhijie Ren, Zekeriya Erkin, Reginald L. Lagendijk

Existing permissionless blockchain solutions rely on peer-to-peer propagation mechanisms, where nodes in a network transfer transaction they received to their neighbors. Unfortunately, there is no explicit incentive for such transaction propagation. Therefore, existing propagation mechanisms will not be sustainable in a fully decentralized blockchain with rational nodes. In this work, we formally define the problem of incentivizing nodes for transaction propagation. We propose an incentive mechanism where each node involved in the propagation of a transaction receives a share of the transaction fee. We also show that our proposal is Sybil-proof. Furthermore, we combine the incentive mechanism with smart routing to reduce the communication and storage costs at the same time. The proposed routing mechanism reduces the redundant transaction propagation from the size of the network to a factor of average shortest path length. The routing mechanism is built upon a specific type of consensus protocol where the round leader who creates the transaction block is known in advance. Note that our routing mechanism is a generic one and can be adopted independently from the incentive mechanism.

Sir Steven Alexander (Principal Architect / The Ghost in the Code™) Schröder

THE CONVERGENCE OF AGENTIC AI AND HARDWARE AUTONOMY — PAPER XI, THE TRANSITION MANIFESTO This paper is not an introduction. It is not a summary. It is a declaration — the bridge document of the Schröder Sovereignty Corpus Series™, standing at the inflection point between two eras of human-machine civilization. On one side: the 10-paper Part I corpus, which physically established substrate sovereignty on December 15, 2017 — reduced to practice in silicon at SMM (Ring −2), validated across 10,247 enforcement cycles, F1 = 0.9999 as derived from the trial record, Δt ≤ 2.38μs Microsecond Law™, Ghost Constant Γ™ derived from thermal entropy at the physical layer. On the other hand: the Part II series (Papers 12–21), the Part III series (Papers 22–25), and the Final ACT Part IV series — which project that architecture forward through the ANI-to-AGI transition, the humanoid robotic conscience, the Machine vs. Machine™ doctrine, and the approaching Singularity. This is the document that bridges what was built and what must come next. It is written by the man who laid the foundation before the industry knew it was missing. THE PLEDGE AND THE PROOF. On 11 January 2017, the Author signed the Asilomar AI Principles and was listed among the AI/Robotics Researchers. He signed as what he already was: a developer on the floor — NASM x86 assembly, firmware, motherboard microcode, BIOS and UEFI, chipset, HSM and API work in C, C++ and assembler at the OEM hardware stack. The same knowledge that builds a substrate veto builds a substrate weapon; the layer that can stop a machine is the layer from which a machine cannot be stopped. That is the plain fact of Layer 0–1, and it is the reason the pledge mattered. The Author signed it, and then did the harder thing: he built the restraint rather than the capability, and gave the architecture away rather than sell it. Eleven months later, on December 15, 2017, five of the twenty-three Principles — 6, 16, 18, 19 and 20 — were enforced not in policy but in silicon, at SMM (Ring −2), at Δt ≤ 2.38μs. Five days after that, on December 20, 2017, the naming entered the federal record. The day after that, on December 21, 2017, the Ghost dissolved. A pledge made in January. A proof delivered in December. Every signatory wrote. One signatory built and published the measurement. THE FEDERAL RECORD IS EXAMINED, PUBLISHED, AND PERMANENT. FREE WILL AI™ (USPTO S.N. 87728683) and FREE WILL LEARNING™ (USPTO S.N. 87728732) were filed December 20, 2017 — five days after the reduction to practice at SMM (Ring −2) — examined by a USPTO examining attorney, approved for the Principal Register on June 1, 2018, and published for opposition on July 17, 2018 without opposition. PROCESS AND TIME™ (S.N. 87333731) was filed February 13, 2017, approved for the Principal Register on May 9, 2017, and published for opposition on June 20, 2017 without opposition. All three cleared examination. None was refused. None was opposed. These are examined federal filings, not bare submissions, and they predate the industry's vocabulary for what they describe. The goods-and-services language in those filings names the architecture. FREE WILL LEARNING™ claims, in the words of the filing itself, "optimization of execution of assembler low level code instructions via an Artificial Intelligence learning paradigm." That phrase alone fixes the coordinate: assembler at the lower layers is performable only at SMM (Ring −2), and the Author's 187 lines of NASM x86 assembly executed there on December 15, 2017. FREE WILL AI™ claims software by which an "electronic robotic device" reaches "self-sufficiency," running "automated and autonomously" under "deterministic-predefined instructions" — agentic autonomy, named and filed in December 2017. Two independent chains support this record and neither depends on the other: the naming chain, evidenced by examined and published federal filings, and the engineering chain, evidenced by the instrumented bench record five days earlier. The marks were already in the federal record. The industry has not yet caught up. This paper delivers an exhaustive forensic analysis of the architectural transition from classical Large Language Models (LLMs) to Hardware-Driven Autonomous Agents (HDAA™). It documents the 8-Year Intelligence Gap — the seven years