We study the efficiency of cryptocurrencies by measuring the price’s reaction time to unexpected relevant information. We find the average price delay to significantly decrease during the last three years. For the cross-section of 75 cryptocurrencies we find delays to be highly correlated with liquidity.
Emilija Stojmenova Duh, Andrej Duh, Uroš Droftina, Tim Kos · 7 authors
Scholarly communication is today immersed in publish or perish culture that propels noncooperative behaviour in the sense of strategic games played by researchers. Here we introduce and describe a blockchain based platform for decentralized scholarly communication. The design of the platform rests on community driven publishing reviewing processes and implements incentives that promote cooperative user behaviour. Key to achieve cooperation in blockchain based scholarly communication is to transform a static research paper into a modifiable research paper under continuous peer review process. We describe and discuss the implementation of a modifiable research paper as a smart contract on the blockchain.
Nguyen Cong Luong, Tran The Anh, Huỳnh Thị Thanh Bình, Dusit Niyato · 6 authors
To ensure that the data aggregation, data storage, and data processing are all performed in a decentralized but trusted manner, we propose to use the blockchain with the mining pool to support IoT services based on cognitive radio networks. As such, the secondary user can send its sensing data, i.e., transactions, to the mining pools. After being verified by miners, the transactions are added to the blocks. However, under the dynamics of the primary channel and the uncertainty of the mempool state of the mining pool, it is challenging for the secondary user to determine an optimal transaction transmission policy. In this paper, we propose to use the deep reinforcement learning algorithm to derive an optimal transaction transmission policy for the secondary user. Specifically, we adopt a Double Deep-Q Network (DDQN) that allows the secondary user to learn the optimal policy. The simulation results clearly show that the proposed deep reinforcement learning algorithm outperforms the conventional Q-learning scheme in terms of reward and learning speed.
ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the ability of local revenue (PAD) to the regional finance of Musi Banyuasin Regency. The object of this research is Musi Banyuasin Regency. Data analysis technique used in this research was qualitative analysis technique. The results of this study indicated that the ratio of finance (Decentralization degree) showed that the ability of the original income of the district government of Musi Banyuasin could be said to be not good / independent. It was because the average comparison between Local Own Revenue (PAD) to the Total Revenue District Government of Musi Banyuasin less than 50%. Effectiveness ratio showed that on average from 2010 to 2014 amounted to 103.23%. This could be said to be effective because with the target set was worth more than 100%. With the realization of local revenues on average by 103.23%, the Local Own Revenue (PAD) of Musi Banyuasin Regency based on the ratio of the effectiveness of local revenue was good enough. The degree of Fiscal Autonomy (DOF) of 4.31% with very less criteria. This means that the tendency of the ability of local government of Musi Banyuasin Regency in self-financing activities of government administration, development and service to the community was still very low. Routine Capability Indicators (IKR) of Musi Banyuasin Regency from 2012 to 2014 were up down, on average Index Routine Capability (IKR) was 4.23% with very less criteria. This indicated that the Government of Musi Banyuasin Regency was dependent on the central government
Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer network that facilitates transactions between parties minus the proof requirement of an appointed third party (i.e., banks or financial institutions). Accurate understanding into the implementation of bitcoin can be acquired from data of the universal record of bitcoin transactions. Although data from numerous websites show that bitcoin daily transactions count has reached capacities of tens of thousands, it is widely believed that most of these transactions comprise activities between speculators and only a few are actually used for trading of goods and services. The chapter explores if bitcoin has achieved the characteristics of money. For it to survive, bitcoin must overcome the problems of its unconventional pricing mechanism, shortage of vendors who accept it, and the circuitous way of obtaining it.
