Blockchain Papers

Jong Choul Yim, Yoo Hyun Kyung, Kwak Ji Young, Kim Sun Me

No abstract is available for this record.

María Alejandra Rubio, Giovanny Mauricio Tarazona Bermúdez, Leonardo Contreras

No abstract is available for this record.

Nicolas Botton

One of the most tone-deaf suggestions in the Brexit proceedings so far came in August 2017, when the UK Brexit team released a long-awaited position paper setting out its proposal on how to manage its border with Ireland. It suggested that "technology-based solutions" - meaning blockchain, the technology behind cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin - could be implemented to "make it easier to comply with customs procedures." The UK's vague and misguided solution was quickly ridiculed by experts at home, as well as seasoned counterparts abroad. Although blockchain technology has now been around for ten years, it has not seen any meaningful implementation in global supply-chains, let alone within customs offices. Indeed, a "seamless and frictionless" border in compliance with fundamental customs procedures - itself a unicorn - cannot simply be coded into existence on its own. In reality, questions of capacity and time constraints mean that technological solutions are actually unworkable ...

Kimheng Sok, Jean-Noël Colin, Kimtho Po

We are now living in the significant era where technologies are advancing very quickly. Among the leading technologies, Internet of Things or IoT in short is standing at the peak of inflated expectation in the Gartner Hype Cycle [1]. The application of IoT has evolved from home appliances in the smart home environment such as smart tv, smart refrigerator, smart door and has grown into smart building, smart city, smart healthcare, smart industry. We could imagine that everything could go online to cut cost, add value to businesses and increase users convenience. The prediction has been made [2] that there will be 50 Billion IoT devices by 2020.

Tao Li

No abstract is available for this record.

Connor Ortman

“In the future, virtually every function in the world of financial services will be displaced, disintermediated and decentralized. The Internet gave us a powerful way to share and access information. Blockchain now gives us a powerful way to share and access value.” During a February 2017 AICPA roundtable, Chairman of the Wall Street Blockchain Alliance and previous Global Head of Trading Analytics at Thomson Reuters, Ron Quarantana spoke to the revolutionary scale of blockchain. Quaranta, viewed by many as an expert in financial technology, predicts that the adoption of blockchain, both by the Big Four accounting firms and their clients, will disrupt the accounting industry by greatly reducing the time and skill needed to perform a quality audit. Some, such as Thomson Reuters’ Jon Baron, even claim that blockchain may eliminate the need for financial statement audits altogether. To many, blockchain is synonymous with Bitcoin, the cryptocurrency that, over the past three years, has returned 3,310%, compared to 35% and 36% returns of the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), respectively. Blockchain, however, is much more than Bitcoin, with applications stretching further than cryptocurrency. Rather, it is a peer-to-peer hosted public ledger that does not require a central authority to support or verify transactions, and is unalterable in future periods. In this study, I propose to examine what blockchain technology means for the 887,000 people currently employed by the Big Four. More specifically, I seek to expand upon whether the potential adoption of blockchain in the coming years will reduce audit fees, impact audit quality, or perhaps do away with the audit completely.

Chris Berg, Sinclair Davidson, Jason Potts

No abstract is available for this record.

Darra Hofman, Alamir Novin

ABSTRACT Blockchain is frequently claimed to be a democratizing technology. However, its relationship to both law and broader democratic institutions remains uncertain. One claim regarding blockchain's democratic potential is that it is radically transparent and can bring such transparency to existing systems of governance. This paper interrogates that claim in three different ways. Firstly, it examines blockchain technology against broader theories of transparency. Secondly, it examines the relationship between transparency and democracy, questioning how blockchain technologies could mediate that relationship. Finally, it examines how blockchain technologies could impact a particular exercise of transparency, freedom of information requests. This paper finds the relationship of transparency itself to democratic ideals is complex, contested and highly context‐dependent; the “democratizing” technological transparency built into blockchains could easily prove undemocratic in application. Blockchain technology cannot meet broader transparency goals without addressing political gatekeepers and the legal, social, and cultural needs that animate those goals.

Adam Woodhall

No abstract is available for this record.

Stanislaw P. Stawicki, MichaelS Firstenberg, Thomas J. Papadimos

No abstract is available for this record.