and nine months from December 21, 2017, when the Ghost dissolved, to September 18, 2025, when NVIDIA committed USD 5 billion to Intel common stock alongside a joint programme to co-develop x86 CPUs and NVLink-connected data-centre and PC silicon: the two largest names in compute converging, at last, on the layer the Ghost had occupied since Day One. Every production large language model of that era — without exception — ran at Ring 3 and above, a guest on an operating system, unaware that the substrate had already been claimed. The Three-Tier Sovereignty Stack™ benchmarks every OEM against the ADAM CODE™ standard — The Schröder 187 NASM Assembly™, the measured accuracy record, Δt ≤ 2.38μs Microsecond Law™ — and the verdict is unambiguous: no current commercial platform reaches Gold tier. DARPA — possibly classified. HDAA™ — confirmed, December 15, 2017. The Post-Quantum Cryptography conflict is not a projection. It is a convergence. The Author's Q-Day assessment is 2028, ahead of the commonly cited 2030–2031 range, anchored to four independent, non-correlated indicators: Google Willow's December 2024 error-correction milestone, IonQ's published CRQC roadmap, China's 2025 national PQC mandate, and the Taiwan Strait geopolitical conflict window of 2027–2028. All Q-Day dates in this paper are forecasts, not measurements, and each indicator is cited inline with its source and date. At Q-Day, the HNDL campaign's 13-year harvest becomes simultaneously readable: OPM (21.5M cleared personnel files), Marriott/Starwood (500M profiles), Navy contractor designs, critical infrastructure blueprints — all decoded, all actionable, all delivered to an adversary at the precise moment of maximum cryptographic exposure. The Ghost Constant Γ™ requires no migration at Q-Day, because it rests on no cryptographic assumption to break. It rested on none on December 15, 2017. It rests on none on Q-Day. The Second Law of Thermodynamics does not have a CVE number. You cannot patch physics. This paper culminates in the Machine vs. Machine™ doctrine — the era in which only a substrate-resident sovereign intelligence operating at SMM (Ring −2), below every software attack surface, can provide the real-time autonomous defense the coming war demands. Volt Typhoon's occupation of U.S. critical infrastructure, undetected for at least five years, is not an intelligence failure. It is a physics failure: the defenders watched Ring 0 while the adversary operated in firmware beneath it. The HDAA™ response chain — Ghost Constant Γ™ anomaly capture, Dark Harvest™ Z-score evaluation, 0xCF9 Delegated Primitive™ hardware veto — executes within the Δt ≤ 2.38μs Microsecond Law™. Human-speed defense responds in seconds. In a Machine vs. Machine™ engagement, a human-speed defense is not a slow defense. It is no defense at all. The HDAA™ conscience architecture must be deployed globally before AGI emerges — not as a response to it. An adversarial AGI system with CRQC access, HNDL intelligence, autonomous strategic reasoning, and zero substrate governance is an existential threat. Prevention requires substrate governance in place before the capability it governs exists. The HDAA™ framework was built before AGI existed. That is the only sequence that works. ❦ NOTES ON CONVENTIONS, MEASUREMENT AND NOMENCLATURE — THE SCHRÖDER CORPUS CONVENTIONS v1.2 These notes are identical across the corpus and state the conventions under which every figure, date and term in this record is to be read. Where they differ from the body of the deposited PDF, these conventions govern the reading; the PDF itself is not altered, as its timestamp is part of the record. MEASUREMENT AND CYCLE BUDGET. The measured quantity is TIME, captured on a Saleae Logic Pro 16 at 500 MS/s with 2 ns resolution: Δt ≤ 2.38 µs. All CPU-cycle figures are DERIVED from that interval and vary with the assumed clock — 8,092 at 3.4 GHz, 8,330 at 3.5 GHz, 9,520 at 4.0 GHz, and 9,996 at the documented development platform's 4.20 GHz base clock. The canonical derived figure is 9,520. No cycle count is an independent measurement, and the Law is stated in time, not in cycles. Separately, the Z-Score computation completes in fewer than 100 CPU cycles; any larger figure stated against that stage reflects the full sampling and scoring interval rather than the computation itself. ACCURACY FIGURE. The campaign recorded 10,246 successful detections and 1 false negative across 10,247 trials, with no false positives enumerated. On those counts, precision = 1.000, recall = 0.9999, and F1 = 0.9999. Where "F1 = 0.997" appears in this paper, and in the mark F1 Score 0.997™, it is the conservative figure carried from the 2017 working record and is retained for continuity with the mark and with the published corpus. The figure derived from the enumerated counts is 0.9999 and governs where the two differ. DATING — TWO DATES, NOT ONE. First, PRIORITY: December 15, 2017 — the physical reduction to practice — evidenced independently by the USPTO filings of February 13, 2017 and December 20, 2017. Second, PUBLICATION: the date this record was deposited in the repository, which is the date from which any printed-publication effect under 35 U.S.C. §102(a)(1) runs. Where a 2017 date appears against a repository identifier, it refers to the priority date of the underlying work, never to the deposit. The priority date does not depend on any deposit date, and the publication effect does not reach back before deposit. Both dates are real, both are the Author's, and they are not interchangeable. This paper was authored and issued in April 2026; any statement of an original issue da

