Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages provides a legitimate basis for the position of the village as an autonomous entity within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. It has amended Government Regulation Number 72 of 2005 on Village. One of the major changes related to the autonomy of Village Financial Management which must follow the procedures as stipulated in the legislation. Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages stipulates village financial resources which are village original revenues, allocations of State Budget, part of local tax and Regency / City retributions, allocation of village funds that are part of balance fund received by Regency / City, financial assistance from the Provincial Budgets and Regency / City Budgets, non-binding grants and donations from third parties, and other legitimate village revenues. The existence of various sources of village finance is very closely related to the financial system of the State, resulting in legal issues related to the model of financial decentralization applied to the village, the procedure of allocating revenues and expenditures, legal status and accountability of the Village Head as the recipient of revenue allocation. This research is normative law research through library research. This study was conducted by studying the conceptual approach of village financial management that requires the support of empirical data. It then combines the basic concepts with statute approaches and the implementation of budgeting activities for the use of village funds in village government. These steps are expected to answer the research problems and realize the purpose of this study.
Jan 1, 2018·Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
Smart City infrastructures require contracts between public and private organizations collaborating in what is frequently referred to as fog computing platforms. We investigate contract provision variations from different stakeholder perspectives. Our methodology relies on complex adaptive systems theory, and we simulate different contract provision scenarios to identify patterns that emerge. The specific contract provisions we investigate in this paper are related to analytical model and data ownership paradigm variations. We find that some variations offer advantages to stakeholders that include those who participate in the smart city fog platform and those who may have ownership of smart city fog platform infrastructure.
Magnus Andersson, Kevin Chen Trieu, Petros Debesay, Jesper Persson · 6 authors
In recent years, cryptocurrencies have grown rapidly to a market capitalization of
400 billion US dollars. As the value of cryptocurrencies has increased, several exchanges
have emerged. Some of these exchanges have been targets of attacks leading
to losses of cryptocurrency worth hundreds of millions of dollars. The attacks have
been made possible as a result of exchanges keeping track of the cryptocurrency in
circulation on the exchange by storing their users’ funds. A successful attack puts
not only the exchange, but all its users at risk.
This bachelor’s thesis explores an alternative to a centralized cryptocurrency exchange
by trading directly on the blockchain using peer-to-peer technology. This
decentralized approach eliminates the risk for attacks with far-reaching consequences
as users’ funds are not stored in a central location. A protocol for exchange between
cryptocurrencies is proposed and a prototype based on this protocol is implemented.
An evaluation is done to ensure the quality of the prototype and protocol based on
three parameters - delay, cost and trading pairs.
The protocol is proven to be a possible alternative to the solutions offered today.
The prototype displays a proof-of-concept of a decentralized platform that implements
this protocol.
With the invention of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin in 2009, the world's first blockchain application was developed. While academic research gradually begins to investigate cryptocurrencies more closely and attempt to understand their functioning, technology is rapidly evolving and ecosystems grow exponentially. The research is still scattered and chaotic and has not produced common guidelines. Therefore, the question remains: how sustainable cryptocurrencies and their digital ecosystems are.Only a few models and frameworks take a holistic view on digital sustainability. Only two frameworks were identified that take distributed ledger technologies (blockchain) or cryptocurrencies into consideration: the three governance strategies for digital sustainability of Linkov et al. (2018) and 10 basic conditions of sustainable digital artifacts according to Stuermer, Abu-Tayeh and Myrach (2016). These two frameworks were combined into a new integrated sustainability framework for cryptocurrencies. The developed integrated sustainability framework consists of four dimensions and 12 categories.Existing secondary data, self-conducted social media interviews and practical insights gained through an ASIC mining experiment were used to fill the framework with sufficient data. It confirms Bitcoin's sustainability problems in energy consumption and scalability, highlights Ethereum's great potential as a blockchain platform and explains the higher scalability and faster payment of Ripple and IOTA.While 2017 marked the temporary peak of the cryptocurrency hype, 2018 was a transformative year in which the leading cryptocurrencies were increasingly occupying more specialised niches.
Katalog współczesnych zagrożeń ekonomiczno-gospodarczych ewoluuje pod wpływem nowych zjawisk, jako skutek dynamicznego rozwoju technologii informacyjno--komunikacyjnych i poszerza się czyniąc go nieskończonym. Technologie wzbogaciły instrumenta-rium działań przestępczych i umożliwiły dokonywanie czynów zabronionych w cyberprzestrzeni. W kontekście zagrożeń postrzegane są wirtualne waluty. Artykuł poświęcono analizie zjawiska wirtu-alnych walut, by na tej podstawie sformułować przypuszczalne konsekwencje i najbardziej realne cele dla Polski, póki jest jeszcze czas, aby podjęte działania były skuteczne i zabezpieczały interesy państwa.
