Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
97,057 results · page 3442 of 4,045
Jonathan Anderson, Matthew Josefy
This paper explores how agency costs manifest in blockchain based decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Owners of organizations incur agency costs when managers interests do not align with...
Peter Robinson
Message digest algorithms are one of the underlying building blocks of\nblockchain platforms such as Ethereum. This paper analyses situations in which\nthe message digest collision resistance property can be exploited by attackers.\nTwo mitigations for possible attacks are described: longer message digest sizes\nmake attacks more difficult; and, including timeliness properties limits the\namount of time an attacker has to determine a hash collision.\n
Yinghui Zhang, Robert H. Deng, Ximeng Liu, Dong Zheng
No abstract is available for this record.
Fabrizio Lamberti, Valentina Gatteschi, Claudio Giovanni Demartini, Matteo Pelissier · 6 authors
Blockchains and sensors installed on a vehicle could be combined to semiautomatically activate/deactivate car insurance coverage in an envisaged on-demand insurance scenario. We present a prototype that includes a mobile application (app) and a portable electronic device to be installed onboard. The mobile app lets the driver dynamically change the status of specific insurance coverage (in some cases, after pictures of the vehicle have been taken to attest to its conditions). Each modification and picture hash (a fixed-length alphanumeric summary of data content) are saved on the blockchain within a smart contract to certify changes made as well as the vehicle's status. Sensors embedded in the electronic device are used to collect passengers' and the vehicle?s data. Data are then used to automatically modify insurance coverage based on car/environment conditions and the preferences set. The proposed solution could help lower policy modification costs and limit insurance fraud.
Deepak Puthal, Nisha Malik, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos · 5 authors
In 2008, the emergence of the blockchain as the foundation of the first-ever decentralized cryptocurrency not only revolutionized the financial industry but proved a boon for peer-to-peer (P2P) information exchange in the most secure, efficient, and transparent manner. The blockchain is a public ledger that works like a log by keeping a record of all transactions in chronological order, secured by an appropriate consensus mechanism and providing an immutable record. Its exceptional characteristics include immutability, irreversibility, decentralization, persistence, and anonymity.
Somdip Dey
Recently we could see several institutions coming together to create consortium based blockchain networks such as Hyperledger. Although for applications of blockchain such as Bitcoin, Litcoin, etc. the majority-attack might not be a great threat but for consortium based blockchain networks where we could see several institutions such as public, private, government, etc. are collaborating, the majority-attack might just prove to be a prevalent threat if collusion among these institutions takes place. This paper proposes a methodology where we can use intelligent software agents to monitor the activity of stakeholders in the blockchain networks to detect anomaly such as collusion, using supervised machine learning algorithm and algorithmic game theory and stop the majority-attack from taking place.
Hang T. T. Hoang, Sebastian Eriksson Mørken
Intrigued by Bitcoin’s exceptional value development and media attention the last years, we assess if there have been any speculative bubbles in the Bitcoin market and if it exists any bubble today. Our empirical analysis can be divided into three steps. First, it is conducted an econometric test on the existence and date stamping of bubbles in Bitcoin prices based on a new recursive test proposed by Phillips et al (2015) – the SADF and GSADF test. However, this statistical test derives a bubble conclusion from an explosive price behavior. This deviates from common definitions of bubbles within financial theories that a bubble exists if the value of an asset exceeds its fundamental value. Over the period 2010 – April 2018, we detected several of short-lived bubbles and a number of huge bubbles. Our empirical results indicate that there are found six huge bubbles during 2011-2018 lasting from 24 days – 123 days. Our statistical evidence suggests that there does not exist any bubbles in the Bitcoin market today. Second, we find that these bubbles may not incorporate information about rational expectation but rather of irrational exuberances, a finding consistent with the theory presented in the Google Trends, The RSI and the bubble model of “The Stages in a Bubble”. Third, we find that there are some reoccurring trends that are affecting the Bitcoin market investigating the date-stamping results. These are the incidents of the Mt. Gox and China’s relation to Bitcoin as a legal currency.
Nischal Risal
This paper aims toward amplifying the concept of cryptocurrency as emerging digital money in the world and its practices in Nepal. The paper is based on review of various articles, books and relevant websites that provide information regarding cryptocurrencies. The paper highlighted the conceptual part and types of cryptocurrencies in the first section, the major literature review in the context of world in the second section, and the practices of cryptocurrency in Nepal in third section followed by conclusion in final section. An exploratory research design has been adopted in the study. The primary survey has been done to collect the data with self administered questionnaire. The paper reveals the importance of cryptocurrencies in the present context of digital world. The paper concluded that the majority of the respondents are not well known about cryptocurrency in Nepal. The respondents are found interested to invest with knowledge, policy and security on cryptocurrency in Nepal. This thematic based research paper will create a platform for the researcher to study the practical scenario of cryptocurrency.NCC JournalVol. 3, No. 1, 2018, page: 100-107
Sanjeev Kumar Joshi, Nitesh Khatiwada, Jyoti Giri
The cryptocurrency is thought to be the next internet revolution, where transactions are done utilizing peer-to-peer network creating a blockchain of the participants involved. Therefore, it is in totality creating a new virtual world, which might change the course of the foreseeable future finance. The reaction to the block chain and cryptocurrency is synonymous to the reaction to the internet when for the first time it emerged. While it is widely accepted for transactions in some countries; for instance in Nepal, it is illegal. Where the basic knowledge about the cryptocurrency is scarce in terms of Nepal, this article attempt to connote the grass root construct on cryptography, cryptocurrency and its practices across the globe to its readers.NCC JournalVol. 3, No. 1, 2018, page: 167-175
Amadou Moctar Kane
By comparing cryptocurrencies with other existing payment methods, including banknotes and bank cards, it is clear that the use of Bitcoin and its competitors (Ethereum, \dots) is almost insignificant in world trade. We may also note that these cryptocurrencies have become tools of speculation, which is the antithesis of their primary purpose. Based essentially on the security of electronic signatures, the Ecash introduced here will put the users back to the center of the game and exclude miners and their enormous waste of power energy. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to show that even a piece of paper can be recycled into a secure Ecash, while remaining environmentally friendly. Hence, we create here a cryptocurrency that would use a slight modification of the current banknotes to set up anonymous electronic transactions. By trading with banknotes, we mechanically transfer ownership of the paper money from one owner to another, hence, in this scheme, we introduce the notion of ownership transfer. It implies that at each transaction the elements allowing to authenticate the Ecash does not change, while the ownership certificate will change since the Ecash is transfer towards someone else.
George Gui, Alı Hortaçsu, José Tudón
We analyze the economic incentives generated by the proof-of-stake mechanism discussed in the Ethereum Casper upgrade proposal. Compared with proof-of-work, proof-of-stake has a different cost structure for attackers. In Budish (2018), three equations characterize the limits of Bitcoin, which has a proof-of-work mechanism. We investigate their counterparts and evaluate the risk of double-spending attack and sabotage attack. We argue that PoS is safer than PoW agaisnt double-spending attack because of the tractability of attackers, which implies a large "stock" cost for the attacker. Compared to a PoW system whose mining equipments are repurposable, PoS is also safer against a sabotage attack.
Raquel Gallego, Nicolás Barbieri, Cristina De Gispert, Sheila González · 5 authors
This article analyses the impact of state decentralization on one aspect of territorial diversity, specifically on the policy discretion of regions, as an expression of their political autonomy for self-government. Our interest focuses on the factors that determine the decisions and actions of regional governments in developing their policies. We ask: why do regional governments take different public policy options? Conceding that several factors help explain policy decisions (such as productive structure, government ideology, social capital, political context, budgetary resources), we choose to explore the impact of two of them, by asking: in what way, and to what extent, are policy decisions and actions conditioned by the financing model and by their different ideologies? We present quantitative and qualitative comparative evidence from two contrasting case studies: two regions in decentralized Spain that have developed their own policies of income and spending, and have translated them into differing public management policies and regulatory models for providing health services. These governments are ideologically different and have undergone different degrees of recent ideological changes, but the resources provided to them by the financing model have also been different. We show how resources determine the scope of governments’ actions, while ideology determines their direction.