Tracie Lea Scott, Armand L Post, Johnny Quick, Sohail Rafiqi

Abstract. We evaluated the feasibility of using a blockchain technology to create a traceability solution for pharmaceutical drugs that would promote compliance with recent legislation. Counterfeit and other illegitimate pharmaceutical drugs threaten patient safety, drug efficacy, and patient trust. The purpose of the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) is to greatly reduce distribution of illegitimate drugs by requiring all pharmaceuticals to be serialized and traceable from the manufacturer through the supply chain to the dispenser. A software application to serialize and track pharmaceuticals must overcome numerous obstacles. In particular, the solution must provide a high degree of trust while also protecting privacy for manufacturers, distributors, and patients. This research will propose that a blockchain-enabled application will solve for many of the most challenging needs for this solution.

Mirko Schedlbauer, Kerstin Wagner

No abstract is available for this record.

Jing Zeng, Chun Zuo, Fengjun Zhang, Chunxiao Li · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

L. N. Chavali, N. L. Prashanti, K. Sujatha, G. Rajasheker · 5 authors

The emergence of blockchain technology is regarded as 4th industrial revolution i.e., the integration of cyber-physical systems since the advent of Internet with far reaching applications in Banking, Insurance and Government, may impact other sectors especially life sciences. The fourth revolution is characterized by fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres. Therefore, it is vital to understand the opportunities and threats of adopting this technology in life science/pharmaceutical research. The proprietary databases of today's institutions interact with some form of interface either human or otherwise. Integrating blockchain with life science/pharmaceutical applications will decentralize the interface as well as the data exchange, resulting in high efficiency, greater speeds, low marginal cost, and infinite scalability.

Georg Bramm, Mark Gall, Julian Schütte

No abstract is available for this record.

Svitlana Spasiteleva, Volodymyr Buriachok

The article is devoted to the definition of problems using of blockchain technologies, and ways to overcome them to create distributed, secure applications. The paper considers the theoretical fundamentals of blockchain technologies and blockchain applications, new models of blockchain business, blockchain applications development platform, blockchain applications security, blockchain applications development problems, prospects for further research. The analysis of recent research and publications in the field of blockchain technologies are made in the article. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the blockchain industry has not yet completed the process of generating a generally accepted multilevel technology description. The overview of existing models of business blockchain, their characteristics and areas of application are done in the article. Software tools for creating and maintaining blockchain applications are considered. The article deals with the features, advantages and problems of using blockchain technology for creating distributed, secure applications. The problem of integration of new and existing private systems with an open blockchains is considered. A possible solution to this problem is the creation of a blockchain authentication service to implement a global security level. Such a service can become a standard security infrastructure for new models of mixed private and public systems that will be useful to all participants in different areas of the economy. The directions of development of protected blockchain applications in the sphere of public administration and private business in Ukraine are determined. In addition, the priority tasks that need to be solved for successful implementation of technology in Ukraine are determined based on the analysis of the current state of development of blockchains. There are three main areas of development of blockade technology: standardization, application security and integration of block systems with existing private systems and modern technologies of artificial intelligence, large data and the Internet of things, and described prospects for further research for them.

Michael Hultgren, Fredrik Pajala

There is an increasing number of construction products that are manufactured globally through complex supply chains. The results of this is that quality requirements are increasing and the construction industry look towards ways to reassure the sustainability of the materials in their supply chains. The aim of this study is to explore how the new blockchain technology may be used to meet today´s and future requirements of the construction industry and analyze the potential consequences of using the technology. Our work examine how the blockchain technology can support supply chain transparency and material traceability. To explore and analyze how the technology may affect the supply chain of a specific material a case study has been carried out. The task has been focused on how a specific material is handled throughout a suppliers supply chain, from where it originates until final use by a contractor. A hypothetical supply chain has been set-up and analyzed in terms of transparency, traceability and the potential consequences of using the blockchain technology. We have specifically focused on how the blockchain system could be set-up, who should own the blockchain system and what are the sustainable aspects of using blockchain. The conclusion is that blockchain technology can improve the transparency throughout the entire supply chain. However the need for a complementary technology is needed in order to handle all the problems with traceability. One example of this complementary technology is RFID tagging. Furthermore, some of the consequences that has been identified are; it improves the way to handle supply chain documentation, the reputation of the industry improves, the possibility to remove third party organs increases.

Arnab Banerjee

No abstract is available for this record.