You know what the Ethereum architecture looks like, and you have practiced enough basic Solidity programming. Now it’s time to learn some advanced topics such as how to interact with services outside the blockchain by invoking calls through Oraclize, how to optimize gas usage by saving data to IPFS storage, and how to adopt best practices to write production-ready code in Solidity.
We study distributed declarative workflow execution in an adversarial setting.In this setting, parties to an agreed-upon workflow do not trust each other to follow that workflow, or suspect the other party might misrepresent proceedings at a later time.We demonstrate how distributed declarative workflow execution can be implemented as smart contracts, guaranteeing (I) enforcement of workflow semantics, and (II) an incontrovertible record of workflow execution history.Crucially, we achieve both properties without relying on a trusted third party.The implementation is based on the Ethereum blockchain, inheriting the security properties (I) and (II) from the guarantees given by that chain.A recurring challenge for both the implementation and the analysis is the cost of operations on Ethereum: This cost must be minimised for honest parties, and an adversary must be prevented from inflicting extra cost on others.
El presente escrito pretende aportar una vision del modelo Bitcoin diferenciando sus dos componentes para conocer cual de ellos es un fenomeno revolucionario en la sociedad del siglo XXI. Por un lado, se encuentra la moneda virtual creada a partir de las matematicas y que no depende de la regulacion de los Estados ni es emitida por ninguna entidad financiera. Esta basada en puro codigo y no es propiedad de nadie, es una moneda digital peer to peer. Es definida como criptomoneda y actualmente es el bien monetario mas intangible que existe. A pesar de que la criptomoneda Bitcoin puede convertirse en el bien monetario de maxima liquidez superando al dinero, no es el mejor medio de intercambio ni lo reemplazara a medio plazo debido a su falta de aceptacion comun, desregulacion, volatilidad y desconfianza. Por otro lado, el bien tecnologico por el que se distribuye esta criptomoneda se define como BlockChain. Esta plataforma digital actua como soporte de todas las transacciones de criptomonedas que son registradas en bloques virtuales distribuidos. La tecnologia que subyace en el Bitcoin hace esto posible al solucionar el problema del “doble gasto” en los sistemas digitales descentralizados. Estas nuevas redes (blockchains), son aplicables de forma practica en el sector empresarial con los llamados “libros de contabilidad distribuidos”, y constituyen el gran hito que lleva a la tecnologia Bitcoin a ser un verdadero fenomeno de destruccion creativa en la sociedad.
Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are both crucial and sensitive as they contain essential information and are frequently shared among different parties including hospitals, pharmacies or private clinics. This information must remain correct, up to date, private, and accessible only to the authorized people. Moreover, the access must also be assured under special conditions mass crises like hurricanes or earthquakes where disruption, decentralized responses, and chaos could potentially lead to wrong procedures or even malicious behaviors. The introduction of blockchain a distributed ledger where the records are stored in a linked sequence of blocks and are theoretically difficult to delete or tamper with made possible to design and implement new solutions for more failure-resistant EHRs applications adopting a distributed and decentralized philosophy, in contrast with the central ones based on cloud infrastructures or even local solutions. In this context, this work provides a systematic study to understand whether permissioned blockchain implementations could be of any benefit to managing health records in emergency situations caused by natural disasters. After the design and implementation of a basic prototype for an EHRs management system in Hyperledger Fabric and the execution of a set of test cases based on the simulation of the Haiti earthquake of 2010, it was possible to discuss the benefits and tradeoffs that the system entails. The discussion focused on the performance parameters like throughput, latency, memory and CPU usage. The system allowed the patients and practitioners to share and access EHRs and be able to detect and react to the crisis situations. Moreover, it behaved correctly in the presence of malicious nodes assuring throughputs and latencies still lower, compared to current centralized systems like credit card payments, but already up to two orders of magnitude higher than permissionless blockchain implementations. Even though there is still a lot of work to do, the system represented by the prototype could be an interesting alternative for networks of healthcare companies to help ensuring the continuity of treatment while preserving privacy and confidentiality in extreme situations.
