Blockchain Papers

Adnan Imeri, Djamel Khadraoui

This paper aims at showing a conceptual approach for security and traceability of shared information in the process of transportation of dangerous goods. Concerning the transport of dangerous goods, the process generates particular information, which is necessary to share with the stakeholders involved in this process. This information is considered sensitive, because it may contain the timestamp of movement of goods, information related to the goods, contractual business details, etc., and unauthorized parties should not access them. At any level, the process should remain transparent between stakeholders', with immutable properties on data sharing and the whole process should be auditable. We examine a general procedure for contractual issues for transportation of dangerous goods between stakeholders and its conceptual implementation by blockchain based on smart contracts.

Мykhailo Kuzheliev, Volodymyr Plahotniuk

The subject of the study is the full range of methods for ensuring financial independence for local budgets in a decentralized environment. The purpose of the study is to work out a strategy based on the systematic approach to ensure financial independence for local budgets in a decentralized environment. The study methodology includes methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical methods, such as graphic and tabular methods, and methods for comparing and generalization. The results of the study. A comparative analysis of the impact of decentralization on the local budgeting has been carried out using the example of the 2014-2016 budget of Irpin. Some recommendation has been drafted to improve the system of local budgeting including some ways of greater development of the empowerment and autonomy of local budgets. Non-typical for Ukrainian economy gender method of budget analysis has been considered resulting in additional analysis of local budgets and eliciting a fact of the existence of some problematic budget lines regarding a gender-based approach in budgeting and working out a number of recommendation to eliminate them. The sphere of application of results. Local budgeting in a decentralized environment. Local budgets. Conclusion. Budget decentralization being taken into consideration opens up the prospect of the development of local self-government in order to deal effectively with the administration of local affairs, and enhance the role of citizens in the sphere of decision-making and practical implementation of socio-economic programs for the region. Financial basis of local budgets must assist local self-government in an effective implementation of the development strategy for the region. An analysis of the revenue and expenditure sides of the budget of Irpin in 2014-2016 in the context of the budgeting and income distribution of local budget shows a considerable increase in the level of fiscal decentralization of the income section of the budget, direct dependence of local authorities on the central Government and partly on transfer payments and emphasizes the need to strengthen the self-sustainability of local budgets and cover the requirement of financially literate managers. It has been found that a balanced division of powers between the central Government and the regions and decentralization of public finances are needed to reform local budgets (including the budget of Irpin). The sources of tax revenues are considered to be distributed between central and local authorities according to proper discharge of their duties that should be a subject for legislation on local self-government. Besides it is essentially necessary to give the local authorities the right to establish local taxes and duties and their rates. The analysis of a gender-based budgeting clearly indicates the importance of objective approach to budgetary expenditure. An integrated analysis of all the spheres of financing needs is important for rational and efficient allocation of financial resources at the state and local levels.

Nathan de Zilva

No abstract is available for this record.

Haikel Magrahi, Nouha Omrane, Olivier Senot, Rakia Jaziri

Blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum and their respective P2P networks have seen significant adoption in many sectors in the past few years. All these technologies that use the Blockchain pattern show that it is possible to rebuild any transactional system with better performance without relying on any trusted parties to manage transactions between peers. This insight has lead many companies to invest millions to understand the technology and to find a way to migrate from centralized to decentralized solutions. These solutions need to store large amounts of data in a secure and confidential way. Many distributed storage systems now exist using Blockchain technology (Cloud, FileSystems, etc.). But none of the tools proposed are able to manage the document life cycle nor archive documents based on regulatory compliance. In this paper, we describe our protocol named NFB (Notarizing Files over the Blockchain). This protocol ensures the communication between two systems: a permissive Blockchain and a secured centralized archiving Document Management System. The method described is used to allow users to archive, control, analyze and validate their transactions in a system that offers confidentiality, security and distribution features.

Pascal Urien

This paper introduces some trust issues for blockchain transactions. Such transactions rely on ECDSA signature based on 32 bytes secret keys. Because these keys can be stolen or hacked, we suggest to prevent these risks by using javacard secure elements. We detailed the interface of a Crypto Currency Smart Card (CCSC) designed over a JC3.04 standard platform. We details two use cases. First deals with deployment of the CCSC application in low cost low power object powered by an open hardware (arduino) platform, and integrates sensor data in ethereum transactions. Second proposes the deployment in the cloud of CCSC javacards plugged to RACS servers, in order to enable the remote and safe use of ECDSA signature.

Paul Ovidiu Handro

We are part of historic changes in terms of profoundness and velocity in all industries and in customers’ expectations. The aim of this paper is to create an overview of a new age in customer experience generated by a banking environment disturbed by the raising of Financial Technology. Firstly, the article is reviewing the customer experience concept from academic and practitioner perspective. It is making a literature review and additionally is bringing into attention the common elements of customer satisfaction and service quality which are considered an antecedent of customer experience. Furthermore, it is reminded that the latest developments in communications and information technology are intensely changing customers’ demands and expectations resulting a total transformation in the way that customers are interfering with the service providers. Secondly, is debating the subject of how financial service industry should balance customer experience expectations, considering that the banks are activating in an environment disrupted by the raise of distributed ledger technology, machine learning, big data analytics, roboadvice and other technology/digitalization proliferated by the FinTechs. Lastly it is analyzed how European regulatory bodies are seeing and managing the new technologies and FinTechs, how agile should be in an ecosystem that is very dynamic and governed by a customer with a lot of choices, good or bad, risky or non-risky, in front of his decision.