Zhitao Wan, Minqiang Cai, Jinqing Yang, Xianghua Lin

No abstract is available for this record.

David Mamunts, Vladimir E. Marley, Leonid S. Kulakov, Elena M. Pastushok · 5 authors

Recently, 80% of banks admitted that they are already developing products based on this technology. The use of blockchain technology in other areas. Storage at the distribution cloud. Multiple copies in different parts of the network, the system is much safer; identity management. Identifier based on the blockchain that will replace usernames and passwords of online users; registration and verification of data. Constant control register is significantly more secure than traditional databases and etc. The respect and popularity of the blockchain in Russia. Research in this area by the Central Bank and the Ministry of communications, the representatives of these agencies have repeatedly stated. The planned creation of a nationwide automated system of accounting and information processing. Private business is moving in the same direction, there are already a number of projects. Trade and many other areas of our lives in the near future may become fully automated.

Gerry Tsoukalas, Brett Hemenway Falk

Blockchain-based platforms often rely on token-weighted voting (“ τ -weighting”) to efficiently crowdsource information from their users for a wide range of applications, including content curation, and on-chain governance. We examine the effectiveness of such decentralized platforms at harnessing the “wisdom” and “effort” of the crowd. We find that τ -weighting generally discourages truthful voting, and erodes the platform’s predictive power unless users are “strategic enough” to unravel the underlying aggregation mechanism. Platform accuracy decreases with the number of truthful users and the dispersion in their token holdings, and in many cases, platforms would be better off with an unweighted “1/n” mechanism. When, prior to voting, strategic users can exert effort to endogenously improve their signals, users with more tokens generally exert more effort — a feature often touted in marketing materials as a core advantage of τ-weighting — however, this feature is not attributable to the mechanism itself, and more importantly, the ensuing equilibrium fails to achieve the first-best accuracy of a centralized platform. The optimality gap decreases as the distribution of tokens across users approaches a theoretical optimum, that we derive, but, tends to increase with the dispersion in users’ token holdings. Keywords: blockchain, crowdsourcing, cryptocurrency, information aggregation, on-chain governance, strategic voting, tokenomics, token-curated registries (TCR).

Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vlad Andrei

Autonomous decentralized validation of domain-specific reputation is a core decentalized infrastructure necessity. The main design goals for measuring domain-specific reputation in autonomous decentralized and anonymous systems are to: 1) evaluate domain specific reputation across a wide variety of expertises 2) insure security, including resistance to Sybil attacks, tyranny of the majority, and 51% attacks 3) provide a minimal, robust core architecture which supports modular constructions for a wide range of use cases The key features are: 1) a positive feedback loop which promotes productive cooperation between public and expert users 2) maximal freedom for experts in the creation of reputation verification protocols 3) complete autonomy—the economic structure is closed to off-domain influence; all power and fees are shared entirely by expert users, weighted by reputation 4) meritocracy—the platform supports anonymity, rewarding ability and productive contributions over personal identity The creation of a transparent, fair, and predictable system that facilitates certainty of outcomes, security, and efficiency benefits society with the advancement of justice and prevention of corruption on a global scale.

Yasuhiro Mazda

When an investment is in goodwill, a divisional performance measurement based on residual income is subject to what is included in assets, as IFRS requires. Especially in case the project may be shut down on its way, investment base for the calculation of residual income measures is dependent of the continuation decision on such projects. I investigate residual income performance measure and capital charge rate in the situation where there may be continuation decision on a project whose prospect looks bad. In the analysis of this problem, I compare two schemes on continuation decision on such a project in a bad condition: deliberate scheme under which the manager can refer more detailed but delyed information; precommitment scheme under which the manager makes a prompt decision without any further relevant information. Under deliberate scheme, capital charge rate plays a role of controlling a continuation decision but decreases the incentive of additional expenditure. Under precommitment scheme, capital charge rate has neither role nor negative effect but causes any project in a bad condition to be continued. Which scheme is more desirable depends on two parameters: return when a project fails and principal's opportunity loss caused by continuation of a failed project. In an extended model, I investigate influence of noisy signals and show that the validity of conservative accounting system depends on the principal's opportunity loss.

