Adyan Marendra Ramadhani, Hyung-Rim Choi, Na Rang Kim
e-government systems use electronic communication devices, computers, and the Internet to provide public services to citizens and other persons in a country or region. These systems facilitate digital interactions between citizens and their government, governments and other government agencies, governments and citizens, governments and employees, and governments and businesses. Today, many countries seek to develop better solutions for public services and efficient communication with citizens by improving the technologies behind e-government, such as Blockchain technology, first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. In the Europe Union (EU), Estonia has made the first use of blockchain technologies in government, applying it in health, education, and many other sectors. South Korea uses the blockchain technologies in e-voting and sweden uses blockchain technologies for their land registry purpose. each of country have different blokchain framework. Based on their different system, the system could be hard to communicate outside of their network even for exchanging the information between government and it will be cost higher for bridging the communication and ICT infrastructure. Blokchain tecnologies needs standardization to prevent the higher cost on ICT and communication problem.
Dionysios S. Demetis, Michael Mainelli, Matthew Leitch
Cryptocurrencies have the potential to become effective currencies that give a higher level of macroeconomic control, thanks to the information that is available about holdings and transactions, and the potential for automated control mechanisms. However, these cryptocurrencies need to be designed properly and tested before launch. This paper reports the early results of an economic model that simulates a variety of behaviors by economic agents and some simple control mechanisms. An economic simulation model is likely to be a valuable tool in developing effective cryptocurrency systems and interacting with regulators.
With the tremendous development of internet, we can share any media from anywhere in the world. This paved the way for data sharing illegally versions of data shared among persons. In our proposed system, the original data (use case taken Song) will be embedded with a hash value and then deployed to Inter Planetary File System (IPFS) and shared through Ethereum Blockchain, enabling deployed data unaltered. The IPFS returns a 46-bit length hash for each of the file being upload. Usage of Ethereum blockchain ensures each every transaction cryptographically hashed and logged. Also, the data deployed on IPFS sharable but with hidden hash identity for each of it, which is not known by the person who gets that data. The owner of the original data thus shares the data and w having the log maintaining hash identity for each of the person to whom the data owner shares. The IPFS storage enables Peer to Peer (P2P) data transfer through decentralized network. The person will be given the IPFS hash to download the data. When data if pirated is known to the owner, he computes the hash value from the pirated version and identifies the person pirated that data and avoids sharing data to that person next time
A Blockchain is defined as a distributed database which consists of records, or public ledgers of all the transactions or digital events executed and shared among participating network. In this each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participants in the network. As soon as the information is entered, it can never be erased. The Blockchain contains a verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. [9]It was developed firstly for Bitcoin as a peer-to-peer digital currency or popularly called as 'cryptocurrency'. The ide Blockchain was coined in 2008. Since then the interest in Blockchain technology has been increasing. The reason for this increase in interest in Blockchain is its central attributes which provide security and data integrity without any third party organization in control of the transactions. Therefore it creates interesting and vast research areas, especially from the perspective of technical challenges, expectations and limitations. It was found wide range of applications in both financial and non financial market.
Significant technological breakthroughs are often accompanied by articles on the potential impact of these technologies. This article examines blockchain technology and hypothesizes how this technology might create substantial changes to how financial services are delivered and by what types of organizations. Banks and brokerage houses providing custodial and record-keeping services may face a change in the value proposition of these services and thus in their price. Blockchain may also expand the definition of what is a tradable security and consequently expand the investable universe. <b>TOPICS:</b>Quantitative methods, legal/regulatory/public policy
Recent interest around blockchains and Emerging smart contract systems over blockchain technology which allows mutually distrustful parties to transact safely without trusted third parties provided requirements good fit for the Smart Contracts sector. In the event of contractual breaches or cancellations, the decentralized blockchain ensures that honest parties get their just compensation. Blockchains permit us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network wherever non-trusting members can interact with each other without depending on an intermediary and be able to verify the transaction. All transactions, together with the flow of cash are exposed on the blockchain. A smart contract is used to 1) Facilitates for sharing of services and resources managing to the creation of a marketplace of services between devices and 2) permits us to automate in an exceedingly cryptographically verifiable manner many existing, long workflows My conclusion is that the smart contract over blockchain combination is powerful and can cause vital transformations across many industries, making new ways for new business models and innovative distributed applications.