Kotaro Kataoka, Saurabh Gangwar, Prashanth Podili

As the Internet of Things (IoT) develops and expands, management of IoT communications becomes a major challenge. A large number of IoT devices may be installed anywhere end users wish, then left unattended and be misused to attack others. In edge networks, it is difficult to properly prevent undesired communication without knowledge of the properties of an IoT service and its devices. In this paper, we argue that application service providers, developers, and network operators should 1) verify and know the authenticity of IoT services, devices, and their communications, and 2) prevent unwanted traffic from IoT devices in a trustworthy, scalable, and distributed manner. This paper proposes a Trust List that represents the distribution of trust among IoT-related stakeholders and provides autonomous enforcement of IoT traffic management at the edge networks by integrating blockchains and Software-Defined Networking (SDN). The principle of Trust List is automating the process of doubting, verifying, and trusting IoT services and devices to effectively prevent attacks and abuses. The proof of concept implementation and experiment of the Trust List using both public and private blockchains reveal its good practice and suggest studies for realistic deployment.

Authors unavailable

No abstract is available for this record.

Kei Leo Brousmiche, Thomas Heno, Christian Poulain, Antoine Dalmieres · 5 authors

Nowadays, vehicles odometer fraud is becoming a growing problem internationally, and is costing European consumers between 5.6 to 9.6 billion euros per year. This is partly due to the lack of unified vehicles life-cycle management, and to the fact that vehicles data are currently spread across multiple stakeholders that do not trust each other or collaborate together. In this paper, we propose a Blockchain- backed Vehicles Data and Processes Ledger framework to streamline the management of vehicles life-cycle and data history, and hence to provide more transparency and collaborations between the involved stakeholders. The architecture and lessons learned from the first implementation phase are discussed, followed by future research challenges.

Sui Xin, Sun Chaoyang, Mo Li

Rural planning is perceived as a spatial planning centered on the human settlements and there are many activities for rural reconstruction and researches conducted from the perspective of active intervention, with fewer studies regarding the village as the main body for the establishment of self-built system. And the other-organization built by the rural areas is strongly oriented. In Asian countries like China, South Korea and Japan, there are farming traditions, in which the familial and small-scale farmland holding and agricultural production mode are deep-rooted. Traditional agriculture and rural areas are not fundamentally changed by industrialization and modernization process. And the small-scale peasant in the East is marked by the decentralized possession of farmland and management in the rural areas and a large number of farmers to be remained. But the rural population keeps decreasing. After analyzing the status quo of human settlements in China, Korea and Japan, the paper makes an analysis from the different ways of thinking and professional perspective and focuses on putting forward the solutions to the problems on macro level, with the feasibility of the practical significance and the landing researches still staying in the testing stage. In the context of increasingly missing regional and contextual features, the launching and researches of "co-constructed community" as the folk protection way to emerging rural heritage are just started, and the researches on rural construction in Northeast China from the perspective of catalyst are absent. The contact agent with the catalytic action mechanism of seeing big things through small ones fits the rural areas marked by vast territory and diversified aspect, which is applicable to the bottom-up operation mechanism autonomously built by the villagers.