Guido Ongena, Koen Smit, Jarno Boksebeld, Gerben Adams · 6 authors
Bled eConference, organized by University of Maribor, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, has been shaping electronic interactions since 1988. Bled eConference is the oldest, most traditional and well renowned conference in the field with more than 30 years of tradition. The theme of this year’s conference is dedicated to “Digital Transformation – Meeting the Challenges”. The evolution of digital technologies and solutions has significantly impacted the way in which business is conducted and have big implications on our lives. Nowadays digital economy calls for transformation of businesses, governments, education and societies as whole. It also calls for enabling policies and politics for cross border and global digital business. In this year’s conference, we address various aspects of digital transformation and provide directions and guidelines for organizations to meet and overcome these challenges on their way towards successful digital transformation. Themes covered in the papers of these proceedings are focused on: digital transformation; business model innovation; blockchain and social media; big data, data science, and decision support systems; e-health, digital wellness and wellbeing; new applications and organizational models; and novel approaches and cases in education in digital economy.
Tianyang Zhang, H. R. Pota, Chi‐Cheng Chu, Rajit Gadh
No abstract is available for this record.
Davor Dujak, Domagoj Sajter
No abstract is available for this record.
Filip Novotný
Cryptocurrencies are newly emerging asset class that has received a lot of at- tention recently. Many investors are considering investing in them as a way of portfolio diversification. This thesis examines whether cryptocurrencies are gambling assets which could be important for investors' decision making and also for better understanding of the cryptocurrencies themselves. Gambling asset is understood in terms of stocks and therefore a comparison of crypto- currency and stock lottery characteristics is made. It is shown that in most time periods it cannot be said that cryptocurrencies exhibit larger lottery characteristics. Furthermore, it is shown that Litecoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Dash and Monero would classify as gambling asset, however, Bitcoin would not. JEL classification C12, C38, C55, G11, O33 Keywords cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, gambling, gambling asset, investment Author's e-mail novotnyf1@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail ladislav.kristoufek@fsv.cuni.cz 1
Jennifer L. Welch
Blockchains and distributed ledgers, the technologies underlying Bitcoin and other decentralized transaction systems, have been garnering increasing interest in the theoretical distributed comput- ing community. The current column, by Antonio Fernández Anta, Chryssis Georgiou, Kishori Konwar, and Nicolas Nicolaou, starts with an informative overview of the world of distributed ledgers and motivates the need for rigorous approaches. The authors present an approach for formally specifying a distributed ledger in the context of several popular consistency conditions. The authors then give algorithms that implement the di erent variants in message-passing systems subject to crash failures. The article closes with a discussion of intriguing open questions. Many thanks to Antonio, Chryssis, Kishori and Nicolas for their timely contribution!
E.E. Funk, Jeff Riddell, Felix Ankel, Daniel Cabrera
Health professions educators face multiple challenges, among them the need to adapt educational methods to new technologies. In the last decades, multiple new digital platforms have appeared in the learning arena, including massive open online courses and social-media-based education. The major critique of these novel methods is the lack of the ability to ascertain the origin, validity, and accountability of the knowledge that is created, shared, and acquired. Recently, a novel technology based on secured data storage and transmission, called blockchain, has emerged as a way to generate networks where validity, trust, and accountability can be created. Conceptually, blockchain is an open, public, distributed, and secure digital registry where information transactions are secured and have a clear origin, explicit pathways, and concrete value. Health professions education based on blockchain will potentially allow improved tracking of content and the individuals who create it, quantify educational impact on multiple generations of learners, and build a relative value of educational interventions. Furthermore, institutions adopting blockchain technology would be able to provide certification and credentialing of health care professionals with no intermediaries. There is potential for blockchain to significantly change the future of health professions education and radically transform how patients, professionals, educators, and learners interact around safe, valid, and accountable information.