Marc Alier, Daniel Amo-Filvà, Francisco José García‐Peñalvo, David Fonseca Escudero · 5 authors
Learning Analytics collect sensitive data from students. In some cases, the ethics behind the use or access by third parties are not clear. This situation raises adverse reactions and feelings of fear that generates a negative perception towards the use of Learning Analytics. In consequence, it is questioned whether privacy and security can be preserved when collecting educational data. As a result, some policies and good practices are set to frame how student data should be used in the application of this analytical approach. Its objective is to increase confidence in the application of Learning Analytics. However, some of these legal actions, which are limited to the areas in which they are originated, are the result of allegations of data leakage. Hence, these initiatives can do little to insure the use of sensitive data of students in unknown situations. To ensure continuity and an increase of confidence in the application of Learning Analytics is necessary to bind to legality a new approach to safeguard privacy of students' data in its current and future uses. Considering the above, it is possible to add a technological layer above these policies that ensures its viability. Some emerging technologies such as blockchain and smart contracts are strong candidates to ensure privacy and secure sensible data of students. The use of smart contracts allows the automation of legal actions so that they are executed as soon as irregularities in the use or data collection are detected. In this work, we propose a series of actions to preserve the identity of students and secure their data with emerging technologies such as blockchain.
Bitcoin is considered to be the world's first peer-to-peer and unregulated crypto-currency which has received widespread popularity in the last few years. It is issued and controlled by the members of the Bitcoin system. The success of Bitcoin has spurred the launch of many other crypto-currencies. Despite being widely adopted by various large-scale businesses, Bitcoin transactions are still exposed to many known as well as zero-day attacks due to various vulnerabilities being exploited by the malicious entities. In order to achieve reliable and secure transactions, extensive research needs to be carried out to critically examine Bitcoin architecture and its level of security. In this regard, this chapter presents a holistic analysis of Bitcoin architecture and a survey of the attacks prevalent to its transactions. As an evaluation of the Bitcoin system, a comparison of different crypto-currencies has been presented, based on their features, possible attacks, disadvantages, and the advantages which they possess over Bitcoin.
The chapter “The Evolution of Virtual Currencies: Analyzing the Case of Bitcoin” by Manrique and Manrique was recently published in the book Information and Communication Technologies in Public Administration. It was written at the height of the bitcoin controversy when its value skyrocketed and waned. More than a year has passed since research on that was undertaken, and it seems that the issues with regards to bitcoin as a virtual acceptable currency has calmed down. It is the purpose of this chapter to give an update on the status of bitcoin as a currency and to determine its stability and ability to become a real currency.
Daniel Amo-Filvà, Francisco José García‐Peñalvo, Marc Alier, David Fonseca Escudero · 5 authors
The collection of students' sensible data raises adverse reactions against Learning Analytics that decreases the confidence in its adoption. The laws and policies that surround the use of educational data are not enough to ensure privacy, security, validity, integrity and reliability of students' data. This problem has been detected through literature review and can be solved if a technological layer of automated checking rules is added above these policies. The aim of this thesis is to research about an emerging technology such as blockchain to preserve the identity of students and secure their data. In a first stage a systematic literature review will be conducted in order to set the context of the research. Afterwards, and through the scientific method, we will develop a blockchain based solution to automate rules and constraints with the aim to let students the governance of their data and to ensure data privacy and security.
A blockchain is a decentralized ledger where all transactions are recorded. For having a reliable blockchain and double-spending prevention, we need a decentralized consensus and agreement on a blockchain. Bitcoin uses proof-of-work (PoW). It is a cryptographic puzzle that is difficult to solve but easy to verify. However, because of significant latency of proof-of-work for transactions confirmation, this consensus mechanism is vulnerable against double-spending. On the other hand, PoW consumes a significant amount of energy that by growing the network, it becomes a major problematic of this consensus mechanism. In this paper, we introduce an alternative to PoW, because of all its major problems and security issues that may lead to collapsing decentralization of the blockchain, while a full decentralized system is the main purpose of using blockchain technology. The approach we introduce is based on a distributed voting process and called "RDV: Register, Deposit, Vote". Since in RDV algorithm, there is no mining process, so it is appropriate for low-level energy devices and Internet of Things (IoT).