블록체인(blockchain) 기술로 형성된 암호화 화폐(cryptocurrencies)는 최근 몇 년 동안 큰 주목을 받았다. 특히 2016년에는 비트코인의 거래액은 무려 920억 달러에 이르렀다. 본 연구는 기술수용모형(TAM)을 이용하여 어떤 영향요인들을 통해 투자자들이 암호화 화폐를 수용하는지 파악해 보았다.BR 암호화 화폐 투자자를 대상으로 설문한 결과, 암호화 화폐 투자자들은 높은 수익률인 성과기대 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이들은 투자위험을 선호하였으며 낮은 수준의 고정적 수익에 대해서는 거부감을 보여주었다. 이는 상대적 경제적 약자인 20~30대 주된 투자자들이 암호화 화폐를 통해 보상을 받고자 하는 심리가 강하기 때문으로 보인다.BR 사회적 영향력이 인지된 유용성과 인지된 사용용이성에 미치는 영향도 유효한 것으로 나타났다. SNS상의 암호화 화폐에 관련된 정보와 대중매체들의 뉴스가 투자심리를 자극한 것으로 보인다.BR 시스템 신뢰도는 암호화 화폐 투자자에게 인지된 유용성에는 영향을 미치나 인지된 사용 용이성에는 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 블록체인 보다는 불안전한 암호화 화폐 거래소 시스템에 대한 불신 때문인 것으로 분석되었다.
Engineers and researchers have recently paid attention to Blockchain. Blockchain is a fault-tolerant distributed ledger without administrators. Blockchain is originally derived from cryptocurrency, but it is possible to be applied to other industries. Transferring digital asset is called a transaction. Blockchain holds all transactions, so the total amount of Blockchain data will increase as time proceeds. On the other hand, the number of Internet of Things (IoT) products has been increasing. It is difficult for IoT products to hold all Blockchain data because of their storage capacity. Therefore, they access Blockchain data via servers that have Blockchain data. However, if a lot of IoT products access Blockchain network via servers, server overloads will occur. Thus, it is useful to reduce workloads and improve throughput. In this paper, we propose a caching technique using a Field Programmable Gate Array-based (FPGA) Network Interface Card (NIC) which possesses four 10Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) interfaces. The proposed system can reduce server overloads, because the FPGA NIC instead of the server responds to requests from IoT products if cache hits. We implemented the proposed hardware cache to achieve high throughput on NetFPGA-10G board. We counted the number of requests that the server or the FPGA NIC processed as an evaluation. As a result, the throughput improved by on average 1.97 times when hitting the cache.
Before the advent of Bitcoin, there was no mechanism to allow any two willing parties to make transactions between them without any involvement of a third party. Third parties were included in the process to prevent fraud.
이 연구는 웹보메트릭스 빅데이터 기법을 활용한 암호화폐 온라인 영향력을 조사했다. 구체적으로 2017년 12월 시가총액 톱50개 화폐를 대상으로 온라인연결망을 측정했다. 웹보메트릭스에 기반한 빅데이터 분석을 실시해 암호화폐 홈페이지와 연결된 외부링크를 조사하여 각 암호화폐의 대중적 인지도를 파악하고, 나아가 암호화폐들의 관계적 특성을 분석했다. 연구결과 bitcoin.org, bitcoin.com, steemit.com의 온라인 영향력이 가장 강한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 steemit.com이 외부로부터의 링크 수가 가장 많았으며 상호링크 관계망에서 중개자의 위치를 점하고 있었다. bitcoin.org은 외향중심성 값이 가장 높게 나타나 적극적인 정보전송자로 자리매김하고 있는 반면 bitcoin.com은 내향중심성에서 1등을 차지하면서 권위적 정보허브로서 기능하고 있음을 발견했다. 나아가 사회연결망 지표와 와이스(Weiss) 평가점수와의 통계적 상관성을 발견하여 빅데이터 분석이 시장 예측도 가능하다는 것을 시사한다. 암호화폐를 둘러싼 정부규제가 계량화된 데이터 없이 주관적 비평과 정성적 측면에서 접근되면서 논란이 있는 가운데, 이 논문은 암호화폐의 현황을 웹보메트릭스 방법으로 측정하여 정책지원의 과학적 수단을 제공한다.This study explored presence and influence of cryptocurrencies on the web. A network of top 50 cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization was mapped on December 12, 2017. Webometric analytics was conducted to examine online presence and influence of each cryptocurrency as well as the relations between cryptocurrencies by tracing the external links from each site. The results suggest that bitcoin.org, bitcoin.com and steemit.com were the most influential sites based on the number of hit counts. Interestingly, steemit.com received the largest amount of links from other sites and bridged the sites of the other cryptocurrencies in the network. It is noteworthy that bitcoin.org with the highest outdegree centrality played a role as an active informant while bitcoin.com with the highest indegree centrality was a hub in the network. This study also found positive correlations between the results of Weiss ratings and key social network analysis indicators, including hit counts, Betweeness centrality, Out2Step, OutARD, InARD and 2StepBet. The result implies that webometric analytics is useful to predict a market. This data-driven approach to online influence and presence of cryptocurrencies is valuable to policy-makers who continue to debate about the societal impact and the regulations of cryptocurrencies.
