In this paper, we create secure SSL protocol with zero-knowledge proof which proposed an intruder should not be able to substitute false certificates and masquerade as client or sever. We add Zero-Knowledge proof where certificate transfer directly into both parties. The new scheme was shown to be more secure against the known attacks for SSL. This protocol has characteristics which have identification and authentication of both parties when use to SSL handshake protocol.
Illegal content on a blockchain cannot be removed and the originator might not be identifiable. At the same time, node operators that have no control over the content stored on their nodes might be held legally responsible. As a decentralized system, Digital Ledger Technology (DLT) needs decentralized governance and smart contract dispute resolution. Existing DLT governance and dispute resolution is only aimed at balancing the interests of DLT and smart contract participants. It fails to address the interests of third parties and society. The failure to do so could trigger government and court intervention within DLT systems. Although the decentralized nature of a DLT system will offer some protection against this intervention, participants might be identifiable and subject to legal prosecution. We present a design also addressing the interests of society and third parties that will have to be accompanied by an international legal framework.
Blockchains were originally used to support the Bitcoin cryptocurrency and now entire software ecosystems are being supported by blockchains. Despite their widespread use, not much is known about how peers in the bitcoin blockchain network use the system. We present visualizations to help in identifying some patterns in the usage of bitcoin blockchain supported technologies. In this paper, we observe the bitcoin transaction continent-wise via a visualization of the locations from where peers in the bitcoin blockchain network were making their transactions, using WebGL technology. We analyzed regional bitcoin blockchain usage patterns by observing their clusters formation over time. We also presented a pattern of how the value of the bitcoin changes over time.
Reports on the development of Open and Interoperable Distributed Ledger Technology/Blockchain standards. Discusses how these standards drive global blockchain adoption and take development of the technology ecosystem to the next level. The field of blockchain or distributed ledger is growing rapidly. The lack of consensus on definitions, implementation, management, and core attributes is driving the need for standardization. Blockchain is often confused with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, but the potential applications of this technology in diverse fields, such as smart contracts, buying and selling energy, and so much more, make distributed ledger technologies one of the high-potential technologies for the future.
Tyler Crain, Vincent Gramoli, Mikel Larrea, Michel Raynal
This paper introduces a new leaderless Byzantine consensus called the Democratic Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) for blockchains. While most blockchain consensus protocols rely on a correct leader or coordinator to terminate, our algorithm can terminate even when its coordinator is faulty. The key idea is to allow processes to complete asynchronous rounds as soon as they receive a threshold of messages, instead of having to wait for a message from a coordinator that may be slow. The resulting decentralization is particularly appealing for blockchains for two reasons: (i) each node plays a similar role in the execution of the consensus, hence making the decision inherently “democratic” (ii) decentralization avoids bottlenecks by balancing the load, making the solution scalable. DBFT is deterministic, assumes partial synchrony, is resilience optimal, time optimal and does not need signatures. We first present a simple safe binary Byzantine consensus algorithm, modify it to ensure termination, and finally present an optimized reduction from multivalue consensus to binary consensus whose fast path terminates in 4 message delays.
Miroslav Stefanović, Sonja Ristić, Darko Stefanović, Marko Bojkić · 5 authors
Large number of stakeholders is interested in data stored in land administration systems (LASs), so it is understandable that data quality in LASs is of utmost importance. Data in LASs are often in incorrect state since they are not in accordance with reality. Since data stored in LASs are considered to be correct in all legal affairs, these incorrectnesses could be a cause for large number of problems. Blockchain technology, more precisely smart contracts, could bring improvements to process of registering transactions in LASs. In this paper, two presented case studies propose improvements that would result in faster process of executing transactions and elimination of possibility of “double spending”.
This paper describes the development of a road tax payment application using the Ethereum platform. The web solution was developed using the ReactJS platform. The smart contract was developed using Remix.