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
For the consideration of party branches at all levels, and of all comrades throughout the country and overseas: Ever since the time when the former Director General was still alive, we observe that revolution has had a long but unsuccessful history. When it was resolutely decided to reorganize our party, already at that time there were a band of good-for-nothing rightist party members who wanted to avoid genuine revolution, for they knew that reorganization and renovation were not advantageous for thieving idlers, monopolists, and those who seek office in order to enrich themselves. They obstructed it in every possible way, and after the First National Congress decided on revolutionary tactics, people of that ilk, knowing that obstruction could not in the end prevail, openly rebelled. Feng Ziyou, Ma Su, and others colluded with Duan Qirui and Zhang Zuolin, and formed a group urging them on. 1 After Yang Ximin and Liu 264 Zhenhuan had colluded with British imperialism to cause trouble in the rear, 2 Liang Hongkai, Zheng Runqi, Mo Xiong, Zhu Zhuowen, and others acted even more ruthlessly in savagely assassinating our brave Comrade Liao Zhongkai. 3 Thus they sought to overturn the Guangzhou revolutionary base at a single stroke. At this juncture, when the existence or ruin, the disappearance or survival of our party are at stake, we cannot but take the sternest measures against those party members who have betrayed the party, in order to preserve our party’s revolutionary position. Fortunately, we can rely on the prestige of the former Director General’s revolutionary spirit, 4 and on the resolute and courageous efforts of all the comrades. In June of this year, we swept away Yang and Liu, and in September we eliminated 5 all the traitors of the Liao affair. Thus the Guangzhou base was returned from danger to security, and the cause of revolution, after a detour, returned to its old course. Thus our unity was tempered, and further advances could be expected. We did not provide for the fact that those people, with their unspeakably evil hearts, would once again collude with Xiong Kewu in an attempt to take Guangzhou from north of the river, attacking from three directions, together with Chen Jiongming and Deng Benyin, under the 265 command of British imperialism, in the hope of destroying our revolutionary forces. 6 Once again, thanks to our comrades’ united efforts, within two months these obstinate enemies approaching from three sides were eliminated and the forces of revolution were strengthened. At this time, a small number of comrades in Beijing once again announced the convening of the Fourth Plenum of the Central Executive Committee. 7 Now it would appear that, in accordance with the decision reiterated at the Third Plenum of the Central Committee on May 21 and May 23, the Fourth Plenum of the Central Committee can only be held in Guangzhou. For it has long been decided that the Second National Congress should meet in Guangzhou, and also that a Fourth Plenum of the Central Committee should be held to prepare resolutions for the Congress. On October 30, the Central Committee decided that the Fourth Plenum should be convened three weeks before the national Congress. This being the case, and Guangzhou being our party’s revolutionary base, whereas Beijing is a place where warlords and counterrevolutionaries gather and exert great pressure, and given that the Congress is public in nature, how can we reject Guangzhou and go to Beijing? 8 Manifestly, a band of party members who oppose the party has seized a fraudulent occasion and is egging on a minority of Central Committee members whose revolutionary convictions are wavering, with a view to actions that are not in the interest of our party. One of them is Zou Lu. Now we observe that in our party, from its reorganization to the present, reactionary party members from Feng Ziyou to Zou Lu have consistently attacked our party and its government; they have uttered accusations such as “Communism,” “uniting with Russia,” “accepting Communist elements,” “supporting Communism” and so on. This is a tactic used by the imperialists and the warlords to sow dissension within the alliance of all the classes for the national revolution. Since our comrades have no affinity with the imperialists and the warlords, they should not aid their propaganda , 9 thereby causing confusion in the national consciousness. Moreover, facts are facts, and these rumors cannot survive for long. For uniting with Russia, and accepting Communists, are important tactics of our party in pursuing the goal of victory in the revolution. The late Director General was the first to decide on them, and after they were adopted at the First National Congress, they had an objective basis and a profound justification. Now, today’s revolution is an episode in the final decisive struggle between the 266 two great forces of revolution and counterrevolution in the world. It is different in nature from all other revolutions in history. Consequently, the progress of the revolution is naturally different as regards its tactics. Today imperialism has long since banded together to exercise pressure on our party. If our party’s revolutionary strategy does not take as its starting point union with Soviet Russia; if it does not secure the great masses of the worker and peasant classes as its foundation; if it does not accept the Communists, who advocate the interests of the peasants and workers; then the revolutionary forces will sink into isolation, and the revolution will not be able to succeed. The reason our party could not achieve victory in the 1911 Revolution is that at the time, the counterrevolutionary forces were united on an international basis, whereas the revolutionary forces of our party as yet