Charlotte Peevers

In a highly readable and often immersively engaging book, Yale law professors Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro have narrated a long history of international law’s ideas about war with one primary goal in mind: using history to excavate the 1928 Paris Peace Pact’s central importance in the building of a New World Order. They seek to protect the gains of this New World Order and to use their method of ‘looking back’ to draw attention to the current threats to the ‘postwar consensus on the illegality of war’ and to ‘chart a path ahead’ (at 415–416). The book’s narrative spans an impressive temporal and geographic range, beginning briefly with a hot summer day in Paris in 1928, then back to a night in 1603 off the Strait of Singapore, right up to the contemporary period, focusing on the South China Sea in 2015, Crimea in 2014 and Iraq and Syria from 2014 to today. The authors narrate the ideas and biographies of ‘fathers’ of the Old and New World Orders including the familiar (Hugo Grotius, Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen, Hersch Lauterpacht) and the less well known (Nishi Amande, James T. Shotwell, Salmon Levinson). It is these great men, categorized as either ‘Interventionists’ or ‘Internationalists’ who, through force of will and the faith in their ideas, coupled with elite access and sometimes frenetic writings, changed the course of legal order in the world. This cast of characters is arranged as heroes and villains (‘arraigned’ may be more appropriate for the latter) in the epic, transformational struggle to displace one ‘universe’ with another (at xv). The object of this progressive struggle was the ‘outlawry of war’ – its prohibition, casting it out from the legal toolkit of sovereign state policy, consigning it to a dark past of interstate violence. It is important to bear in mind that this ‘struggle’ is one that is openly engaged with by the authors themselves, not simply the jurists and ideas men they seek to portray. This is history in the service of clear normative commitments. The book’s monumental spatio-temporal reach, epic narrative and archival mastery in the first two parts, and its empirical turn in the final, third part, invite cross-disciplinary dialogue and insights that require us to step outside the comfort of disciplinary enclosures and unnecessarily bounded specialization. The book justifies reflection and debate not just among international legal scholars but also among colleagues in history, international relations and political science. It achieves what its marketing material promises: genuine provocation through the boldness of its vision. Holding these values in the frame, then, I explore in this review essay the authors’ upfront normative commitments to the New World Order, focusing on questions of method and theory in international law’s historical and empirical ‘turns’. Following a summary of the book’s structure and principal arguments, I examine the implications of narrating history in epochal form, highlighting the promises and pitfalls of such ‘progressive’ accounts, and then interrogate the turn to empirical data as a way of understanding the New World Order. I argue that the ‘bird’s eye view’ (at 311) that dominates the perspectival orientation of the book’s third part performs what Donna Haraway identifies as a ‘god-trick’ of appearing to see everything from nowhere.1 I draw upon interdisciplinary insights from science and technology studies (STS) to invite reflection on what is at stake when we use ‘science’ to see the world with this kind of eye. Such ‘scientific’ ways of knowing are attempts to ‘prove’ through ‘attestive witnessing’ and claim to transcend politics, but STS scholars have long demonstrated that there is always a politics to the production of knowledge.2 In the next section, I attend to some of the more obvious gaps in their narrative, focusing on the decolonization revolution and more ‘radical’ world reordering movements and then address the endurance of justifying war through law. I close with reflections upon the following we the authors’ of and of world what a legal revolution and and by is it and we in these questions of from a that its force in in this In the book’s we that the Old World Order was the that war a of was an of (at xv). of the legal the Old World Order with the not is to be the of but also is the of war’ (at of war is with to of in an world. we that in order to the of legal for the of war the This that legal in that to for when was in war (at The also be to be through the of from another the right to its was the and engaged in the not to the legal of the a the to – that interstate by (at the of this the authors us through the Old World Order. In what is a but on of the authors’ mastery of archival is what they argue is a an from their a of the upon war be and the of when – that through (at they first war in justifies the right to war the on the that as one of (at this they that their upon in of and that of international law of (at It that war may have but that to war they that their was in some way (at the authors to a of war – that the to to war always war always the of a (at in they war to the of law and order in the Old World Order, war was law and (at in in this Old World Order it was to these – just and – and to be (at I to the implications of the sovereign right and of in the of this review in this the authors the that from this legal to focusing on the to in war that from an war (at the and legal of the of and the often of as the of In the for this they us that not to be as an – an and upon a of was not the Old World was its was an to the world for seek to of to in the book as (at then to what the of the book, the or the from Old to New World Order. its part, this is beginning with the of the to of and with the in the of in is some of the book’s an of an ‘outlawry of war’ by such familiar as following this book’s to be as James T. and Salmon of the their Old World Order Grotius, the of a of legal but they to often the of and the of to have it in legal we heroes and their not with the of the Paris Peace on a hot summer day in 1928 and the of the of war It was they in their ideas to legal – a – that they the of the Old to New World Order. This was the legal for the not to war the but to an The Pact’s a legal for the in war and a monumental of legal at its are we to see the Paris Peace Pact’s as a of with the was and its was and from a for the and in the that in in what the of the an primary be to the to of The Pact’s of the legal for at the and highly of In their the the of this New World Order (at of the Old World with the the of (at this and the and the the authors draw in of these In the Old World Order, the to use force a to as and the of in the New World Order, the on force as a the of and the illegality of in form, the of to us that this legal or to these the authors clear that it is not the legal but also