In this article, we attempt to delineate the relationship between bitcoin prices and global factors such as stock index, economic policy uncertainty, gold spot prices, implied volatility and crude oil prices in a time-frequency domain. We resort to wavelet-based analysis to capture the multiscale interactive behavior of bitcoin with global factors. We primarily show that bitcoin is insulated from global factors in the short run. However, the existence of a significant relationship of bitcoin with global factors cannot be denied in the medium to long run, which could be attributed to the endogenous and intertwined economic system. Among the global factors considered in the study, we find the impact of economic policy uncertainty and crude oil prices to be more prominent on bitcoin. Our study offers some interesting insights on multiscale sensitivity of bitcoin to global factors, which may be useful for investors for taking informed decisions
Harish Sukhwani, Nan Wang, Kishor S. Trivedi, Andy Rindos
Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) is an open-source implementation of a distributed ledger platform for running smart contracts in a modular architecture. In this paper, we present a performance model of Hyperledger Fabric v1.0+ using Stochastic Reward Nets (SRN). From our detailed model, we can compute the throughput, utilization and mean queue length at each peer and critical processing stages within a peer. To validate our model, we setup an HLF network in our lab and run workload using Hyperledger Caliper. From our analysis results, we find that time to complete the endorsement process is significantly affected by the number of peers and policies such as AND (). The performance bottleneck of the ordering service and ledger write can be mitigated using a larger block size, albeit with an increase in latency. For the committing peer, the transaction validation check (using Validation System Chaincode (VSCC)) is a time-consuming step, but its performance impact can be easily mitigated since it can be parallelized. However, its performance is critical, since it absorbs the shock of bursty block arrivals. We also analyze various what-if scenarios, such as peers processing transactions in a pipeline, and multiple endorsers per organization.
An increased incidence of food mislabeling and handling in recent years has led to consumers demanding transparency in how food items are produced and handled. The current traceability solutions suffer from issues such as scattering of information across multiple silos and susceptibility in recording erroneous data and thus are often unable to produce reliable farm to fork stories of products. Blockchain (BC) is a promising technology that could play an important role in providing data transparency and integrity due to its salient features which include decentralisation, immutability and auditability. In this paper, we propose a permissioned blockchain framework which is governed by a consortium of key Food Supply Chain (FSC) entities including government and regulatory bodies to promote food provenance. We propose to use a sharded, three-tiered architecture which ensures availability of data to consumers, limits access to competitive partners and provides scalability for handling transaction load. We also propose a transaction vocabulary and access rights to manage read and write privileges to BC supported by the consortium. The framework, ProductChain, ensures that trade flows are kept confidential when provenance information is retrieved by consumers and stakeholders. Simulation results show that query time for a product ledger is of the order of a few milliseconds even when the information is collated from multiple shards. ProductChain is generalised and applicable to supply chains in diverse industries.
Nov 1, 2018·B. Varghese et al., "Realizing Edge Marketplaces: Challenges and Opportunities," in IEEE Cloud Computing, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 9-20, Nov./Dec. 2018
Blesson Varghese, Massimo Villari, Omer Rana, Philip James · 7 authors
The edge of the network has the potential to host services for supporting a variety of user applications, ranging in complexity from data preprocessing, image and video rendering, and interactive gaming, to embedded systems in autonomous cars and built environments. However, the computational and data resources over which such services are hosted, and the actors that interact with these services, have an intermittent availability and access profile, introducing significant risk for user applications that must rely on them. This article investigates the development of an edge marketplace, which is able to support multiple providers for offering services at the network edge, and to enable demand supply for influencing the operation of such a marketplace. Resilience, cost, and quality of service and experience will subsequently enable such a marketplace to adapt its services over time. This article also describes how distributed-ledger technologies (such as blockchains) provide a promising approach to support the operation of such a marketplace and regulate its behavior (such as the GDPR in Europe) and operation. Two application scenarios provide context for the discussion of how such a marketplace would function and be utilized in practice.
Bitcoin is one of the first implementations of cryptocurrency or digital currency. It uses has increased in recent years along with the increasing volume of online transactions that require digital currency A blockchain is a digital ledger that allows parties to transact without use of a central authority as a trusted intermediary. In blockchain, there are a number of consensus protocols proposed including Proof of Stake, Proof of Elapsed Time, but most of the existing blockchain utilizes the computed Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism. Transaction security is secured in Bitcoin by using blocks with a hash-based Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism. PoW is a functional protocol that validates every incoming data to overcome spam attacks and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Blockchain technology can store historically decentralized transaction data where each connected computer will store exactly the same data. To be able to perform an optimal transaction process, it is necessary to evaluate performance of the POW blockchain and find out what influences the transaction process. In this study, we compare simulation result of different block size and block interval to Block Propagation Time, time setup, and Average upload/download with selfish mining attack using NS3. The experimental results show that the smaller the block interval and block size, the smaller the Block Propagation time. It means that faster transactions are confirmed to peers on the network, and this affects the upload/download speeds.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Spam and Phishing Detection
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Nowadays, numerous applications of smart home systems provide recommendations for users, including reducing their energy consumption, warnings of defective devices, selecting reliable devices and software, diagnoses, etc [1]. The internet connected, dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the smart home environment creates new security, authentication, and privacy challenges [2]. To solve those challenges, an approach to data privacy in smart home using blockchain technology, which is called smart home based the IoT-Blockchain (SHIB), is proposed in this paper. In order to demonstrate the proposed architecture, an experimental scenario using Ganache, Remix, and web3. js is built among the user, service provider, and smart home to evaluate the performance of the smart contract in the SHIB. Based on the experiment results, the SHIB architecture brings the advantages like data privacy, trust access control, and high extension ability. In addition, the comparison between the proposed architecture and existing models in different parameters such as smart contract, the privacy of data, usage of tokens, updating the policies, and misbehavior judging are performed.