belonged to no international union. Moreover, within our country, a great mass basis had not yet been called into being, and we were reduced to isolation and therefore were obliged to accept compromises, which ultimately led to defeat. Things having reached the point where they are today, how can we follow along in the same old track? Those imperialists and militarists are truly terrified lest we adopt revolutionary tactics, and they seek on every hand to sow dissension and to sabotage us, with the aim of making our party lose all its friends and allies inside and outside the country, and of placing us once more in our previous isolated situation. Thus the cause of revolution could never triumph, and those people would finally realize their dream of ruling China forever. Their scheme is truly as venemous as this. A small group of our comrades, making inadequate observations, has always been fooled by these divisive policies. Most of the disruption within the party over the years originates with this. We must recognize that in today’s situation, he who is not for the revolution is for counterrevolution. There is absolutely no neutral ground in the middle. But if you want revolution, you must unite with all revolutionary factions internationally and within the country. Only if you unite as one can you fight the decisive battle against counterrevolution without being defeated. Otherwise, there is no way you can avoid defeat. Not only will you be defeated, but you yourself might fall into the danger of sinking into counterrevolution. The cases of all those party members who have betrayed the party, from Feng Ziyou to Zou Lu, are proof of this. The matter of this meeting in Beijing has already been the subject of a severe warning from this committee, 10 and it has moreover been decided that the Second Congress will meet on January 1 of next year. On December 11 of this year, the Fourth Plenum of the Central Committee will meet in Guangzhou. We have already telegraphed to all members of the committee in Beijing and Shanghai urging them to come south on that day to participate in the meeting. The majority of the committee members are of the same mind, so originally there was no problem at all. Recently, however, rumors have been rife inside and outside the 267 party, many of them arising from failure to understand our party’s policy. Consequently, we are sending this circular telegram to comrades everywhere throughout the country, regarding the process of struggle with counterrevolution since reorganization and the revolutionary principles adopted by the former Director General. We hope that every comrade will support the Director General’s views and will not be misled by heterodox doctrines . 11 The future of the revolution depends unequivocally on this. The present announcement is sent to make this known to you.
Stakeholder participation is a cornerstone of effective Requirements Engineering (RE). It supports the development and evolution of software systems so that they fit their intended purpose within their application domain. To enable successful stakeholder participation RE experts have created a broad variety of approaches for different circumstances and project phases. These approaches focus on traditionally dedicated software systems, which have closed and location-bound user groups. The stakeholders of these systems usually are members of the organizations that commission or build the system. Meanwhile, technological development has opened doors for ubiquitously deployed and openly available software systems. Stakeholders of these systems are rarely members of those organizations. Instead, they are so-called outside organizational reach and typically unknown to RE experts. Hence, in contrast to stakeholders of traditionally dedicated software systems, they can neither straightforwardly be identified nor be requested to participate in RE. Moreover, they are likely location-independent, numerous and highly heterogeneous. Current RE approaches do not suffice to address these challenges. Established RE approaches provide limited means to identify stake- holders outside organizational reach, let alone motivate them to voluntarily participate in RE. They also cannot support collaboration in distributed settings or on a large scale, yet, collaboration is known to be essential for the development of novel systems and in unknown domains. Feedback mechanisms and social network sites enable distributed and large-scale collaboration. However, their effectiveness is limited as they originally have no RE purpose and typically are restricted to their members. Latest RE approaches close this gap and also apply motivation strategies, which, however, are simplified, missing the high heterogeneity of stakeholders out- side organizational reach; thus, risking to demotivate them. This thesis presents the GARUSO (Game-based Requirements Elicitation) approach, a novel RE approach specifically designed for stakeholders outside organizational reach. It provides (1) a strategy to identify them and (2) a social media based platform that enables their collaborative participation in RE and applies gamification to motivate them to do so. The GARUSO platform is the core of the thesis. Its conceptual solution is inspired by the structure of user stories, the experiential learning theory, motivational psychology and game design. As a proof of concept, it was implemented to elicit and prioritize requirements and evaluated in a field study with promising results: The identified stakeholders build a highly heterogeneous crowd which participated - over a period of three months - in platform activities. They perceived the platform easy to understand, interesting to use and during their participation increased their knowledge on the application domain of the software system of interest.