Kelompok Keahlian Ilmu Kemanusiaan, Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Asep Zaenal Ausop, Elsa Silvia Nur Aulia
Cryptocurrency is virtual money or digital money or electronic money in illusion world which has no any concrete thing. This cryptocurrency has many varieties such as Litecoin, Monero, Ether, Ripple, Ethereun, Qtum, Dash, Zcash, and Bitcoin. The safety of Bitcoin is protected by Blockchain technology but it has weaknesses such as no underlying asset, no authority, and responsibility. Moreover, the ownership of this bitcoin is anonymous, and the fluctuation of this Bitcoin values was very extreme and dominated by public opinion about marketing system. Therefore, the usage of this Bitcoin in the term of investation and bussiness transaction causes pro-contra from economical experts and ulama. This research is purposed to get a representation around Bitcoin technology its self and the validation for using Bitcoin in business transaction according to Islamic sharia. The used theory is the taxonomy bussiness of haram lidzatihi and haram lighayrihi from Jumhur Ulama and constructed by Adiwarman Abdul Karim. The method of this research is literature research; its resources are taken from Al Quran, Hadith Rasulullah, classical and contemporary books also online media. This research resulted the great revolusionarytechnology, but the usage of this Bitcoin as the investation of instrument contained maysir (gambling) and the instruments of bussiness transaction contained gharar. The law position is haram lighayrihi.
Pradeep Murugan, Suraj Subramanian, Mr. V Pandarinathan Dr. D. Rajinigirinath
A new model for building massively scalable and profitable applications is emerging. Bitcoin paved the way with its cryptographically stored ledger, scarce asset model, and peer-to-peer technology. These features provide a starting point for building a new type of software called decentralized applications, or dapps. They are more flexible, transparent, distributed, resilient, and have a better incentivized structure than current software models. Centralized systems are currently the most widespread model f software applications. Centralized systems directly control the operation of the individual units and flow of information from a single center. Blockchain, a massively replicated database of transactions that's able to avoid Sybil attacks. For the first blockchain lets us achieve decentralized consensus without the use of a centralized server.
Cryptocurrencies’ popularity has surged during the last few years. This isespecially the case of bitcoin, one among cryptocurrencies which price has soaredfrom USD1,000 in the first quarter of 2017 to USD20,000 by the end of 2017. Ithas now being used by merchants as a medium of exchange. Upon realizing itspopularity, the CME Group that owns the Chicago Mercantile Exchange launcheda futures contract on bitcoin. Yet, there are cases where bitcoin is banned bythe country. This article examines the implication of bitcoin on Islamic financeand questions its acceptance as a medium of exchange (money) based on itscompliancy with shari’ah. By analyzing its nature and characteristics, the paperconcludes that, strictly speaking, cryptocurrencies that are not backed with realassets are not shari’ah-compliant. However, the majority of shari’ah scholarsare leaning towards approving bitcoin on maslahah basis. Bitcoin is neither fiatmoney nor real money. The absence of an intrinsic value coupled with lack orzero supervision by the central bank will result in misusing bitcoin. Furthermore,we content that it has the elements of maysir and gharar. This can contributetowards socio-economic injustices, thereby jeopardizing the maqasid al-shari’ah.Hence, based on a thorough analysis, we conclude that fiat cryptocurrencies arenot shari’ah compliant. However, gold-backed cryptocurrencies are argued to bedesirable and consistent with the maqasid al shari’ah.