legal that the In we the of the New World Order, and this third part heroes to their and upon an ‘bird’s eye view’ of and (at The authors argue that not the the was The not by is it is to a law and not with the of a law. They with (at The revolution through the of the of and empirical to the of this In this part, from the of and of this order ‘prove’ the by this ‘outlawry (at the book with the of and the of its of world It is an that the narrative of is as the of the with a of the world and not the of the and Old World Order, but This Old and New World Order is not by the of but also by and China as a to the of also a but not in the of the on the of the to to a central in the legal order in the of these the to the New World Order from to this and turn the is the world order by the to and its their to the and that (at The authors that there is a but it is the of by the 1928 and and and a (at The world order by the Paris Peace and by the they was on an understanding that be more and with one another in of their this order is it about of and (at In this world will to not as a of but also as a for (at The use of as a to the force of that the authors argue is important in the of state by The is with a two war is either legal or with the for and we have faith that the New World Order, with of its is to (at The that the authors have in their history is that and it and ideas the – as the of their – we (at in a normative for an international law in these dark of international law’s are to the They are by or upon international law’s order ‘turns’. in of it was with the of World I that the way to a law of international for contemporary World I demonstrated that the Such of the world we the of these we that the at the of an by the of to use force was is this but it be by the that law the of the international of we are a part, and on we a and international The of these is and that World I have the of that force to world order through the on the use of The book a of international law to the Paris Peace and the by the ideas and of that in the Such was not or but it are with a history, the of first in book of a history of by and heroes Such through of in the past and a is the not the of the this the of narrating is not by The it is simply the force of the Paris Peace the more of in the of the authors that the was they argue that it less of a an to the by the a more that out of the of World one that the of In the war as a of law’s The war to the it the of In it the of was and the of its This was by the movements that in the movements not to war but also the war as and The of these not be from they and to by reordering and in the of Such a the of World I implications for the way we the of more one of a a of from this book’s we are to and in the of international law’s this is by the of the it changed international law for the it the beginning of a from the Old to the New World Order, the of legal is as the Paris Peace and its in another part of this faith in is through the of the narrative of the book for the the ideas and of the Old World Order and the of that world This is a history that with the of with a is in order to legal to the use of force the book back to the of and the of ideas in of international law through at the authors the of the form, demonstrated by their use of at the close of of these parts, the part of a or It is in these two that the of their narrative and it is the of the of such the narrative the of men is by by the of and often are the of their and more of when they of what they are of is the of such for be as we that there one is but attempts to the to the have an of historical one to this book an at a history is an from the book’s the of the authors the Old World Order as legal in the and the next on the of the (at then, is the of a narrative, and this claim that the narrative its there are to the that this narrative the to a history, not the that the authors to the of ways of and understanding the including and contemporary I the to on an that in the book and that be by international the or the to the of by the of the science of the This by to the of the narrative in the of the In the book’s turn to in to the from Old to New World Order be as an to the past of history by to be in accounts, It be in in that this of a of is at the of claim of the book from this then, is that it of a to the narrative but one that with the science of the the empirical method a progressive of past Such an be to be the of past the from narrative as part of a of in historical in the and the is in an of and with the they on the of its ideas, and the this the consensus about the and of their be and international law’s of and this another for engaging in a dialogue about the is the service of the of interdisciplinary is as a disciplinary a of what the important questions are to in international law. The book’s turn to the empirical as a to us to about the implications of such a – in the upon an and the to ‘scientific’ ways of knowing the world. we are to the of science to a of Old and New World we is and to that it is it it is It through and The of STS to what – – about this of science and the through empirical the politics of the through and In a of the of the STS Donna Haraway attention to the of everything from to the of and this is as it to the of data the of and and The empirical data to the in the New World Order of the of the revolution It is such a of it is in of the of the force of and of their and in contemporary of and that and that and the of have to be by a on and as of and to the world they the of this are the of the or are by not at such data an and appearing to ways of knowing the the politics of their and such ways of knowing the world are a – a – of the to and Such ways of knowing the In the of this book, this world the revolution for its heroes to be the 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by the of a war as legal and war as its the to use force is to the on not to at this that international law be that the of the be as to be in we as out in of the structure of legal we there is – the are – law it is on – to with have to and in the of and The normative force of as clear as an of the is there is always the about an The that justifies the about also justifies it by the of the that as to protect the In we that the that on this and authors the for this of the by the and the current and its law two one that is and to be to and the that is it is of a of the of this is not some or faith on the part of legal it from and to that legal will the for they The of legal will not just themselves, or but also and law this we are with a that is always also a what is not and the the prohibition, the more the the authors the to the New World Order of the up the this is as an when up to the – the their always as to use then the on war (at but also we to with this and with we are back to the 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Francisco Berreta