Internet of Things (IoT)-based E-commerce is a new business model that relies on autonomous transaction management on IoT-devices. The management system toward IoT-based E-commerce demands autonomy, lightweight, and legitimacy. As blockchain is an innovative technology that is competent in governing the decentralized network, we adopt it to design the autonomous transaction management system on IoT E-commerce. However, current blockchain solutions, most namely cryptocurrencies, have fatal drawbacks of nonsupervisability and huge computational overhead, and hence cannot be directly applied on IoT-based E-commerce. In this paper, we propose NormaChain, a blockchain-based normalized autonomous transaction settlement system for IoT-based E-commerce. By designing a special three-layer sharding blockchain network, we can significantly increase transaction efficiency and system scalability. Additionally, by designing an innovative decentralized public key searchable encryption scheme (decentralized public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS) scheme), we can uncover illegal and criminal transactions and achieve crime traceability. Our new decentralized PEKS scheme cryptographically eliminates the dependence of a trusted central authority in the original PEKS scheme and instead expands it to a fully decentralized governance, which distributes the supervision power equally among all parties. More importantly, by proving NormaChain is secure against chosen ciphertext attacks and against the stealing of the secret key, we show that NormaChain prevents a legitimate user’s privacy from being violated by banks, supervisors or malicious adversaries. Finally, we deliver the NormaChain system with design details and full implementations. Experiments show that the average transaction-per-second on IoT devices is around 113, and the supervision accuracy is 100% when proper target illegal keywords are provided.
Lennart Ante, Philipp Sandner, Ingo Fiedler, Andranik Tumasjan · 5 authors
This study explores the determinants of initial coin offering (ICO) success, where success is defined as the amount of capital a project could raise. ICOs are a tool for startups in the blockchain ecosystem to raise early capital with relative ease. The market for ICOs has grown at a rapid pace since its start in 2013. We analyze a unique dataset of 278 projects that finished their ICOs by August 2017 to assess determinants of funding success that we derive from the crowdfunding and venture capital literature. Our results show that ICOs exhibit similarities to classical crowdfunding and venture capital markets. Specifically, we identify resemblances in determinants of funding success regarding human capital characteristics, business model quality, project elaboration, and social media activity.
Data provenance and data integrity are among the key concerns in IoT based environments such as smart cities, smart grids, and vehicular networks etc. Many IoT devices suffer from both impersonation and data tampering attacks due to their architectural and computational limitations, which are unable to provide adequate level of security. This paper aims to provide and enforce data provenance and data integrity in IoT environments by using Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Ethereum, a blockchain variant with smart contracts. PUFs provide unique hardware fingerprints to establish data provenance while Ethereum provides a decentralized digital ledger which is able to withstand data tampering attacks.
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
Bitcoin's enormous success has inspired the development of alternative blockchains, such as consortium chains. Several cross-chain protocols have been proposed as ways of connecting these universes of individual blockchains in a distributed and secure manner. In this paper, we present Niji, a new cross-chain protocol that allows parties to perform virtual Bitcoin payment securely on a consortium chain, without any trusted third-party or mediators. Our work focuses on the issue that it is difficult for a consortium chain's token to hold a stable market value, and Niji makes it possible for smart contract services to acquire means of payment in the consortium chain. With the Bitcoin payment channel built on the consortium chain, the process from payment to service provision runs autonomously without any interaction between parties. Niji introduces the concept of a transaction template to validate Bitcoin payments efficiently on different blockchains, and it allows a service provider to delegate all of its tasks for verifying state updates to a smart contract on the consortium chain. We also propose a novel bi-directional payment channel adapted for design of the Niji protocol, which can update payments non-interactively between parties. We implemented a prototype of the Niji protocol and conducted an experiment measuring the computational cost and latency that demonstrates the protocol's feasibility on practical platforms.
Roberto Casado‐Vara, Fernando De la Prieta, Javier Prieto, Juan M. Corchado
Smart home presents a challenge in control and monitoring of its wireless sensors networks (WSN) and the internet of things (IoT) devices which form it. The current IoT architectures are centralized, complex, with poor security in its communications and with upstream communication channels mainly. As a result, there are problems with data reliability. These problems include data missing, malicious data inserted, communications network overload, and overload of computing power at the central node. In this paper a new architecture is presented. This architecture based in blockchain introduce the edge computing layer and a new algorithm to improve data quality and false data detection.