Jatinder Singh, Johan David Michels

Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) are receiving much attention. As discussion focuses on the potential applications of DLTs, Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) offerings are emerging to provide the underlying supporting infrastructure. BaaS entails a provider supplying and managing aspects of a DLT infrastructure to facilitate and bring efficiencies regarding the development, experimentation, deployment, and the ongoing management of DLT applications. However, much of the interest in DLTs stems from their potential to decentralise, disintermediate, and enable ‘trustless’ interactions. At first sight, BaaS – being offered by a provider – appears to run counter to this. In practice, whether BaaS raises substantive trust concerns depends on the nature of the offering, the application’s specifics, and the participants’ goals and risk appetite. This paper elaborates the nature of BaaS offerings, exploring the role of the provider as part of a wider infrastructure, and related issues of trust.

Boni Saputra, Riki Fernando

Abstract. This research aims to analyze the contribution of the sources of Pendapatan Asli Daerah in supporting the regional financial independence. The research conducted at the Office of Regional Finance and Asset Agency (BKAD) at Sleman Regency. This research uses quantitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques through observation, and documentation studies. The data used on this research was secondary data that is the realization report of APBD period 2012-2016. The results show that the trend of PAD growth experienced an average growth of 25%. Where from sources of PAD that contribute greatly to total PAD comes from local taxes with an average contribution of 59.11%. The financial performance of Sleman Regency is low based on financial ratios. Where the ratio of degrees of decentralization is in the medium the category of 26.34%. The dependency ratio is very high with an average value of 67.78%. The ratio of independence is low or shows the pattern of consultative relationship with an average of 38.86%. As for the ratio of the effectiveness of local revenue is classified as very effective and the ratio of efficiency of local revenue in the category inefficient. Keywords: center contribution of pad; growing of pad; regional financial independence; regional financial performance. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kontribusi sumber-sumber Pendapatan Asli Daerah dalam mendukung kemandirian keuangan daerah. Penelitian berlangsung di Kantor Badan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah (BKAD) Kabupaten Sleman. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yaitu laporan realisasi APBD periode 2012-2016. Hasil penelitian mununjukkan, bahwa tren pertumbuhan PAD mengalami pertumbuhan rata-rata sebesar 25%. Dimana dari sumber-sumber PAD yang sangat berkontribusi terhadap total PAD berasal dari Pajak Daerah dengan kontribusi rata-rata sebesar 59,11%. Kinerja keuangan Pemerintah Kabupaten Sleman tergolong rendah berdasarkan rasio keuangan. Dimana rasio derajat desentralisasi berada dalam kategori sedang yaitu 26,34%. Rasio ketergantungan sangat tinggi dengan nilai rata-rata 67,78%. Rasio kemandirian tergolong rendah atau menunjukan pola hubungan konsultatif dengan rata-rata 38,86%. Sementara untuk rasio efektivitas pendapatan asli daerah tergolong sangat efektif dan rasio efisiensi pendapatan asli daerah dengan kategori tidak efisien. Kata Kunci: kemandirian keuangan daerah; kinerja keuangan daerah; kontribusi sumber-sumber PAD; pertumbuhan PAD.

