Xin Sun, MingâHui Chen, Yanping Zhu, Tingting Li
The decentralization, transparency, fairness and openness of blockchain technology are consistent with the concept of energy Internet, which can effectively solve the problems of data authenticity, trust crisis in the energy Internet system. Firstly, the market architecture, operation mechanism and existing problems of the energy Internet are introduced, then the characteristics of the blockchain technology and its consistency with the energy Internet are discussed, then typical applications of blockchain technology in energy Internet trading system, distributed energy industry and electric vehicle industry are introduced. Finally, the challenges faced by blockchain technology in the energy Internet are analyzed and a conclusion is given.
Future electricity distribution grids will host a considerable share of variable renewable energy sources, such as roof photo voltaic and small wind power. The households will progressively become prosumers playing an active role on localized peer-to-peer electricity trading. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that enables households to autonomously exchange energy with neighbors based on blockchain techniques, aimed to locally balancing renewable energy production.
In blockchain systems, miners execute transactions in blocks. Since each block has a limit on the number of transactions, miners usually prioritise transactions by selecting the most profitable ones. However, miners are uncertain about the exact income and the exact cost of executing transactions. Thus, they are not able to make informed decisions of which transactions to select and execute in order to maximise their profits. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the uncertainty that miners perceive about the income and the cost of executing transactions and the impact of this uncertainty on the profit miners can gain. To achieve this aim, we design a simulation model, collect the input data for the model, implement the model and run an experiment on the model. Our simulation results show that the uncertainty miners perceive about the cost of executing transactions has a significant impact on the block profit. On the contrary, our results do not show a significant impact of the income uncertainty on the block profit.
A secure communications infrastructure featuring email, chat, and a MIPR application was developed to a proof of concept level using a blockchain database to store the contents. The blockchain, which already provides a completely secure method of exchanging cryptocurrencies, can be extended to any transactional or communications paradigm. Email applications are described in which application-level standard protocols (e.g. SMTP, POP3, IMAP) were enhanced to optionally allow messages to be routed through a blockchain using familiar client applications such as MS Outlook or Thunderbird. Chat applications are discussed similarly, using the IRC protocol and a custom web-based protocol based on Socket. IO. A MIPR application is also featured where the ability of multiple parties to sign documents and release funds is illustrated. The integrity of the blockchain, inherent in its distributed nature, is discussed along with enhanced software to enable quick recovery from a breach.
Blockchain technology is actually a distributed database technology. It adopts a series of security technologies such as P2P network technology, asymmetric encryption technology and smart contract technology to ensure the security and reliability of transactions. It has advantages of decentralization, anonymity and traceability. In view of the problems existing in the current centralized network transaction mode, this paper creatively proposes the design scheme of ânetwork trading system based on blockchain technologyâ, and proposes a safe and feasible network transaction system model to ensure the transaction in network data transmission, data processing and other aspects of security. In-depth research and elaboration of some key technologies and principles in the network trading system. Comprehensive application of P2P network technology, asymmetric encryption technology, consensus mechanism, smart contract and other technologies to solve the security problem of network transaction systems. The specific implementation process is given for the transaction system from the aspects of demand analysis, transaction process, interface design, data model design and storage scalability design. Finally, it summarizes the application of blockchain technology in network transactions and points out the future research direction.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Currency Recognition and Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
He Zhu, Yichuan Wang, Xinhong Hei, Wenjiang Ji ¡ 5 authors
Application services in cloud computing model have complex scheduling, composition, configuration and deployment conditions, even in the multi-condition requirements, it can also be based on the change of time to schedule virtual services. Therefore, the demand of optimizing cloud computing scheduling strategy to ensure cloud data security and recovery ability is increasingly prominent. This paper proposes a trusted distributed audit method for cloud task scheduling, which is used for the trusted storage of cloud task scheduling information in the cloud cluster. This method mainly uses a distributed solution that combines block chain technology and traditional cloud server to solve the problem of integrity and security of cloud task scheduling, in order to prevent potential. The vulnerabilities in the system cause significant losses to the system. The architecture of this paper is composed of four parts: cloud cluster, control system, block chain network, and cloud database. We store the hash data of cloud task scheduling information into blockchain network and store the original data to the cloud data base, which guarantees the cloud task within the cloud cluster. Data security and integrity, and provide a new idea for future research system recovery.
Itâs has been years and we still have a lot of downtimes in the major online platforms we use. When we go deep down and understand the problem, itâs all because of SPOF i. e. Single point of failure (which is a part of a system that, if it fails, it will stop the entire system from working). By this there is a possibility of downtime or hack or tampering of data or loss of data. Bitcoin is the first application of blockchain, then a lot of communities like Ethereum , etc. have been developing dApp protocols and frameworks to build applications in blockchain. Also a world renowned framework called Hyperledger Project is also in development made by an open source community consisting of people from large organisations. Early days and also now we have been using a technology called Torrent which is also decentralized. And now the question why to use decentralized systems in regards of issues with the largest social media company the problem was with the data that it had stored. Imagine a network that gives you the full control and privacy of data you share, send and get. Also not having a single second of service unavailability. The main aim of the project is to build a database system to achieve the goal of decentralized internet.
In recent years, Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies have attracted a great deal of attention from the whole industry including the financial as a new settlement system. Transaction information of these cryptocurrencies is stored in a distribution ledger called Blockchain on the P2P network through processing such as PoW. Meanwhile, since PoW requires a large amount of computer resources, researches on private / consortium type blockchain that do not need PoW. In this paper, we propose a decentralized netting protocol using a consortium type block chain that has the channel function. On a system that implements the proposed protocol, netting settlement can be performed on P2P hiding information of the sender and receiver name of transaction, amount of money, calculation butt of netting, and without setting up a specific central organization such as a central server.
In this world of digitalization, if you want to deliver digital services of any kind, Cloud Computing has emerged as an invincible technology. It anticipates on shared computing resources instead of setting up local servers to manage, store and process data. It is in preference these days because of its convenience, scalability, low cost, easy accessibility and high availability. There are few security concerns which arise while using Cloud Computing. This paper analyses Cloud Computing using framework of blockchain for different problems faced in Cloud computing. A block chain is an uninterrupted list of records, called blocks that are associated with each other and secured by making the use of cryptography. The risks and difficulties associated with Cloud Computing are manifested so as to explain why block chain is disruptive and justified technology in solving the concern and how electronic wallets which work on principle of blockchain in cloud computing environments preserves user data integrity. A detailed indexing of applications is also being presented, keeping in mind the recent progress in the field of technologies.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In the rapidly growing digital and technological world, Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming very popular and widely implemented. As more and more IoT devices are deployed in an uncontrolled, complex and often hostile environment, securing the IoT devices, systems and data exchange presents numerous unique challenges. With data sensitive IoT applications, there is an utmost need to protect and explore user privacy, access control, third party involvement, and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) information exchange in order to avoid critical security breach and cyberattacks. Most of the security and privacy issues of the interconnected heterogeneous resource constrained smart IoT devices are unable to be solved efficiently by traditional security practices. On the other hand, Blockchain technology is well-thought-out as emerging and revolutionary concept, initiated from cryptocurrency, and now making way to enhance various scenarios in digital paradigm, mainly due to its decentralized nature and transparency. This paper reviews the adoption of IoT in various fields and its applications to automate and improve living conditions, along with security and privacy risks arising from organization and functioning of different IoT components. Moreover, the study is specifically based on how effectively the Blockchain technology can be leveraged for strengthening IoT security and privacy implications, and possible limitations of embedding Blockchain with IoT framework.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is simultaneously the largest and the fastest growing distributed system known to date. With the expectation of 50 billion of devices coming online by 2020, far surpassing the size of the human population, problems related to scale, trustability and security are anticipated. Current IoT architectures are inherently flawed as they are centralized on the cloud and explore fragile trust-based relationships over a plethora of loosely integrated devices, leading to IoT platforms being non-robust for every party involved and unable to scale properly in the near future. The need for a new architecture that addresses these concerns is urgent as the IoT is progressively more ubiquitous, pervasive and demanding regarding the integration of devices and processing of data increasingly susceptible to reliability and security issues. In this thesis, we propose a decentralized ledgering solution for the IoT, leveraging a recent concept: blockchains. Rather than replacing the cloud, our solution presents a scalable and fault-tolerant middleware for recording transactions between peers, under verifiable and decentralized trustability assumptions and authentication guarantees for IoT devices, cloud services and users. Following on the emergent trend in modern IoT architectures, we leverage smart hubs as blockchain gateways, aggregating, pre-processing and forwarding small amounts of data and transactions in proximity conditions, that will be verified and processed as transactions in the blockchain. The proposed middleware acts as a secure ledger and establishes private channels between peers, requiring transactions in the blockchain to be signed using threshold signature schemes and grouporiented verification properties. The approach improves the decentralization and robustness characteristics under Byzantine fault-tolerance settings, while preserving the blockchain distributed nature.
Blockchain technology, on which digital currencies are based, is poised to be the most important disruption business innovation since the Internet. Today researchers and renowned companies have proposed the use of this technology in other areas such as voting, identity management, smart city, and others. Regarding smart city, car navigation systems is one of the main research directions that aims to streamline traffic and calculate travel routes. Existing applications such as Google Traffic or Waze are often used, but for users worried about their personal data, these systems are something of a black box. Using blockchain technology, in this paper we describe the architecture of a car navigation system in which personal data protection is a major concern.
In this paper, we propose a new framework based on two main concepts: Software-Defined Vehicular Networks (SDVN) and Blockchain to efficiently manage and secure Vehicular Social Network (VSN). Using SDVN makes the network programmable, virtualized, and partitionable, but also it creates a well-known vulnerability named single-point of failure. Hence we propose to introduce a Blockchain paradigm that enables to certify the transactions and provide anonymity of data in distributed way using miners nodes. To this end, we introduce three levels of controllers: Principal controller (PC), Road Side Units (RSU) and miners. The PC has a global overview of the network like network topology. The RSU is an intermediate between the PC and the miners. We select local controllers acting as miners due to safety and performance. In order to select miners, we propose a Distributed Miners Connected Dominating Set algorithm (DM-CDS). The DM-CDS is a distributed algorithm with a single phase that supports dynamic topology. The selection of miners is based on a function called miner-score which depends on trust parameter particularly trust metric and network parameters such as: the connectivity degree, the average link quality indicator and the rank. The performance of the proposed DM-CDS is evaluated using many scenarios with different parameters like trust metric, node density, node mobility and radio range. The obtained results show the importance of the proposed architecture in terms of number of miners (CDS size) and robustness with different scenarios.
Oct 1, 2018¡2018 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI)
Jing Long, Dafang Zhang, Wei Liang, KuanâChing Li
Protection of IPs through watermarking techniques is prevalent to prevent IP infringement. In previous researches, authentication of watermark in IPs easily disclosures sensitive information of real embedded watermarks, where the evidence of identifying IP ownership may be attacked by illegal verifiers. Despite several watermark detection techniques can address the disclosure of sensitive information in detection procedure, the efficiency for such a detection remains relatively low. Besides, it may yield to large communication overhead on multiple authentication rounds. Motivated by the needs of robustness and efficiency, it is proposed in this work a leakage-resilient protocol to authenticate ownership of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) bitfile design using zero-knowledge proof. The prover can convince the verifier that he knows a secret in the suspected bitfile design via only one interaction. Real locations of watermarks are concealed through location anonymity. With the received authentication package from the prover, the verifier cannot obtain other useful information about watermarks. From experiments, we show that the proposed authentication technique achieves high efficiency and robustness on watermark detection.
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
This paper gives a definition of collective self-consumption and introduces the current regulatory framework in some European countries. It proposes a review of relevant Demand Side Management (DSM) methods applicable to improve the collective self-consumption rate. It also introduces the concept of blockchain and its possible applications to collective self-consumption, with a focus on some current experimentations. Current blockchain applications include validation of measured data and energy transactions. New architectures propose a completely decentralized energy market and grid control based on the blockchain technology. However, a deeper analysis of the benefit of blockchain is required. The legal framework will also play a role on the future deployment of these applications.
Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) and block chain technology are growing rapidly. Particularly, there is an attempt to change the centralized access control method of IoT into a distributed method using a block chain. With the access control method currently presented, data communication between physically separated IoT devices is impossible. In addition, a policy corresponding to a number of dynamic IoT scenarios must be generated in advance in order for data exchanges to be performed. In this paper, we propose a dynamic access control scheme to solve the problems of the existing access control method for direct data communication between devices and to cope with the dynamic environment of IoT.
Since 2016, China has officially regarded blockchain technology as a subversive innovation that will fundamentally transform major industries. Current blockchain projects in China are dominated by private or consortium blockchains that have their accessibility firmly controlled; for public blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, access is free for all. Not surprisingly, by weakening state control of digital data, public blockchains may neutralise Chinaâs decades of efforts in building internet filtering systems. The existing development trajectory of private and consortium blockchains is likely to advance steadfastly, and citizens and companies in China may be required to use state-controlled blockchains.
The need to process the verity, volume and velocity of data generated by today's Internet of Things (IoT) devices has pushed both academia and the industry to investigate new architectural alternatives to support the new challenges. As a result, Edge Computing (EC) has emerged to address these issues, by placing part of the cloud resources (e.g., computation, storage, logic) closer to the edge of the network, which allows faster and context dependent data analysis and storage. However, as EC infrastructures grow, different providers who do not necessarily trust each other need to collaborate in order serve different IoT devices. In this context, EC infrastructures, IoT devices and the data transiting the network all need to be subject to identity and provenance checks, in order to increase trust and accountability. Each device/data in the network needs to be identified and the provenance of its actions needs to be tracked. In this paper, we propose a blockchain container based architecture that implements the W3C-PROV Data Model, to track identities and provenance of all orchestration decisions of a business network. This architecture provides new forms of interaction between the different stakeholders, which supports trustworthy transactions and leads to a new decentralized interaction model for IoT based applications.
The perfect currency should have limited supply, easily recognizable, durable, as well as portable. Bitcoins as one of the cryptocurrencies have tremendous benefits for most marginalized people, merchants, tax departments and regulatory authorities. It has better price discovery, is anti-inflationary. Because of less awareness among people there are less research work. Many people are unaware of the usefulness and technology related to cryptocurrency. This paper aims at to review working of Bitcoin technology and to explore technological aspects of this cryptocurrency. It also discusses the possibilities of Bitcoinâs implementation as currency in India
Energy deficiency and carbon emission are two increasingly grave issues recently. Energy Internet (EI), as a promising solution, has received extensive attentions globally. Among numerous key technologies and practice of EI, vehicle to grid (V2G) provides a feasible solution to reduce the level of demand-supply mismatch by leveraging the bidirectional energy-trading capabilities of electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient V2G energy trading framework by exploring blockchain and edge computing. First, we develop a consortium blockchain-based secure energy trading mechanism for V2G. Then, edge computing has been incorporated to improve the successful probability of block creation. The computational resource allocation problem is modeled as a two-stage Stackelberg leader-follower game, and the optimal strategies are obtained by using the backward induction approach. Finally, the performance of the proposed framework is validated via numerical results and theoretical analysis.
Michael Hinterstocker, Florian Haberkorn, Andreas Zeiselmair, Serafin von Roon
Only a small share of German households make use of the opportunity to regularly switch their electricity supplier in order to fulfill their needs. Besides the relatively low possible monetary savings, another reason is the fact of long running contracts. The process of supplier switching for stakeholders in the energy market is quite time-consuming. This is caused by inefficient design of the process steps due to a lack of automation, of common data management and of direct communication between these stakeholders. Two options for optimizing this by means of a blockchain-based system are described and discussed here. These allow simplified communication between participating parties and therefore potentially quicker completion of the process. They enable automation of the whole process, prevent delays due to inconsistent data and therefore, allow intraday switching. An exemplary proof-of-concept implementation on the Ethereum blockchain shows the feasibility of the approach. Nevertheless, the advantages and disadvantages when compared to an alternative automated implementation, which is not blockchain-based, are still to be thoroughly examined.