In February 2015, in what appears to be the first of its kind, a judge in Buenos Aires awarded a transgender woman a public pension in recompense for harms wrought upon her “as a result of the discrimination and the institutional violence—of a general, constant, and direct nature—permitted by an absent state and promoted by police officers” (G.N.B. v. GCBA). The judge, Victor Trionfetti, ordered the City of Buenos Aires to pay the woman, identified as Ms. G. (Sra. G.), a monthly allowance equivalent to the minimum living wage, which in 2015 was $4,716 pesos. Ms. G., who was sixty-one at the time of this ruling, had expressed a female gender identity from an early age and left home at nine. She had been raped and tortured by police and prison guards on numerous occasions, had been denied care in hospitals, and, because of discrimination due to her gender identity, had been unable to find formal employment. In her brief, Ms. G. stated that, as a result of her transgender status, she had spent about half her life in prison and the other half living on the street as a sex worker. She eventually left sex work to labor as a seamstress. As a result, she has no pension or financial resources of any kind. Ms. G. sued the government of the City of Buenos Aires for damages.Although the pension was awarded only to Ms. G. and not to all trans people, and the judge's decision sets no precedent and is currently under appeal, the case is among the first of its kind anywhere to provide reparations to a trans person for the damage caused by state-sponsored violence and the abrogation of a government's duty to protect. The argument of Ms. G. mirrors the rationale for proposed legislation in the City of Buenos Ares and the Argentinian National Congress, which would award pensions “to those who have been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to their gender identity as a consequence” of actions taken by officials in the criminal justice system (G.N.B. v. GGBA).In 2012, Argentina passed the Gender Identity Law (Global Action for Trans* Equality 2013), which Judge Trionfetti describes as “a turning point” in the recognition of trans people. In his decision, the judge relied on the reports of advocacy groups documenting violence and discrimination and the testimonies of witnesses at the trial to find that discrimination and violence directed at trans people is a generally accepted fact. By doing so, he shifted the burden of proof from Ms. G. to the city government. The city responded by simply—and lazily, according to the judge—denying these facts and provided no evidence to counter Ms. G.'s claim. Trionfetti acknowledges that the nature of Ms. G's claim exceeds the traditional standards of tort law. While the law as a tool is insufficient, the language of the decision expands the realm of what might be possible in the process of reparation. The judge characterizes the harms suffered by Ms. G. as part of the “structural nature of her stay in the world.” The damage “is not the result of a particular event, but rather part of a continuum. . . . It is a damage that is endured by the ‘sheer boldness’ of establishing oneself as an autonomous Self in front of others.”Translator's note: In the translated excerpts below, Ms. G. is identified as the applicant, and the Government of the City of Buenos Aires is referred to as GCBA or as the respondent. All the notes are those of the judge, and they appeared as footnotes in the original text. Citations of case law and legislation have been omitted. The numbers for section headings have also been omitted.. . . .As with most judicial cases, the conflict that I must resolve here focuses on the legal situation of the parties. However, I would be guilty of cynical shortsightedness if I were to consider the situation posed by Ms. G. as a legal drama that only concerns her as an individual. The particular facts of the case, the evidence provided by the witnesses, and the other evidentiary elements introduced in this suit demonstrate that the applicant belongs to a group that has been systematically and viciously discriminated against.To my mind, the nature of this claim exceeds the standards of “tort law” as understood by the civil or administrative legal doctrine, and are to to the of the of groups as the the applicant belongs has been in to this group and has a in the or people its or of groups to and to to an that not to to in which of the of of and the and of be at the of the that from to public and from they be understood and this case only from the proposed of legal would to an result of . . is that Ms. G. is and to be a trans The has not this and the witnesses this It is to this because the of the claim in the of the to gender identity, an of the of the and is an that the of on or or gender identity a and of to the . . of in to of and gender identity, the case of the applicant, are and and of of and and discrimination in to the of other to the . . of of groups is that to the of Law as the Identity . . the of to as the trans is not possible to the about which with on and to which has been no of a in of the which have to a to claim on the and for the of of the individual. . . . It be that people to the that the not only discrimination but have been in and As a result of and discrimination that of are to in by the that to the most of the with for their of life and that all of which is in decision suffered by the is that are to this in the of the and the other under the of the of the City of Buenos with to the of this In the case of the National Congress, the to a pension to those who have been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to their gender identity as a of actions of judicial or actions by the public or In the of the city of Buenos Aires a Law for has been It to the and of the and of trans people by a monthly for transgender people the age of The reasons for are proof of the and of by or the of trans people and the of and on a result in an of that trans of life and from any of any kind of life It be that the of the Gender Identity Law is a turning and the of an of the to be to is also to any kind of these I among the provided by the Gender Identity Law and to for in Argentina in with trans The possible to the situation of these and the of the Gender Identity Law and that and of trans people of their and that the trans is in a because of and the of the Gender Identity Law a on their and of In the that these are that of the trans people the and at of their but no to is in of the that the of and other as and in the of trans due to the of sex work in this It also the for public to this that for these people to public care is that trans people at the process of their a case in is in to The that of the trans the to their due to the of to public the notes is a among trans in Argentina to to the of the according to this had of a of those they have or guilty to the testimonies and at in their However, the notes that the of is among trans and the situation of this particular group as of trans have to and from and because of their gender identity, these have the of Law are by the of living of and discrimination of and for the and discrimination suffered in the is from the trans people that from administrative and other as of also in the in the for to in the and by the is also It by the of of these groups and with the of Law in which the of the in trans people and of these were the of and . . to the provided by the the to in the and and public discrimination the of and in the The were and government actions in public hospitals, and discrimination of not to labor an of or direct by on or in the and of is in by the people because of their or gender on the of the of the in of by their of the of as to people the of a discriminated because of his on are are by in of at by of the to be at the of their among other the only the on the and of people. people Ms. G., for life was a As a result, the with the state and its was with and of their an of the be understood that the by Ms. G. is as the state that the to the of the applicant are and the applicant, who is and have the burden of that her and life were by the of the not have to they are the not have to their violence not have to they are in to the burden of proof to the applicant would only result in of the people not their I that trans people, as of an not have the burden to that they to that group judicial to their to be . . the other is not for the in its as of at to simply—and the facts that the has It must be that of to justice are the evidentiary standards and that to their situation to the are in which of is not in of the but in a The process with the to in labor cases, law or criminal a from the of in of the consider the evidentiary of the respondent. . . . In the was stated that is not understood the GCBA is to any of the by the It be that the gender identity of the applicant was not by the but the I have as a generally are as It from the of the that the applicant a The facts and the demonstrate to the testimonies of the witnesses at the on . . is a woman and she the She stated that the applicant was deprived of her liberty on and to the at the time the police She that were of that their were in the and She that was for to or with people of the was for in which the person to the as by their prison was The by police the of in and not would the that by a street they would be a police and to a that as as she the applicant had no formal she stated that they other by and not public because they would the of not with their because they be to be had to with the person to of the stated that they in was to have any kind of as they not stated that the of the applicant was sex She that the applicant a formal “as they all had at She stated that was to find a formal to all the the the on any in to be a The she to and to that were of a person as a She to the in public but that, currently they her identity, are in which an to their expressed that she was Ms. G. any pension or financial or if she her She that on they she that the applicant not or She stated that the applicant not have because she to public hospitals, and that in public She that or in to the what government violence on Ms. G., and the that was the the time of the to the time of the of She that the of the Gender Identity they to have to that were law to and She stated that trans to but sex because they find She to be a but was not a of her situation and that of the trans the was about her . . . she the that I a in language and a in and due to the of all by a woman in the and not any identity I not any my is . . . and with that I and The are in the stated that the applicant was deprived of her which they all were at . . . She also referred to the and the situation of of the All of her or the applicant, who had been in the to and in The police that the most were the numbers and were the most they would be for to She stated that was because to be what to be and what were to . . . by the was the she stated that under she was in or