M. Dorofeyev, M. Ksov, Vadim V. Ponkratov, A. Masterov · 6 authors
M. Vasyunina6 The main aim of this article is to analyze the prerequisites for the development and the promotion of cryptocurrencies, covering the period from the emergence of the first forms of money to recent period. The paper focuses on findings of comparative analysis of consumer value of precious metals, cash and non-cash money and cryptocurrencies as different forms of money. The authors provide comprehensive descriptions and expert quantitative estimates for each of the listed forms of money, as well as determine the place of cryptocurrency in the modern financial system as a means of payment. The research presents a detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies. The paper defines the status of cryptocurrencies in various countries of the world and names promising development trends. The authors determine the main obstacles hindering the circulation of cryptocurrencies in certain markets and assess the risks and prospects associated with the introduction and use of cryptocurrencies as a new form of money which aims at full/partial replacement of fiat money in the modern financial system. As a conclusion it is noted that weak integration into the financial system is the main obstacle to major distribution of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment.
The Bitcoin network is a complex network that records anonymous financial transactions while encapsulating the relationships among its pseudonymous users. This paper proposes graph mining techniques to explore the relationships among wallet addresses (pseudonyms for Bitcoin users) suspected to be involved in a given extortion racket, exploiting the anonymity of the Bitcoin network to collect and launder money. Starting around Bitcoin addresses of potential interest, neighborhood subgraphs are analyzed in terms of path length and confluence to detect suspicious Bitcoin flow and other wallet addresses controlled by the suspected perpetrators. We show with a dataset of the Ashley Madison blackmail campaign from August 2015 how the mechanisms can be used both to estimate the amount of money that was extorted by the suspected perpetrators under the specific blackmail campaign, and also estimate the amount of money handled by them during the same period of time.
In this paper, we consider blockchain technology that enabledthe existence of digital currency and we investigate Bitcoin cryptocurrency application. This technology nowadays represents a new feature that replaces existing client-server core system on top of some distributed systems with many additional features such as high availability, resistance to alteration, fault tolerance and cost reduction. After overviewing how such technology is working, we highlightthe requirements and benefits related to the security, database and network. We mainly focus on answering the most Bitcoin queries including privacy and double spending. Furthermore, as blockchain has potential applications far beyond bitcoin, we draw future insights where applications based blockchain are provisioned in the market in order to be totally or partially independent of the centralized systems and we provide a questionnaire helping organizations for better using the blockchain feasibilities.
With the vigorous development of blockchain technology represented by Bitcoin, blockchain technology has gradually surpassed the era of programmable currency and entered the era of smart contracts. Smart contracts are event- driven and stateful. With the in-depth development of blockchain technology, smart contracts use protocols and user interfaces to complete all steps of the contract process, allowing users to implement personalized code logic on the blockchain. Contract technology has the characteristics of decentralization, autonomy, observability, verifiability, and information sharing. It can effectively build programmable finance and programmable society, and is widely used in digital payment, financial asset disposal, multi-signature contracts, cloud computing, Internet of Things, sharing economy and other fields. First, it explains the basic concepts, full life cycle, basic classification, basic structure, key technologies, development status and main technology platforms of smart contracts; then discusses the application scenarios and development issues of smart contract technology, aiming to provide smart contract technology. The research and development provides reference.
