Blockchain Papers

Stephen Castell

No abstract is available for this record.

Christopher Millard

No abstract is available for this record.

Gönenç Gürkaynak, İlay Yılmaz, Burak Yeşilaltay, Berk Bengi

No abstract is available for this record.

Hao Sun, Yadong Huang

Similar1 to the economic system of the resource allocation of market and enterprise, distributed ledger technology may support an institutional form between decentralization and centralization, especially the smart contract that runs on it. The smart contract supports a more flexible, de-intermediary economic contractual relationship potentially. So distributed ledger technology can also be considered as an institutional technology [1]. According to the economic method, regarding the transaction cost as the basic unit, based on the technical and business characteristics of the distributed ledger, we analyzed economic contract innovation scenarios of distributed ledgers, and found important institutional features, including de-intermediation, intelligence and miniaturization. In addition, we made a preliminary empirical analysis through decentralized exchanges.

Jun Lin, Zhiqi Shen, Anting Zhang, Yueting Chai

1Food safety is becoming more and more serious topic worldwide. To tackle the food safety issues from the technical aspect, people need a trusted food traceability system that can track and monitor the whole lifespan of food production, including the processes of food raw material cultivation/breeding, processing, transporting, warehousing, and selling etc. In this paper, we propose a trusted, self-organized, open and ecological food traceability system based on blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, which involves all parties of a smart agriculture ecosystem, even if they may not trust each other. We use IoT devices to replace manual recording and verification as many as possible, which can reduce the human intervention to the system effectively. Furthermore, we plan to use the smart contract technology to help the law-executor to find problems and process them timely.

Dariusz T. Dziuba

The paper presents the blockchain crowdfunding technology and its economic implications. It is a separate, decentralized model of social funding, based on “block chains”, growing in response to technological progress, as well as to expectations of IT users with respect to the increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies and the demand for new categories of systems. The essence of the blockchain technology is presented, along with the potential benefits and the variety of applications, especially in the field of banking and finance. The blockchain crowdfunding model and the Initial Coin Offering process are described. Furthermore, the global blockchain crowdfunding market segment is estimated and analyzed. The main benefits and factors (risks) of the model are identified, as well as its growth prospects.

Sangeetha Ravichandran

This chapter explores the role art therapy can play in building a critical mass to create a movement for decolonizing the culture of gender violence using the "radical caring" methodology of Apna Ghar. The radical caring is focused on the individual client seeking help and the staff&s;s ability to assist their growth as an autonomous individual, while also focusing on organizational structures that work towards collective gender justice. The notion of "radical care" means questioning the nature of gender violence from a lifetime spiral of abuse, patriarchal, and hegemonic structures that have been normalized. The chapter elaborates on how an intersectional analysis informed by notions of radical care informs services at Apna Ghar. In order to build a decentralized movement to end violence against women, many activists and academics has turned to intersectionality. By ensuring that the health and wellness studio was a drop-in space with food and child care, Apna Ghar aims to reduce obstacles often facing immigrant women.

Stefano Angieri, Alberto García-Martínez, Bingyang Liu, Zhiwei Yan · 6 authors

The current system to manage the global pool of IP addresses is centralized\nin five transnational organizations, the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).\nEach of these RIRs manage the address pool for a large number of countries.\nBecause the RIRs are private organizations, they are subject to the legal\nframework of the country where they are based. This configuration results in a\njurisdictional overflow from the legal framework of the countries where the RIR\nis based to all the countries that the RIRs are serving (the countries served\nby the RIRs de facto become subjects of the legal system of the country where\nthe RIR is hosted). The situation is aggravated by the deployment of new\nsecurity techniques such as the RPKI and BGPsec, that enable enforcement of\nallocations by the RIRs. In this paper we present InBlock, a blockchain-based\ndistributed governance body aimed to provide de-centralized management of IP\naddresses. InBlock also aims to fulfil the same objectives as the current IP\naddress allocation system, namely, uniqueness, fairness, conservation,\naggregation, registration and minimized overhead. InBlock is implemented as a\nDecentralized Autonomous Organization, i.e., as a set of blockchain's smart\ncontracts in Ethereum. Any entity may request an allocation of addresses to the\nInBlock registry by solely performing a (crypto)currency transfer to the\nInBlock. The fee required, along with the annual renewal fee, serves as a\nmechanism to deter stockpiling and other wasteful practices. As with any novel\ntechnology, there are many open questions about the usage of blockchains to\nbuild an IP address registry. For this reason, we believe that practical\nexperimentation is required in order to have hands-on experiences about such a\nsystem. We propose to conduct an experiment on distributed address management\nusing InBlock as a starting point to inform future directions in this area.\n

Damodaran Appukuttan Nair

The advent of crypto currencies like bitcoins has raised questions about the continuing relevance of fiat money and centralized financial institutions run by Leviathan States. Bitcoin is a crypto-currency engendered by new computation technology which relies on a distributed network of peer-to-peer computing agents referred to as ‘miners’. These agents earn bitcoins by successfully settling and securing economic transactions in electronic ledgers called blocks. Successive blocks are stringed together to form blockchains. This radically different world of alternative currencies heralds a change that leaves Leviathans nonplussed for four reasons. First, bitcoin miners, who function as neo-Spinozian multitudes, squarely challenge the prerogative of the State to issue fiat money. Second, these distributed communities usher in a new philosophy of time in order to measure their mining efforts objectively. Third, these communities change the existing state of affairs by linking bitcoin earnings to ‘proof of work’. The fourth contribution of this unique community lies in the ideas of consensus they embrace. However, in recent times, crypto currency miners, who are forced to ramp up their mining operations, are constrained to depend on the world of fiat money in order to mobilize resources. What was primarily designed as a digital means of payment has turned into a speculative asset undermining its ability to replace fiat money. This paper argues that the future of distributed networks will depend on whether they can obviate their pernicious dependence on the Leviathan by adopting rigorous codes of conduct for conducting their operations both autonomously and more sustainably.

Margo Hoftijzer, Piotr Stronkowski, Jakub Rozenbaum

Describes how vocational education and training (VET) fits in Poland’s overall education system, as well as the key features of the VET system and work-based learning (WBL) programs in Poland and the ?wi?tokrzyskie region. Compulsory education lasts nine years and consists of primary education, starting at age seven, and three years of lower secondary education, usually ending at age sixteen. Differentiation of educational pathways begins at the upper secondary level and includes (1) three-year general education; (2) four-year technical education; (3) three-year basic vocational education; and (4) three-year special needs education preparing for work, designed for students with learning disabilities. Management of education provision remains decentralized, with financing of secondary education based on transfers from the national budget. Beyond the apprenticeship scheme in basic vocational education, VET programs hardly require students to spend any time in firms, but key arrangements to organize and implement WBL exist in contracts between employers and VET schools.

Andre Luiz Torres Da [UNIFESP] Fonseca Junior

Introduction:. OPMEs have been singled out as items that increasingly compromise health care costs and are sometimes among the most expensive materials. Through supply chain management is known the cost containment, and because its unique features and because its homogeneous, decentralized and interconnected platform characteristics offered, Blockchain emerges as a natural solution for supply chain management. Objective: Develop a label based on the Blockchain Ethereum protocol for OPME. Methods: An antecedent search was performed in the databases: (LILACS, Medline, SciELO, Teses USP, Google and Google Scholar). For the development of the system, the methodology was used Design Thinking, which is divided into four phases: Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver. In the Discover phase, interviews were conducted and the Desk survey was produced; in the Define phase, the main functionalities of the system were determined; in the Developing phase, brainstorming sessions were held; and in the Deliver phase, the prototype and the final version of the service were produced. Results: From the Desk survey in the databases, articles for this research were found describing traceability services in supply chain management and articles reporting on Blockchain and Ethereum . No studies were found demonstrating its application. From the interviews and research Desk of the Discover phase, the functionalities and characteristics of the system were defined. The key is the need for an online service using Blockchain Ethereum technology to provide confidence to the relevant information in the OPME value chain. The prototype was developed and improved. The final system features all the functionality defined through Design Thinking Conclusion:. The label based on the Blockchain Ethereum protocol for OPME was designed.

Jun‐Ho Huh, Kyungryong Seo

No abstract is available for this record.

Simon Lebech Cichosz, Mads Nibe Stausholm, Thomas Kronborg, Peter Vestergaard · 5 authors

INTRODUCTION: Patients with diabetes often generate large amounts of data specifically related to the disease and to their general health. Cross-institutional sharing of patient health care data is complex, and as a consequence, data are not always available to the health care provider treating the patient. Accommodating this challenge could lead to better clinical effectiveness and improve clinical research. This work aims to present an approach for a blockchain-based platform for sharing health care data. The approach considers privacy concerns, data sharing, and patients as the center for governing their own data. METHODS: The concept of this blockchain-based platform consists of using the NEM multi-signature blockchain contracts for access control of data management and the sharing and encryption of data to allow privacy and control of health care data. The architecture is built around cryptography, tokens, and multi-signature contracts. The multi-signature contract enables several entities to administrate the activity of an account and control the assets of one account. Multi-signature generates a contract that assigns the rights and powers of a certain account to other accounts; this contract can be edited to allow or remove entities. DISCUSSION: Using blockchain could lead to improvements in diabetes data management. In the coming years, this technology should be implemented in existing small-scale diabetes health care system to explore its real-world benefits and challenges. CONCLUSION: This new approach could potentially lead to more efficient sharing of data between institutions and utilization of new types of data and research possibilities.