She was the City of Buenos that she has in this city in her the would to to and a because I not in living this the endured in police she in the to which they were would and that were and the of the police She stated that she was in the police for and was not she had to in was to sex and She that G. was deprived of her liberty on in the prison of and she this was because of her the applicant had any formal the that this was that of She that she has a and was a for the of of her with the who to her because of her gender The of any to because that would result in their . . . In my case, I was was the would and for work and they would this to for a or I would be discriminated by my or or that the was if she what was the of the applicant, she and she that in a the that and I this with my to be raped in of or and at the a by an absent by the of that the applicant no state allowance or financial but she for because she a monthly of pesos. She about her and that was by The referred to the that the applicant had no She the for an allowance or of state because of her of were that of a and the judicial she was her my I in these she to have suffered discrimination in public and had to because of would to on the to the of the her to the endured and the a a in and of a that would not have in the first had the its other of is to the state provide to a person who has suffered of violence and discrimination to or what actions or were by the state the of G. the harms and by are in the nature of her stay in the and as a she had to in a and with an state that and her gender It is not about the in the of the of in that the of the they they the of a from the to the and suffered by the applicant are not or is damage to the that is all and It is not the result of a particular is part of a continuum. damage has no or because is a damage that is endured by the of establishing oneself as an autonomous in front of damage not from in the first rather what is is be state that the the the and and that are due to the of and actions to and the of Ms. G. in a of of the state is on the of of Ms. her is and that the state of the that are this judicial the in to the of the applicant and to the and that the of the applicant, find of The of life of transgender is and the with in a that and gender However, the damage that of the people, of their the applicant discrimination for the applicant an to the she life with of life the life of Ms. G. with of and of her of and of the was the of the applicant by the violence by and of the damage by Ms. G. her life as she was with in the process of her her of in her to her applicant has a that those who not and is to consider The of the applicant has been a this not be damage is to a or an by law is is the the or with of the and which in of this and as an of the of is by the as as the of the witnesses, that a situation of and discrimination the applicant because of her gender her as a trans I to that the discrimination endured has been of a nature and from and institutional The proposed witnesses as as the reports by also this which the of the damage by Ms. of legal system is by the and the the of their of the National and and of the on the Law of state is by its in to the of the applicant in a of to this is from the of with that gender identity, and of the an because in all or that is to that gender identity to and of which or not with the sex at the of the if of or by or other and other of and identity, is related to the and of the The to is of and in the to to to and due to the and of all on the due to the and of the legislation and the standards were and among of the of the and of of the of the of a of in the and of the of and of the on and of the and and of the as as and of the National the duty on all judicial of the of the on and in particular the duty to to the standards of and of the of I must the case of in which the has that of the is a of a to all the of the and the of the state to and the and of the and any is to the or any that be the of any of the in the is with . . . the of the law and the has stated that of from the of the and is to the of the individual. be with the that a group has the to because of its It is with that to a group as and with or to discrimination in the of which are to not The case law has also that at the of of the of and has the realm of The of and public on this and the legal the has that must from any that, in any or is at of or The are “to to or that in their to the of a group of the to that the state must with to and of with its or or and in that case, the of discrimination because of was to of the the by of which discrimination is not an or but the of the with the of the for the of other that have not been the the other of of the in the of the most for the and in of the of in law. In this in the the of the of the has in its to the of on their the of for an to the of as a of the of has stated that is in of the on that in the of v. the that is “a by of the It also that the of in has and is not in the of v. the that as of the that be under is of those on which are as in the that they are or to the and on and that be under the other in of the the of the Gender Identity Law are by the of in of the of the City of Buenos Aires is also because or the and by or by to to have been no public in at the of of the trans group the of or resources of the of the City of Buenos trans people have not been to has been promoted to public the that their are the of trans people in public is not by the of and at trans people to to in a and are by this has this any or to trans people, and the applicant in the and of the system are no public to the of the city on the that the Gender Identity Law be any kind of in the system that the gender those to the people are not in the that the City of Buenos Aires to and the of The state has not provided any evidence to this are no in for in public hospitals, and on for the of identity and The law is in this sets the of public but the trans is not trans groups are by and this is because they the of In this Law not the of trans a to identity in people are they not have to their or gender in the a of the law for the of the trans is no evidence in the case that that are and for the and all public officials who are in a to or trans people from to or or the have any standards for this for the Action by the of as a for those who justice in or gender identity, and concerns about these of to because the and are no from or but these of are by and are for the and I consider a the state identified and the of of Ms. G's and other is in the I have no that the to the damage that Ms. has City of Buenos Aires is in for the to in its to the of the However, the with as by of the was to and the situation of transgender people, the group to which the applicant the and were the and that to the of the applicant be only as a of of as was their to to the and in the the and the of the of the City of Buenos on in this case, I to the by the to the of the state as a in these I stated that the to the of the and is in the of an decision, to its and that are at is by of by the of . . to my of the in of the and by the expressed by the of the in particular and the be by the City of Buenos was due to its of that the applicant suffered the the government's is only these I that the GCBA be sued and be for the that have been in the must be that the of of in the of the of to an and direct and is not to the of of the the or of state or officials be to the the state must be as a and in a direct a to their in a state of a of by the The for the of the state is to people, their and their if is due to or the state has to its of has stated that direct on the of is as a or to the of the the nature of the the to provide the the the and the and the of of damage the situation of Ms. G., a trans person in the City of Buenos the by the state and the to provide an that to the of transgender people, to the that the state is the damage was in of the of the trans is that the has legal and has also to the by the for the of the of transgender of was insufficient, as has been that to an of and by and the of the City of Buenos Aires the and of public time to those of a is provided by Law which the of or to their according to their gender However, is an that the to or other of of the trans The of the law is by its to the by the applicant in the case at a that of the and of discrimination on of However, an with of the which the and of sex on the As as are no for the of trans and discrimination to the only left to those the of in is for a state with the duty to the of the I consider that the in of the of the City of Buenos Aires has not been to the of and of that the applicant from her of in the and in of the National would be of all if the that Ms. G. was deprived as the to a would not have a state of the sets as a that the damage must be the that from the of a and public law state to its and by to the to a gender identity, and other It is in the of in the to gender identity of the applicant that must also be The the of by the state to to the in the and is the and that the its legal in of the be to an for the recognition of the by is an of the to as the I that by to the of the applicant the would an I with the of Ms. legal in this legal or with which the applicant is a of law that that damage must be is not a legal The the that is by a is on the of judicial In as the a judicial decision that to not the of those in state to the to and and and to the of its with a to the of the in the by all the of of this in that in an and the of the of the The to of not the of the other as the that is by . . . that part of a this is to the by in the case v. Government of the City of Buenos Aires the of public of the GCBA to to In the of stated the that a of the the of the government to its the of in the and in and that the of the by the is and that is part of an the of its law as for its to a on the Law of the argument of the of and to a and of of that and that the of legal but not if the of the would would also be proposed of the in the of an claim for the of and a that would be in the but has been the is The has an in the of these but its is not absent in this the of a is not the by the state but the of any legal to the to claim for of the duty It is only possible to consider a an or to is to by a or the of a judicial decision with the duty from the of their this decision is only for the that for Ms. G. and judicial decision not have the of a of an of the other administrative to a on the to that a judicial decision the to an that and by the of in the of the and the that the National and the of the City of Buenos in are not but of the that the discrimination suffered by Ms. G. was not only to the work and an of The applicant suffered and to The and endured have been numerous and and have her of to and the to the of her life with be in of the by the . these the in of the claim by the applicant, G., and the to pay a monthly allowance to the applicant, equivalent to the minimum living . . .