Doron Menashe

תקציר בעברית: חיבור זה סובב סביב פשרה ומהותה של ההוכחה המשפטית הנוגעת בקביעת עובדות . אפתח במספר הערות מקדימות: ראשית, הנושא שלפנינו אינו פשוט, אלא מורכב למדיי, ומצריך עיון בלתי שטחי בתופעת ההוכחה וההסבר בשטחים אינטלקטואליים אחרים. שנית, אודות נושא זה לא נכתב אלא מעט . כאן חשוב להדגיש. במהלך כ-שלושים השנים האחרונים החלה להתפתח ספרות תיאורטית ענפה, אינטרדיספלינארית באופייה, העוסקת במימד האפיסטמולוגי של דיני הראיות, בפרט בשיטה האנגלו-אמריקאית . כך לדוגמא קיים דיון רחב היקף סביב השאלה בדבר מהותה של הסתברות שראויה לשמש, אם בכלל, קובעי עובדות, בפרט שופטים במלאכת הסקת מסקנות עובדתיות . כמו כן קיים ניתוח על אודות קדם ההנחות ההכרתיות של המסורת שבתוכה מתפקדים דיני הראיות . כן מוצעים ומוצגים מודלים אנליטיים ונורמטיביים להבנה ,פירוש או שינוי ועדכון של דיני הראיות הנוהגים . כל זאת תוך שימוש בתובנות מתחומי תורת ההחלטות סטטיסטיקה ותורת המשחקים, סוציולוגיה, פסיכולוגיה קוגניטיבית ,פילוסופיה של ההכרה ותחומים נוספים. כל אלו סובבים סביב העניין שלפנינו אך אינם מציבים אותו כנושא הישיר של בחינתם. עניינו כאן בלוגיקה להבדיל מן האפיסטמולוגיה. עניינו בתכניו המופשטים של מושג התקפות בדיני ההוכחה להבדיל מהצגה של אמצעים ההכרה ורכישת הידע השיפוטיים . נקודת מבטינו מוסבת לעבר ב"צורות" או "האופנים" המופשטים ביותר של המעבר מראיות לעובדות להבדיל מאופן הטיפול בראיות מסוימות או בסוגים מיוחדים של היסקים עובדתיים (לפיכך לא נטפל במישרין באבחנות אפשריות שבין הסקה נסיבתית להסקה על יסוד עדויות ישירות ,חזקות או הודאת בעל הדין או הנאשם)שלישית, ככלל אתמקד כפי שכותרתו של המאמר מרמזת בהשוואת דפוס ההוכחה המשפטית עם זה המתמטי-עיוני וזה הנוהג במדעי הטבע, (ובמדעי ההתנהגות והחברה ככל שהם מציבים את דגם ההוכחה של המדעים המדויקים כמופת של הוכחה ). רק כבדרך אגב אעיר כמה הערות באשר לרעיונות בדבר השוואת ההיסק המשפטי עם דגם ההוכחה וההסבר במדעי הרוח ובשטחים אינטלקטואליים אחרים העוסקים בפרשנות ובהבניה של אפיזודות אנושיות.ורביעית מה שייכתב כאן אינו יותר מהערות תיאורטיות ראשוניות שאינן בוודאי עולות לכדי עמדה שיטתית ומלוטשת באשר לנושא. מכל מקום עיקר חשיבות הדברים, היא לעורר מחשבה ולהפנות את הדעת לסוגיה שטרם זכתה לעיון שלעניות דעתי לו היא ראויה. נפנה אם כך לגוף העניין עצמו In this article I will seek to discuss the essence of legal proof in relation to fact-finding; in particular, a facet thereof that would seem to dovetail with scientific research. I refer, in this regard, to the manner in which the law establishes generalizations (i.e., legal revelations) regarding reality, which it then uses for fact-finding in a given instance; as well as the manner in which the law uses such generalizations for specific factual deduction. The principle intuition that our article seeks to contend with is how the law uses a sort of approximation of the scientific process within the constraints of legal practicality. Essentially, a sort of “layman’s science” that attempts to accomplish the same goals as science - only, not as well, and less methodically. The conclusion we will seek to show in this article is that the manner in which the law derives generalizations about reality, and the manner in which it uses same, fundamentally differs from the manner in which science is conducted. Theories in natural sciences (and largely with respect to social sciences) are framed as generally as possible. Legal proof, on the other hand, is specific . In fact, the most common form of induction used is the cognitive analogy, wherein the discretion employed is far more similar in its characteristics to clinical discretion, such as that used in the field of medicine, then to those typically employed in the fields of natural sciences.