The two fundamental institution of securities post-trading landscape is the central counterparty (CCP) and the central securities depository (CSD). While the institution of CCP was developed to mitigate risk of the counterparties participating in (securities) trading, the development of CSD was driven by the need of increasing market efficiency by securitization and capital flows. Both institutions was developed by market needs, but later on, following the 2008 financial crisis the importance of these institutions has increased significantly since they have fundamental role in ensuring safe and sound financial markets and crossborder capital flows. All around the world strict regulatory regimes are formulated regarding CCPs and CSDs. As a consequence of 2008 crisis, trade repositories (TR) are established in order to store OTC derivative transaction data. In the future, due to the technological development, the post-trading landscape may change. One direction may be to introduce real spot markets (without settlement cycle) and the other one may be to implement distributed ledger technology to replace the current post-trading framework.
This paper considers growing fiscal capacity of the European early modern states as contingent to taxpayer’s consent in higher tax loads. It puts forward the hypothesis that war damages were the main factor guiding the taxpayer’s cost-benefit assessment of consenting or violently resisting to a fiscal innovation. To test the hypotheses, we consider data on Portugal in times of political struggle against the Habsburgs to restore and keep the political autonomy after 1640. The war was financed by an entirely new, universal income tax, remaining in the Portuguese fiscal system well until the liberal revolution in 1820, although enforced by a decentralized and nonspecialized administration. A model derives the optimal tax rate from the standpoint of the taxpayer as a function of war intensity, risk aversion, and awareness that evasion would enhance war damages. Data on damages, contemporary assessments of the tax base, and amounts enforced allow the model’s calibration. Results suggest the accuracy of the hypothesis and draw the conclusion that taxpayers’ utility in paying the new tax determined the efective tax rate (tax enforced). This paper claims that ultimately improvements in the fiscal capacity of states needed taxpayer’s perception of high levels of destruction, hence any political regime in early modern Europe must have found in war damages a persuasive argument to make efective a fiscal innovation. The other contribution of this case study is pointing out the advantage of the assignment of the tax collection to local, non-professional administration, for the endurance of a fiscal system, which incorporated an income tax that withstood the liberal revolution. It enhanced the role of peer monitoring and turned out to be an efective way of instilling social norms contributing to build up the taxpayer’s liability, which somehow the liberal state in 19th century exploited within a different technological environment.
Deconcentration is simply defined as the delegation of administrative authorities of the central government to the lower level of governments along with the transfer of funds to finance the implementation of the authorities. Deconcentration, in the perspective of public administration, is the transfer of administrative responsibility for specified functions to lower levels within the central government bureaucracy, generally on some spatial basis (Ferguson and Chandrasekharan, 2004). The policy and important decision still lays on the central government and the lower governments or units are merely the implementer of the policy and decision. The practice of the deconcentration in Indonesia has obviously been implementing since the independence of the country with some dynamism and adjustments particularly with the national interest, strategies, economic or even politic. The political reform of Indonesia in the year of 1998 is mainly generated by the demands of some provinces and regions to separate from the country for instance those of demands from Aceh, Papua and Maluku. To respond the demands, central government issued decentralization law notably by the Law No.22/1999 which the revision to the previous Law No.5/1974.
The smart terminal and grid protection devices play a very important role in the safe operation of the smart grid. Traditional maintenance and renewal of the center node wastes a lot of manpower and material resources and have huge safety implications. This paper proposes a safety equipment diagnosis mechanism based on consortium blockchain technology to realize more efficient, convenient, and secure device maintenance. When a device has problems or notices improper operation, it can make a device diagnosis request in the consortium blockchain network, and receive a diagnosis response from a vendor or non-original supplier nodes. This scheme designs a decentralized safety equipment diagnosis smart contract, combining response node bid price and credit, and applies a multi-dimensional reverse auction mechanism to determine bid node and transaction price. After a smart device diagnosed, the relevant message will be packaged and sent to a smartphone, which can use the client to set up the smart contract of equipment operation policy. Paillier encryption arithmetic can be used to ensure device diagnosis mechanism safety. The proposed scheme is guaranteed not to reveal sensitive information in the process of device interaction.
“Smart contracts” are a hot topic. Presently, smart contracts are mostly evidence of property, like cryptocurrencies or mortgages, created and/or transferred using blockchain technology. This is an exploration of the theoretical possibilities of artificial intelligence in a far broader range of complex and heretofore negotiated transactions that occur over time. My goal is to understand what it means to make a contract smarter, i.e. to delegate more and more of the creation, performance, and disposition of legally binding transactions to machine thinking. Moreover, I want to do so from the perspective of one who is neither a true believer in the purported technological singularity to come nor a digital Luddite.