Russell McKenna

No abstract is available for this record.

Philipp Schindler

S. Nakamoto präsentierte 2008 eine Peer-to-Peer Version von elektronischem Geld: Bitcoin. Dieses System ermöglicht den direkten Zahlungsverkehr zwischen verschiedenen Personen und Organisationen, ohne Finanzdienstleister oder andere zu-vertrauende Dritte als Intermediäre einsetzen zu müssen. Im Zuge dessen entwickelte er die erste praktische Lösung für das Problem der Konsensfindung innerhalb eines dynamischen Netzwerks von potentiell anonymen Knoten, ohne die Notwendigkeit diese zuvor festzulegen. Dieses Ergebnis wird auf Basis des Konzepts von Proof-of-Work erzielt, das auf Grund der hohen Anforderungen für die benötigten Berechnungen zu einem enormen Energieverbrauch führt. Unter Verwendung des alternativen Prinzips von Proof-of-Stake versuchen neue Protokolle Nakamoto's Ansatz weiterzuentwickeln. Eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für die Sicherheit dieser Protokolle ist eine vertrauenswürdige (d. h. öffentlich-verifizierbare und manipulationssichere) Quelle von Zufallszahlen. Deren Erzeugung stellt ein komplexes Problem dar, da diese in einem dezentralen Netzwerk unter dem potentiellen Einfluss von Angreifern durchgeführt wird. Kürzlich veröffentlichte Forschungsergebnisse und Projekte aus der Wirtschaft beschäftigen sich mit diesem Problem und stellen sogenannte Random Beacon Protokolle vor, welche die erforderlichen Zufallszahlen in regelmäßigen Intervallen generieren. Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich intensiv mit den Herausforderungen der Entwicklung von Random Beacon Protokollen und liefert den ersten detaillierten Vergleich. Es wird gezeigt, dass Publicly-Verfiable Secret Sharing (PVSS) in vielen dieser Ansätze als gemeinsame Komponente dient. Weiters präsentiert diese Arbeit ein neu entwickeltes Protokoll, das ebenfalls PVSS verwendet und die Skalierbarkeit im Vergleich zu den bereits existierenden deutlich verbessert. Da dieser neue Ansatz nur eine PVSS-Instanz pro Runde benötigt, verringert sich der Kommunikationsaufwand von O(n³) auf O(n²). Diese Verbesserung wird erzielt, ohne auf wichtige Protokolleigenschaften, wie öffentliche Verifizierbarkeit, Manipulationssicherheit oder Nichtvorhersagbarkeit, verzichten zu müssen. Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine Optimierung der erarbeiteten Lösung durch die Entwicklung einer Protokollerweiterung, die die Interaktion zwischen den Knoten weiter reduziert und einen nahezu optimalen Kommunikationsaufwand von O(n c) erreicht. Dennoch stellt das erweiterte Protokoll mit sehr großer Wahrscheinlichkeit sicher, dass Zufallszahlen kontinuierlich erzeugt werden können und diese weder manipulierbar noch vorhersagbar sind.

Mikael Asplund, Jakob Lövhall, Simin Nadjm‐Tehrani

The possibility of in-store payments would further increase the potential usefulness of cryptocurrencies. However, this would require much faster transaction verification than current solutions provide (one hour for Bitcoin) since customers are likely not prepared to wait a very long time for their purchase to be accepted by a store. We propose a solution for enabling in-store payments with waiting times in the order of a few seconds, which is still compatible with the current Bitcoin protocol. The idea is based on a payment card in combination with a protocol for ensuring that losing a card does not mean losing the money on it. We analyse the required transaction verification delay and also the potentially added risks that the solution brings compared to current systems.

Beyene, Getachew

Eventhough Ethiopia is investing a lot in electricity generation and infrastructure, the electricity access rate in the country is one of the lowest in Africa mainly due to inadequate expansion of electricity connection in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to assess the key challenges and the prospect of electricity access in the country and to recommend the way forward to address the electricity access gap. This study mainly used secondary data collected from extensively reviewed documents and also interviews with purposely selected experts and officials to substantiate the findings. According to the findings of this research, the electricity access programs of the country were not effective to meet the electricity access gap. The institutional instability of the sector, less attention to decentralized or off-grid electricity access programs ,lack of financing and private sector engagement have been some of the challenges hindering the enhancement of electricity access in the country. Therefore, establishing a long term and stable institutional structure in the electricity sector, strengthening and expanding decentralized (off-grid) electrification programs, setting a cost reflective electricity tariff (both for local and export) for the sector's sustainability and enhancing the private sector engagement are some of the recommendations of this study to reach the universal electricity access targets of the country

Ravi Kiran Raman, Lav R. Varshney

Blockchain systems establish a cryptographically secure data structure for storing data in the form of a hash chain. We use a novel combination of distributed storage, private key encryption, and Shamirs secret sharing scheme to distribute transaction data, without significant loss in data integrity. Additionally, using Shamirs secret sharing scheme on the hash values and dynamic zone allocation, we further enhance the integrity. We highlight the tradeoff in storage cost and data loss probability with varying zone size choices. We also study the tradeoff between recovery cost and security from adversarial corruption with varying recovery mechanisms. Then, we formulate code design, given a probability of data recovery and targeted corruption, as an integer program. Using the coding scheme we establish a mechanism to insure data, for instance in blockchain-based cloud storage systems, based on the value of the data, by understanding the costs involved for the service provider.

Madhusudan Singh, Shiho Kim

The Intelligent vehicle is experiencing revolutionary growth in research and industry, but it still suffers from a lot of security vulnerabilities. Traditional security methods are incapable of providing secure IV, mainly in terms of communication. In IV communication, major issues are trust and data accuracy of received and broadcasted reliable data in the communication channel. Blockchain technology works for the cryptocurrency, Bitcoin which has been recently used to build trust and reliability in peer-to-peer networks with similar topologies to IV Communication world. IV to IV, communicate in a decentralized manner within communication networks. In this paper, we have proposed, Trust Bit (TB) for IV communication among IVs using Blockchain technology. Our proposed trust bit provides surety for each IVs broadcasted data, to be secure and reliable in every particular networks. Our Trust Bit is a symbol of trustworthiness of vehicles behavior, and vehicles legal and illegal action. Our proposal also includes a reward system, which can exchange some TB among IVs, during successful communication. For the data management of this trust bit, we have used blockchain technology in the vehicular cloud, which can store all Trust bit details and can be accessed by IV anywhere and anytime. Our proposal provides secure and reliable information. We evaluate our proposal with the help of IV communication on intersection use case which analyzes a variety of trustworthiness between IVs during communication.