The purpose of this paper is to examine in what ways capital-B Bitcoin, the system, and lower-b bitcoin, the unit of account, are or are not money. Bitcoin is the largest, by market capitalization, financial asset labeled "cryptocurrency" and the first decentralized digital currency. The paper canvasses the academic, business and technical literature to scrutinize the validity of this neologism's implied equivalency to money as a concept, system and artifact from historical, economic, political, teleological, theoretical and functional perspectives. The author(s) of Bitcoin invented blockchain, that is a shared, decentralized, time stamped, public ledger, to solve the problem of double spending. The risk of fraud, paying several counterparties with the same coin, was an intractable limitation on digital cash replacing paper money. The addition of blockchain to "proof of work" and advanced cryptography was a major advance in electronic cash systems. The combination of other features with this innovation, in particular a programmed steady growth and overall limit on supply, created in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies that followed a potential challenger to fiat currencies. This paper tests Bitcoin's progress and prospects in credibly replacing sovereign currencies in theory and in practice. Our conclusion is that the replacement of fiat currencies by cryptocurrencies in the world economy is not imminent. However, the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies holds great promise for improving the security and efficiency of the global financial and monetary systems.
Resumen:En este trabajo se reflexiona con amplia perspectiva histórica sobre la cuestiónde la organización territorial del Estado en España hasta desembocar en la situación actual y ofrecer, a la luz de esa evolución, algunas claves para la reforma constitucional en sentido federal que se entiende necesaria en nuestros días. Partiendo de la evidencia de que la respuesta ofrecida por el constitucionalismo histórico español ante la forma territorial del Estado ha sido, como tónica general, la de configurar a España como un Estado unitario, centralizado, simbolizado por la Monarquía, se analizan sumariamente los dosgrandes intentos de distinto signo que existieron antes de la Constitución de 1978 para salir del unitarismo y poner en pie modelos de descentralizaciónpolítica. La primera experiencia, de cuño federal, gestada durante la Primera República (1873-1874) se consumió en unos meses sin que pudiera discutirse siquiera el Proyecto de Constitución Federal de 1873, elaborado en el marco de una situación política y social extremadamente convulsa que desembocó en la anarquía del cantonalismo. La segunda, que durante el quinquenio de la Segunda República (1931-1936) ensayó la compatibilidad de un llamado «Estado integral» con la autonomía de las regiones, fue llevada muy parcialmente a la práctica y acabó con la sublevación militar encabezada por el general Franco y la guerra civil (1936-1939).Tras el franquismo y la Transición democrática, la Constitución de 1978 no constitucionalizó un modelo preciso y acabado de descentralización políticasino que prefiguró un Estado «descentralizable», abierto a distintas posibilidades, dando curso a un «proceso autonómico» a partir del reconocimiento del derecho a la autonomía de las nacionalidades y regiones en su Título Preliminar y el establecimiento de complejas reglas en el Título VIII. La apertura de este proceso fue evolucionando hacia el llamado «Estado autonómico» mediante la práctica política y la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional, desarrollándose paulatinamente con las técnicas del federalismo y en su campo de atracción hasta configurar un Estado federal en los hechos, aunque con notorias carencias e incoherencias de estructura y funcionamiento. El estado autonómico entró en crisis a partir, sobre todo, de los embates del nacionalismo político en el País Vasco a comienzos de la década de 2000 y especialmente en Cataluña desde mitad de la década pasada hasta la actualidad, momento álgido del desafío secesionista. A lo largo del trabajo se intenta mostrar primero que si bien en 1873, 1931 y 1978 hubo un rotundo rechazo del centralismo y una aspiración indubitada al establecimiento de la autonomía regional bajo distintas formas, no pudo fraguarse en ninguno de estos momentos, por diferentes razones, una neta voluntad constituyente en esta materia que estuviera en condiciones de sostener eficazmente un modelo definido. Se considera que por esta y otras causas la cuestión territorial sigue estando recurrentemente abierta en canal, a la espera de una constitucionalización adecuada que permita vertebrar con la estabilidad necesaria el Estado español. Tras un diagnóstico general del modelo autonómico en su evolución en la órbita del federalismo, se abordan, de acuerdo con este planteamiento, los elementos centrales que se consideran necesarios para una reforma constitucional en clave federal que racionalice un Estado que ya es federal en los hechos y que permita integrar todos los territorios con sus singularidades, dedicando una especial atención a la cuestión catalana en el marco del actual desafío independentista.Abstract:In this work we reflect from a broad historical perspective on the question of the territorial organization of the State in Spain leading to the current situation and offer, in light of this evolution, some keys to the constitutional reform in a federal sense that is deemed necessary in our days. Starting from the evidence that the answer offered by the Spanish historical constitutionalism to the territorial