Anne Haugen Gausdal, Karen V. Czachorowski, Marina Z. Solesvik
The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical framework for blockchain, operations in particular. Furthermore, we aim to identify the main drivers and barriers of digital innovation and explore the general possibilities of blockchain applications within the maritime industry. A case study approach is applied: the Norwegian offshore industry. Primary data is collected through interviews, while secondary data is collected from industrial and company reports, the Internet, and national and international media reports. We have discovered that cost reduction intentions, the high level of regulation in the maritime industry, and the large amount of data that maritime companies should process, along with the intention to work more effectively, are the main drivers of digital innovation. On the other hand, the high cost of implementation, the bad quality of Internet connections offshore, the old age of decision-makers, the technology-oriented culture, the lack of investment initiatives, the low level of blockchain diffusion through the supply chain, and risk aversion are the main barriers. The results of the qualitative study show that some of the barriers and motives of digital innovation and the introduction to blockchain technology were pointed out by earlier studies. However, we have identified several unique drivers and barriers specific to the industry. Finally, the blockchain process framework is developed.
Vincent Chia, Pieter Hartel, Qingze Hum, Sebastian Ma · 8 authors
Blockchain technology has become almost as famous for incidents involving security breaches as for its innovative potential. We shed light on the prevalence and nature of these incidents through a database structured using the STIX format. Apart from OPSEC-related incidents, we find that the nature of many incidents is specific to blockchain technology. Two categories stand out: smart contracts, and techno-economic protocol incentives. For smart contracts, we propose to use recent advances in software testing to find flaws before deployment. For protocols, we propose the PRESTO framework that allows us to compare different protocols within a five-dimensional framework.
Bill Buchanan, Naseem Naqvi
A blockchain enabled ‘Digital Single Economy” can act as a catalyst for growth and could provide a platform where borderless innovative practices will thrive and create a true collaborative global economy, with shared goals and objectives for the benefit of wider community. A society where digital economy flourishes irrespective of geopolitical ideologies and where a technology like Blockchain holds transformative potential to unite the nations together. The UK currently has strong collaborations around blockchain including with the British Blockchain Association which aims to integrate with the EU on the adoption of Blockchain based methods around a range of application areas. However, at the core of these alliances must be the promotion of technology which link industry, the public sector, and academia, whilst also integrating key stakeholders, such as law enforcement, finance, health care, professional bodies and the legal industry.
Jiewu Leng, Jiajun Liu, Pingyu Jiang
No abstract is available for this record.
Ledina Hoxha
Hashgraph is data structure and consensus algorithm that is fast, with a very high throughput and low consensus latency, secure because of the asynchronous byzantine fault tolerant and fair due to the fairness of access, ordering, and timestamps. These properties enable new decentralized applications such as a stock market, improved collaborative applications, games, and auctions. Hashgraph is a new consensus protocol that has garnered attention lately by being projected as a technology that will make blockchains obsolete. Hashgraph currently scales only in the number of transactions processed but does not scale with the number of nodes in the network. Hashgraph will face the same issues that other public blockchains are facing today and may not be able to maintain its security and performance. In fact, scalability is still an open problem for public blockchains.
Prateek Goorha
In this note, I return to Coase (1937), on its 80th anniversary, to assess whether its logic and insight can be reconciled with the blockchain revolution. I argue that, indeed, it can, and propose the existence of a third method of organizing economic activity in a specialized exchange economy, in addition to the two that Coase considered. I call it the cryptographic stigmergy. If there be such merit in the argument here, let it be dedicated to the memory of Ronald Coase.