Vinod Kumar, Aakansha Sharma

No abstract is available for this record.

Silvia Bonomi, Marco Casini, Claudio Ciccotelli

One of the main issues in digital forensics is the management of evidences. From the time of evidence collection until the time of their exploitation in a legal court, evidences may be accessed by multiple parties involved in the investigation that take temporary their ownership. This process, called Chain of Custody (CoC), must ensure that evidences are not altered during the investigation, despite multiple entities owned them, in order to be admissible in a legal court. Currently digital evidences CoC is managed entirely manually with entities involved in the chain required to fill in documents accompanying the evidence. In this paper, we propose a Blockchain-based Chain of Custody (B-CoC) to dematerialize the CoC process guaranteeing auditable integrity of the collected evidences and traceability of owners. We developed a prototype of B-CoC based on Ethereum and we evaluated its performance.

Mikhail Yuryevich Kussy, В В Побирченко, Elena Alekseevna Shutaieva, Yevgeny Yuryevich Kakutich

This paper briefly presents the recent problems of the world financial system. The analysis of indicators of blockchain technologies has been carried out; their attractive aspects and disadvantages are singled out. Some potential possibilities of using blockchain technologies in various fields of activity are considered. Particular attention is paid to the prospects of application of blockchain technologies in the world financial system, which will allow solving a number of problems of the world financial system itself. The issues (including those of regulatory and institutional nature and predictable social strain as well) that people can face when implementing blockchain technologies in their everyday life, have been noted. The institutional changes in the world financial system that could appear after implementation of blockchain technologies are highlighted.

Denis Grigorevich Perepelitsa, Владимир Галанов, Aleхandra Vladimirovna Galanova, Ashkhanovich Badalov · 5 authors

Modern financial technologies, in particular cryptocurrencies, penetrate deeper and deeper into the life of the modern world and the Russian society. The spread of cryptocurrencies in almost all areas is promoted by the following advantages: anonymity of payments, low commissions, and the inability to restrict the owners’ access to their funds. The use of cryptocurrencies is not limited to the banking and medical areas, insurance and services industries. Some experts suggest the creation of cryptocurrency as the single currency of the Eurasian Economic Union. Today this issue is only being discussed, but the advantages and a wide spread of cryptocurrencies prove that they can become one of the possible solutions in the currency agreement of the EEU being developed. To assess the prospects of using cryptocurrencies in the Eurasian Economic Union, it is necessary to analyze the prerequisites of cryptosystems, as well as to study the history of their development. The purpose of this article is to make a comparative analysis of cryptocurrencies on the EEU market in terms of possible use of the cryptocurrency as a supranational means of payment. The article considers the prerequisites of cryptocurrencies. Features of the currently most popular cryptocurrencies are analyzed. Possibilities of using them as EEU supranational payment means are estimated. Directions of the cryptocurrencies development on the EEU market are studied.

Sudhakar Sukhadeo Morey

The passage of the constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 marked a watershed in the history of Modern India. With this amendment, a uniformity structure of Panchayats emerged throughout the country. Similarly, the passage of the constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992 was a land mark in the history of municipal administration in India. As a result of these amendments, Panchayats and Municipalities are now constitutional bodies forming third tier of the federal policy of India.1 India’s decentralization initiative in the form of seventy-third and seventy fourth Amendments poses challenges and offers opportunities. Tenth Finance Commission onwards every Finance Commission allocated the grants funds to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).

Владимир Галанов, Denis Grigorevich Perepelitsa, Aleхandra Vladimirovna Galanova, Natalia Chelukhina · 5 authors

In recent years, there has been an intensive market formation process which involves interrelations of various cryptocurrencies and other financial tools formed on the basis of cryptoplatforms. This process is fraught with numerous difficulties relating to determining the status of these new tools in the legal sphere of relations among market participants. However, the key role consists in the identification of the economic content of cryptotools. The purpose of the present article is to substantiate the proposals on the economic essence of cryptotools and the resulting models of their market formation. The article deals with the economic aspects of cryptotools and suggests possible models of their markets. Currently, in cryptocurrency market formation, the evolutionary path is dominated. Therefore, the article discusses the main tendencies characteristic of this development path. However, the authors also emanate from the necessity of cryptocurrency market formation under the regulating influence of the state and give recommendations on the cryptocurrency market formation based on the interaction of market participants with regulating bodies of state power. It is this approach that allows minimizing financial risks for investors, providing stability of money circulation and macroeconomic resilience, creating favorable conditions for this market to take the proper place in the contemporary economy, and in the digitalization processes occurring in the economy.