Neville Grech, Michael Kong, Anton Jurisevic, Lexi Brent · 6 authors
Ethereum is a distributed blockchain platform, serving as an ecosystem for smart contracts: full-fledged inter-communicating programs that capture the transaction logic of an account. Unlike programs in mainstream languages, a gas limit restricts the execution of an Ethereum smart contract: execution proceeds as long as gas is available. Thus, gas is a valuable resource that can be manipulated by an attacker to provoke unwanted behavior in a victim's smart contract (e.g., wasting or blocking funds of said victim). Gas-focused vulnerabilities exploit undesired behavior when a contract (directly or through other interacting contracts) runs out of gas. Such vulnerabilities are among the hardest for programmers to protect against, as out-of-gas behavior may be uncommon in non-attack scenarios and reasoning about it is far from trivial. In this paper, we classify and identify gas-focused vulnerabilities, and present MadMax: a static program analysis technique to automatically detect gas-focused vulnerabilities with very high confidence. Our approach combines a control-flow-analysis-based decompiler and declarative program-structure queries. The combined analysis captures high-level domain-specific concepts (such as "dynamic data structure storage" and "safely resumable loops") and achieves high precision and scalability. MadMax analyzes the entirety of smart contracts in the Ethereum blockchain in just 10 hours (with decompilation timeouts in 8% of the cases) and flags contracts with a (highly volatile) monetary value of over $2.8B as vulnerable. Manual inspection of a sample of flagged contracts shows that 81% of the sampled warnings do indeed lead to vulnerabilities, which we report on in our experiment.
Distributed Ledger Technologies have promising applications in the Internet of Things. However, scalability and support for micropayments remain problems for blockchain-based applications, therefore other alternatives such as IOTA should be considered. This work reports on an experimental evaluation of IOTA on several different IoT platforms. We show that even though the communication overhead to join the IOTA network can be significantly reduced by adapting a proxy-based architecture, the computational overhead remains high. We conclude that IOTA is not currently suitable for battery-powered IoT devices.
This thesis focuses on the issues between a blockchain technology and the new European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The Blockchain technology is a rather new technology which potential has been recognised only in the recent years. Essentially, a blockchain is a distributed database in which data is stored in blocks, which form a chronological chain of blocks. Blockchains have many types and possible use cases, but this research focuses on public and permissionless blockchains, which primary objective is to enable individuals to transact with each other without centralised intermediaries. \n \nThe GDPR entered into force on 25 May 2018. The GDPR was not drafted taking account of distributed ledger technologies, such as the blockchain technology, which has raised several points of tension between the regulation and the technology. The primary focus of this thesis is on the conflict between the ‘immutability’ of blockchain technology and the right to erasure under Article 17 of the GDPR. One of the main features of blockchains is the immutability, that is to say, data on old blocks is extremely difficult to modify or delete. This feature seems prima facie to conflict with Article 17 of the GDPR that provides data subjects with the right to request erasure of their personal data under certain conditions. \n \nFirstly, this thesis analyses the current state of the conflict. Before analysing the conflict, the research addresses two essential preliminary questions: the question about anonymisation and personal data and the question about allocation of responsibilities on blockchains. After that, different solutions proposed to reconcile the conflict are analysed to understand the current situation. While public and permissionless blockchains currently may infringe Article 17 of the GDPR, there are potential solutions for the conflict in the future. \n \nThe second purpose of this thesis is to identify relevant legal problems and propose how to address the problems in the future. Blockchain developers should consider data protection obligations already in the design phase. From the legal side, this research has provided flexible interpretations for the legal problems that could help to comply with the right to erasure. There is a need for a flexible approach to the problems between the regulation and the technology.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is visioned to connect everything in the world by a common networking technique. In spite that Internet protocol is the most prevailing networking solution, it is difficult to adapt to IoT which is born with scalability, heterogeneity, and dynamics. Thanks to the content-centric communication paradigm, it exerts data-naming strategy to incorporate the heterogeneity and dynamics so as to apply for IoT, composing Named Data Networking (NDN) of Things. However, the paradigm also introduces new types of security attacks. In this paper, the NDN of Things architecture will be illustrated and the security analysis is conducted. Furthermore, the potential security attacks of NDN of Things are categorized and the performance impact caused by security attacks is evaluated. Finally, the solutions for NDN of Things security attacks are discussed and a blockchain solution is illustrated.