shape of the State has been, in general, to configure Spain as a unitary, centralized state, symbolized by the Monarchy, we analyzed the two large and different attempts that existed prior to the 1978 Constitution to emerge from unitarianism and to establish models of political decentralization. The first experience, with a federal character, developed during the First Republic (1873-1874) was consumed in a few months without even being able to discuss the Draft of the Federal Constitution of 1873, elaborated in the context of an extremely convulsive political and social situation that ended in the anarchy of cantonalism. The second, which during the five-year period of the Second Republic (1931-1936) tested the compatibility of a so-called «integral state» with the autonomy of the regions, was taken very partially into practice and ended with the military uprising led by general Franco and the Civil War (1936-1939).After Franco’s regime and the democratic Transition, the Constitution of 1978 did not constitutionalize a precise model of political decentralization but prefigured a «decentralized» State, open to different possibilities, giving way to an «autonomic process» from the recognition of the right to the autonomy of nationalities and regions in their Preliminary Title and the establishment of complex rules in Title VIII. The opening of this process evolved towards the so-called «Autonomous State» through political practice and the doctrine of the Constitutional Court, developing gradually with the techniques of federalism and in its field of attraction until setting up a the facto federal State, although with notorious deficiencies and inconsistencies in structure and functioning. The autonomous state came into crisis starting, above all, from the clashes of political nationalism in the Basque Country in the early 2000s and especially in Catalonia from the middle of the last decade to the present, the height of the secessionist challenge.In the course of this work we try to show that, although in 1873, 1931 and 1978 there was a resounding rejection of centralism and a clear aspiration to establish regional autonomy under different forms, it could not be forged in any of these moments, for different reasons , a net constituent will in this matter that would be able to effectively support a defined model. It is considered that for this and other causes the territorial question is still recurrently open in a channel, pending the appropriate constitutionalization that allows to vertebrate with the necessary stability the Spanish State. Following a general diagnosis of the autonomous model in its evolution in the orbit of federalism, the central elements are considered according to this approach, which are are regarded as necessary for a constitutional reform in a federal key that rationalizes a State that is already federal in the facts and that allows to integrate all the territories with their singularities, devoting a special attention to the Catalan questionwithin the framework of the present independence challenge. Summary:1. Introduction. 2. The Republican Federal Constitution Project of 1873. 3. The Constitution of 1931 and the Second Republic. 4. The opening of the autonomous process with the Constitution of 1978. 5. The evolution of the Autonomous State. 6. Towards a constitutional reform? Some keys in federal sense. 7. Special reference to the Catalan question. BIBLIOGRAPHICNOTE
Fog computing has emerged due to the problem that it becomes difficult to store every data to the cloud system as the number of Internet of Things increases. In this fog computing, a vast amount of data generated from the Internet of Things is transmitted to the cloud system located at a remote place, and is processed by a fog computer such as a sensor or a router located nearby, so that only the necessary data is transmitted to the cloud system. However, the above-mentioned fog computer has some drawbacks like being shut down due to an attack by a malicious user in advance, and a method of processing when a fog computer is down or restored. In this paper we describe a fog computing with blockchain that enables fog computers to share transaction generated by processing transaction information of a device controlled by a blockchain method to a security and device control method of a fog computer utilizing the technology. Furthemore by using security properties of blockchain such as authentication, non-repudiation and data integrity, fog computing using blockchain has advantage of security comparing to previous Cloud and fog computing system using centralized database or P2P networks.
Expectation of cryptocurrencies has been increased rapidly and all of these cryptocurrencies are generated on blockchain platform. This means not only the paradigm is changing in the field of finance but also the blockchain platform is technically stable. Based on the stability of blockchain, many kind of crypto currencies or application platforms are being implemented or released and world famous banks are applying blockchain on their financial service[1]. Even law for exchanging cryptocurrencies is being discussed. Furthermore, blockchain platforms also run programmed source code which is called as smart contract on its distributed platform. Smart contract extends usage of blockchain platform. So in this paper, we propose an algorithm for recording and managing location data of IoT service provider and user based on blockchain with smart contract. Our proposal records data of participants in network by blockchain which ensures security and match with other optimized participant by spatial data processing.