Theodoros Kasampalis, Dwight Guth, Brandon Moore, Traian Florin Şerbănuţă · 8 authors

Most languages are given an informal semantics until they are implemented, so the formal semantics comes later. Consequently, there are usually inconsistencies among the informal semantics, the implementation, and the formal semantics. IELE is an LLVM-like language for the blockchain that was specified formally and its implementation, a virtual machine, generated from the formal specification. Moreover, its design was based on problems observed formalizing the semantics of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and from formally specifying and verifying EVM programs (also called “smart contracts”), so even the design decisions made for IELE are based on formal specifications. A compiler from Solidity, the predominant high-level language for smart contracts, to IELE has also been implemented, so Ethereum contracts can now also be executed on IELE. The virtual machine automatically generated from the semantics of IELE is shown to be competitive in terms of performance with the state of the art and hence can stand as the de facto implementation of the language in a production setting. Indeed, IOHK, a major blockchain company, is currently experimenting with the IELE VM in order to deploy it as its computational layer in a few months. This makes IELE the first practical language that is designed and implemented as a formal specification. It took only 10 man-months to develop IELE, which demonstrates that the programming language semantics field has reached a level of maturity that makes it appealing over the traditional, adhoc approach even for pragmatic reasons.

A. V. Babkin, Diana Burkaltseva, Aleksandr Betskov, Hizri Shapievich Kilyaskhanov · 6 authors

The authors consider the problems, trends and consequences of automation of processes in various sectors of the economy, including industry. These activities are becoming more and more relevant in the current era of digitalization and the formation of the digital economy both abroad and in Russia. Currently in the process of automation, which includes robotics and automation of technological processes (production machines); development in the field of artificial intelligence; open systems (Blockchain); big data concept; software algorithms and systems (software); neural networks – it is not possible to adequately assess the consequences and possibilities of qualitative changes in the activities of enterprises in its implementation.The purpose of this research is to study the trends and consequences of the automation introduction and of the implementation of enterprise, industry and economy digitalization processes. Accordingly, the objectives of the research are: to identify the main directions and problems of the introduction of automation, to study the current state of the labor market in the world, to consider the Blockchain technology and its advantages in various fields.Methods of research. Dialectical method of scientific knowledge was applied in the research of the role of automation, the computational and analytical methods of observation, measurement, analysis and comparison of indicators characterizing unemployment in the world.Results. At the moment, the main problems of the implementation of automation are the institutional and legal norms, including the uncertainty of responsibility in the case of the event. In the process of economy and industry digitalization Blockchain technology is actively used – as one of the areas of automation and digitization tool of economic and technological processes. Blockchain remains an experimental technology – many problems of its use have not been solved yet. The uniqueness of the Blockchain lies in the immutability or irreversibility, which is guaranteed by the cryptographic protection system. The authors show that the new ways of using the technology are being developed: banks, payments and money transfers, cyber security, education, voting, car leasing and sale, network technologies and the Internet of things; insurance, forecasting, car sharing, document flow.Summary. On the basis of the conducted research, the authors propose to use Blockchain in the document flow in the Universities, where in particular, it is possible to solve the problem of the teaching staff and students reporting. By developing the system of authorization of the teaching staff reporting at the University on the basis of the Blockchain technology, it is possible to identify and verify qualitatively and to generate scientific reports faster within the structural units and Universities as a whole.

Nuno Filipe Enxurreira Tavares

No abstract is available for this record.

Luis Claudio Arcos

Blockchain does appear to have a transformative potential for creativity industries. Mougayar (2016) states that blockchain technology is as important as the World Wide Web. Although this technology is in its early days, it holds the potential to drastically change the supply chain. Organizations such as Open Music Initiative have already started to explore these possibilities. This article aims to analyze how might blockchain technology emerges as a disruptive force on the music industry.

Silvana Santos Gomes

The ultimate development of a disruptive and innovative contractual form has been imposing new challenges and the need of a proper regulatory framework in the legal field. Smart contracts consist on an internet protocol in which programming language and digital codes are used to input clauses that had already been agreed by the parties and that, upon the fulfillment of a determined condition previously established, shall be automatically self-executed. This new way of creating, transferring and extinguishing patrimonial rights and duties has been playing a major role in the context of the Creative Economy, in which intellectual capital, agility and the automatization of operations constitute fundamental factors. In order to investigate the characteristics and possibilities of adopting smart contracts under the perspective of the Brazilian legal order and its insertion in the Creative Economy, this paper has applied the theoretical and methodological framework of the Economic Analysis of Law so as to pursue the analytical exercise that it is committed to perform.