Christoph Maurer

This piece of work is aimed at arguing the advantages and disadvantages as well as the challenges of the blockchain technology and if this distributed ledger system, has the potential to replace current regulatory bodies and intermediaries in the financial services sector, specifically in terms of identity management and more generally. This would seem to have been the vision of the originators of the technology back in 2009/10. To create a self-sustainable, secure environment for transactions of monetary nature. In this piece of work, it is the intention to follow a specific argument in order to demonstrate that this “original idea” is not something which is likely to survive or become main stream. Rather, arguments will be made to demonstrate that likely there will be a hybrid of “old” and “new” emerging. The solution suggested to harvest the full potential of those new emerging technologies, amongst others, customer identity management, is to streamline existing processes by involving regulatory bodies in the process of setting up new services for transacting and managing identities, as the need for oversight, due to technological flaws, cannot be argued away completely.

Carina-Elena Stegăroiu

In the Internet economy, with the help of cryptography, a branch of mathematics dealing with the security of information, as well as authentication and restriction of access to a computer system, a new digital coin as an alternative to national currencies appeared. In accomplishing this, using both mathematical methods (taking advantage of, for example, the difficulty of factorizing very large numbers), and quantum encryption methods. Throughout the world, information technology companies are focusing on information protection, inventing day-to-day methods with greater durability. In the horizon of Information Security, Quantum Cryptography has emerged, generating new possibilities in that field, hoping that data will be better protected and that the digital currency will resist over time and eventually evolve in the future, although Kurzweil, Bitcoin's pioneering technology is unlikely to be used in this respect. The idea of virtual alternatives to national currencies is not new, with advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of this coin are high payment freedom, transparency of information, high security, reduced risks for traders. Among the disadvantages we highlight the risk and volatility, the lack of notification and understanding, with incomplete functions, but which are developing, so Bitcoin is not perfect.

Maury Shenk

Long Finance's Distributed Futures research programme is pleased to announce the launch the report “The Quantum Countdown: Quantum Computing & The Future Of Distributed Ledger Encryption”, another in a series of exciting projects in the programme. Smart Ledgers are based on a combination of mutual distributed ledgers (aka block-chain: multi-organisational databases with a super audit trail) with embedded programming and sensing, thus permitting semi-intelligent, autonomous transactions. Smart Ledgers are touted as a technology for fair play in a globalized world. There are numerous projects building trade systems using this technology with announcements from governments, shipping firms, large IT firms, and the like. The research is intended to inform policy makers and business people making decisions about moving towards these systems. This report is about a major threat to the security of Smart Ledgers and other systems from quantum computing. If and when large-scale quantum computers become available, there is a concern that such computers would be able to break the security of widely-used public key cryptography, which allows remote parties to communicate securely and authenticate transactions and data without sharing a secret key in advance. Fortunately, there are good solutions to this problem, and better ones are emerging. The hard questions for individual computer system operators involve when and how to address the problem, given its uncertain timing and the evolving solutions. The report seeks to explain the problem in detail for both non-technical and technical readers, starting with the essentials of cryptography, quantum computing, and how quantum computing threatens public key cryptography. It then considers the available solutions to the problem, and provides frameworks for deciding when and how to respond to it.

Joost de Kruijff, Hans Weigand

Smart contracts gain rapid exposure since the inception of blockchain<br/>technology. Today's smart contracts are coded in non-mainstream<br/>procedural programming languages (e.g. Solidity for Ethereum),<br/>which lifts the requirement to draft enterprise ready smart contract to<br/>both a legal professional and a programmer instead of only the former.<br/>In search for a smart contract language that reduces the threshold to<br/>draft one, this conceptual paper elaborates how business logic can be<br/>converted to executable code for commitment-based smart contracts.<br/>Hereby, a contract is viewed as a set of reciprocal commitments. The<br/>smart contract ensures the automated execution of all or most of these<br/>commitments. In order to leverage its event processing capabilities,<br/>Reaction RuleML has been used to appropriately represent the<br/>elements and working of passive and active rules within a<br/>commitment based smart.

Kumaresan Mudliar, Harshal Parekh, Prasenjit Bhavathankar

A blockchain system is different from the hitherto used featuring robustness and disintermediation. A blockchain consists of records (blocks) recorded in a digital ledger, thoroughly decentralized where transactions are recorded in contrast to the tables in the relational database. A transaction once recorded in the system is resistant to alteration. The paper proposed several applications of blockchain system integrating it with the national identity of an individual. The national identification records of an individual must contain the fundamental details regarding the individual along with the biometrics. The available attributes of the national identification records can be used efficaciously in applications such as banking, digitizing healthcare, digital voting, etc. An example for such a national identity is the Aadhar in India which is currently utilized in centralized applications. Integrating Aadhar with blockchain yields illimitable applications in a decentralized, secure and transparent manner.

Asutosh Palai, M.R. Vora, Aashaka Shah

Blockchains have revolutionized the storage of data in an immutable, transparent and non-centralized way. However, public blockchain systems like the Bitcoin system face a problem of scalability, primarily due to the significant and growing size of its blockchain. This paper introduces a method, termed block summarization, which reduces blockchain storage overhead for systems having transferable transactions. The proposed method allows resource-restricted light nodes to store a form of the blockchain such that it can validate the transactions independently which ultimately reduce dependency on full nodes. This way, we can achieve a middle ground between Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) nodes which can only verify the membership of a transaction in the blockchain, and full nodes with pruning enabled which can only support pruning provided they have an infrastructure of full nodes. We implemented our algorithm for a custom blockchain using Bitcoin blocks and were able to achieve a compression ratio of 0.54.