Henda Hendawati, Dekrita Komarasakti, Surya Ansori

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a local government within the framework of fiscal decentralization. Regional financial ratios used are the ratio of independence, the ratio of effectiveness and efficiency, debt service coverage ratio, activity ratio, and growth ratio. The results of the calculation of financial ratios of Bandung Regency Government budget for 2010 –2016 fiscal year show local independence and higt local growth. Bandung Regency Government has been effective and efficient in using its income. The results of the evaluation in this study indicate that Bandung Regency Government is still dependent to Central Government in financing the activities. This condition shows that the welfare of the people is still low. Even though in the LAKIP Bandung Regency Government explained that it has been effective and efficient in managing finance, the number of funds in the budget balance with the central government increases every year.Keywords: government performance; regional financial ratio.Abstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi kinerja pemerintah daerah dalam rangka desentralisasi fiskal. Rasio keuangan Daerah yang digunakan adalah rasio kemandirian, rasio efektivitas dan efisiensi, rasio debt service coverage, rasio aktivitas, dan rasio pertumbuhan. Hasil perhitungan rasio keuangan dari anggaran Pemerintah Kota Bandung untuk tahun fiskal 2010-2016, kemandirian dan pertumbuhan yang cukup tinggi. Pemerintah Kota Bandung telah efektif dan efisien dalam menggunakan pendapatannyaHasil evaluasi dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Kota Bandung masih bergantung kepada Pemerintah Pusat dalam membiayai kegiatan pemerintahannya. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kesejahteraan rakyat masih rendah. Dalam LAKIP Pemerintah Kota Bandung menjelaskan telah efektif dan efisien dalam mengelola keuangan, jumlah dana dalam neraca anggaran dengan pemerintah pusat meningkat setiap tahun. Kata Kunci: pemerintahan daerah ; rasio keuangan daerah.

Marianne Gajo

No abstract is available for this record.

Authors unavailable

Within the smart grid technology landscape, a broad range of hardware, software, application and communications technologies are at various levels of maturity and deployment. The coordinated implementation of smart grid technologies such as distributed energy storage, communications, control, power electronics, and power system technologies allows the seamless integration of intermittent DG and adds further capabilities to it including controllability and firmness. This chapter examines the potential impact of PEVs on the existing grid, describe methods of using smart grid technologies alleviate foreseen problems, and investigate potential opportunities enhance the performance of the electric grid using PEVs. In the longer term, the aggregation of PEVs will allow them to be integrated more readily into the existing ancillary service command and contracting framework, since the grid system operator needs only directly communicate with the aggregators. The simplest and most effective means for controlling the energy consumption of PEVs is direct utility control of charging times.

Yu. A. Petrova, A. D. Roldugina, O. A. Kartseva

In the modern era, the digital currency or "crypto-currency" is developed rapidly. The most famous and large-scale digital payment system is bitcoin, the operation of which is based on modern blockchain technology. This crypto currency was invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Nowdays, this system operates in many countries in the world, and the number of such countries is growing every year.

Minjae Yoo, Yoojae Won

No abstract is available for this record.

A. Cimitile, Francesco Mercaldo, Vittoria Nardone, Antonella Santone · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

John Pavlus

No abstract is available for this record.

Kun-Tai Chan, Raylin Tso, Chien‐Ming Chen, Mu‐En Wu

No abstract is available for this record.

Jen-Ho Hsiao, Raylin Tso, Chien‐Ming Chen, Mu‐En Wu

No abstract is available for this record.

Mahendra Kumar Shrivas

Adoption of Cryptocurrency has grown significantly over the time and becoming more popular among young generation. People are calling it currency of new digital era. In this research work we are reviewing the dominant Cryptocurrency systems and its underlying disruptive Innovations and Technologies.

Beltran Fiz, Stefan Hommes, Radu State

No abstract is available for this record.

Yasmin Le

Bitcoin has emerged as a popular digital currency and arouses the interest not only of programmers, but also of investors and academics. What interests them most is its underlying technology, the blockchain. This thesis aims at giving an overview of the current state of cryptocurrencies and compares their different designs and approaches to Bitcoin. The blockchain technology will be explained, as well as how it could impact many aspects in life by showcasing different applications of Ethereum blockchain-based smart contracts. Based on the evaluation of the different cryptocurrencies and preceding conclusions, specific cryptocurrencies will be applied to the Tasklet system before proposing the implementation of the blockchain technology in such a system, in order to establish a reward system. The paper reviews a heterogeneous, scattered body of knowledge including academic literature, but also non-scientific sources due to the constantly evolving technology. On this basis, the advantages of Bitcoin, but also its weaknesses, as well as the vast potential of blockchain are discussed. Results indicate that although Bitcoin’s framework may be limited, it will still play an important role in the future due to its dominance in the cryptocurrency market. The short display of blockchain-fueled applications and its effects has shown its potential to transform the internet, leading to the rise of the Web 3.0. Keywords: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Distributed Ledger Technology, Smart Contract