An increasing number of people, organizations and corporations are expressing their interest in the decentralization technology of the blockchain. The creation of the blockchain marks the time when we start building distributed peer-to-peer networks consisting of non-trusting members that interact with each other without a trusted intermediary but in a verifiable manner. In this paper, we propose a decentralized application (DApp) based on blockchain technology for sharing Internet of Things (IoT) sensors' data, and demonstrate various challenges addressed during the development process. This application combines blockchain technology with IoT and operates through smart contracts that are executed on the Ethereum blockchain. More specifically the application is a platform for sharing (buying and selling) measurements of IoT weather sensors and operates on the Ethereum blockchain, acting as a marketplace for IoT sensor data. This application applies the Sensing-as-a-Service (S2aaS) business model combined with blockchain.
Chibuzor Udokwu, Aleksandr Kormiltsyn, Kondwani Thangalimodzi, Alex Norta
The application and use of smart contracts in organizations require a holistic overview. This overview helps to understand the current adoption of this technology and also deduces factors that are inhibiting its use in the modern organization. This study provides a systematic review of previous studies comprising of frameworks, methods, working prototypes and simulations that demonstrate the application of smart contracts in organizations. Understanding the current state and usage of smart-contract technology in an organization is a focal point of this paper. Much progress occurs in developing technologies that support smart contracts, while little understanding exists pertaining to their usage in organizations. In this study, we identify properties of smart-contract applications in different domains of modern organizations. We further analyze and categorize challenges and problems mitigating the adoption of smart-contract applications.
Information asymmetry exists amongst stakeholders in the current food supply chain. Lack of standardization in data format, lack of regulations, and siloed, legacy information systems exasperate the problem. Global agriculture trade is increasing creating a greater need for traceability in the global supply chain. This paper introduces Harvest Network, a theoretical end-to-end, vis a vie “farm-to-fork”, food traceability application integrating the Ethereum blockchain and IoT devices exchanging GS1 message standards. The goal is to create a distributed ledger accessible for all stakeholders in the supply chain. Our design effort creates a basic framework (artefact) for building a prototype or simulation using existing technologies and protocols [1]. The next step is for industry practitioners and researchers to apply AGILE methods for creating working prototypes and advanced projects that bring about greater transparency.
Blockchain based smart contracts are computer programs that encode an agreement between non-trusting participants. Smart contracts are executed on a blockchain system if specified conditions are met, without the need of a trusted third party. Blockchains and smart contracts have received increasing and booming attention in recent years, also in academic circles. We carry out a systematic mapping study of all peer-reviewed technology-oriented research in smart contracts. Our interest is twofold, namely to provide a survey of the scientific literature and to identify academic research trends and uptake. We only focus on peer-reviewed scientific publications, in order to identify how academic researchers have taken up smart contract technologies and established scientific outputs. We obtained all research papers from the main scientific databases, and using the systematic mapping method arrived at 188 relevant papers. We classified these papers into six categories, namely, security, privacy, software engineering, application, performance & scalability and other smart contract related topics. We found that the majority of the papers falls into the applications (about 64%) and software engineering (21%) categories. Compared to our 2017 survey [1], we observe that the number of relevant articles has increased about eightfold and shifted considerably towards applications of smart contracts.
Ethereum smart contract makes developers can deploy decentralized applications to inherit features from blockchain, such as decentralization and openness. Although Ethereum provided a decentralized platform, Ethereum Virtual Machine for smart contracts, it lacks of ability to fetch off-chain data. The general solution is Oracle data carrier. However, Oracle results in rising deployment costs. It requires Ethereum smart contract developers to follow format in programing contract, this constraint decreases the readability of smart contract. This paper proposes an off-chain data fetching architecture which is cost-effective and highly elastic for smart contract. It also compatible with exited contract, which makes Ethereum smart contract owner able to automate the reply process.
Puneet Puneet, Aman Chaudhary, Nitin Singh Chauhan, Abhishek Kumar
In centralized environments, the results of voting events have always been questionable and perceived differently by voters. Most existing E-Voting systems are based on centralized servers where the voters must trust the organizing authority for the integrity of the results. In this paper we propose a novel approach for a decentralized trustless voting platform that relies on Blockchain technology to solve the trust issues. The main features of this system include ensuring data integrity and transparency, and enforcing one vote per mobile phone number for every poll with ensured privacy. To accomplish this, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is used as the Blockchain runtime environment, on which transparent, consistent and deterministic smart contracts will be deployed by organizers for each voting event to run the voting rules. Users are authenticated through their mobile phone numbers without the need of a third party server. Results showed that the system is feasible and may offer a step towards ideal environments for such experience.
3 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques