Blockchain Papers

CK Raju

Mathematics is not universal.Traditional (normal) mathematics accepts both deductive and empirical proofs like science.Colonial education replaced it with formal mathematics, the unique feature of which is not the use of reasoning but exclusion of the empirical.The coloniser never critically compared normal and formal mathematics, and tries to block such a comparison today.In Western dogma (of the church theology of reason) deduction is infallible.In fact, deduction is fallible.(1) An invalid deductive proof may be mistaken as valid.Doubts about validity can only be settled inductively.In practice, doubts are settled by invoking authority.Hence, deductive proofs are always more fallible than empirical proofs.(2) The postulates of formal math cannot be empirically checked; they are metaphysics (a metaphysics of infinity is needed even for the formal math of 1+1=2).Thus, far from being eternal truths, formal mathematical theorems may not even be approximately valid knowledge.(3) Formal math dogmatically assumes two-valued logic (on the superstition that logic binds God).But logic is neither culturally universal (e.g.Buddhist logic) nor empirically certain (quantum logic).Therefore, the theorems of formal math (even if valid) are not even truths relative to postulates.Hence, colonial/formal math is inferior and should be rejected.This does not affect the practical value of math -what 'works'which all comes from normal math which we should, accordingly, teach.I describe two actual decolonised math courses being taught: decolonised geometry in school, and decolonised calculus in the university.Decolonised (string) geometry that is indigenous to Africa and India, is superior to the geometry currently taught in terms of conceptual clarity (points, angle, distance), ease of learning, and practical applications.Decolonised calculus teaches calculus as normal math, the way it originated in India as a numerical technique to solve differential equations, together with non-Archimedean arithmetic (instead of formal 'real' numbers) and zeroism (instead of limits) used to sum infinite series.Europeans stole calculus from India, and falsely attributed it to Newton and Leibniz, who failed to understand how to sum infinite series due to the Western superstition (since Plato) that mathematics is eternal truth, and hence exact.Eventually, they introduced a metaphysics of infinity allied to church dogmas of eternityset theory, formal real numbers, and limitsas taught in university today.This metaphysics is irrelevant for any practical application of calculus, such as sending a rocket to the moon, but makes calculus very difficult.Decolonised calculus is easy, requires almost no background, and results in better science.It enables students to solve harder problems not covered in usual calculus courses.However, it excludes the ability to slip politically convenient dogmas into science through the metaphysics of formal math, and is, hence, resisted by the coloniser today.

Zengxiang Li, Zhe Xiao, Quanqing Xu, Ekanut Sotthiwat · 6 authors

Innovations such as the Cloud, Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics have already dramatically altered the customer experience in many, if not all, industries. Blockchain, as another emerging technology, is expected to be the next generation infrastructure to established trusted multiparty collaborations. In this paper, we investigated the convergence of aforementioned technologies, by presenting a prototype of fine-grained transportation insurance. Insurance premium were assessed based on vehicles usage and driver's behavior, which were deduced from streaming IoT data collected from mobile sensors. This incentive mechanism promotes fairness among drivers and encourages safer driving style. The prototype takes advantage of both private blockchain (e.g., high transaction rate in Hyperledger) and public blockchain (e.g., inbuilt cryptocurrency). Besides system architecture and implementation details, preliminary performance evaluations are presented and discussed.

S. Sanju, Sriram Sankaran, Krishnashree Achuthan

The use of Blockchain Technology in the Internet of Things will let applications in numerous domains such as Smart home, Industrial Automation, Transportation etc thrive by easily monitoring, tracking and securing data. IoT solutions using blockchain helps in transferring and verifying transactions in a secure manner. However, there are many blockchain platforms available that vary in many ways such as their purpose, ease of participation, governance etc. To determine which blockchain implementation should be leveraged for applying to IoTs, there exists a need for comparing different blockchain platforms. One important aspect we can consider for comparison is the energy consumption of blockchains and analyzing energy-performance trade-offs. Towards this goal, we profile the impact of workloads and further quantify the power consumed by different operations performed on the Ethereum platform and Hyperledger Fabric platform. In contrast to existing approaches that are focused on performance, we characterize performance and energy consumption for real workloads and analyze energy-performance trade-offs. The insights from the study can be used in developing secure protocols for IoTs using blockchains.

Sharath Yaji, Kajal Bangera, B. Neelima

The synergy between artificial intelligence and blockchain is increasing in the computing environment. To realize this blockchain technology making its way into applications such as healthcare, financial services, Internet of Things and much more., that use artificial intelligence making it more defendable to attacks. The current blockchain technology uses different encryption algorithms such as SHA256, MD5 etc. The blockchain attacks such as collision attack, primage attack and attacks on wallet motivated us to experiment on partial homomorphic encryption to enhance the strength of blockchain technology. This article considers i) Goldwasser- Micali and ii) Paillier encryption schemes for the comparative evaluation study with a focus on data privacy techniques. We believed and proved that the above two encryption schemes that were considered have less processing time and provide more strength to the possible attacks. While we present our preliminary results in this study, we discuss the pros and cons of the Goldwasser-Micali, Paillier and non-homomorphic encryption schemes that are expected to add value to blockchain technology to be used in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications.

Wu Chen, Shaohua Tang, Xingfu Yan

The great convenience of electronic voting can improve the attendance and thus promote the process of democratization. However, the appearance of quantum computer severely threatens the security of those traditional electronic voting schemes. The efficiency of the current post-quantum electronic voting scheme is relatively low, some of them are unable to verify the validity of the ballots which results in a stronger security assumption. In this paper, we propose an efficient LWE-based verifiable electronic voting system whose security is based on the LWE assumption. To protect the user privacy, we tally homomorphically and verify the validity of ballot ciphertext through some interactions between two verification servers. In addition, a zero-knowledge proof can be utilized to verify the correctness of tally results. Finally, we analyze the properties and implement our system, the experimental results show the effectiveness of our system.

Chaitanya Kaligotla, Charles M. Macal

We describe an agent-based conceptual model of a Blockchain system. Blockchain technology enables distributed, encrypted and secure logging of digital transactions in an add-only ledger record. We model and simulate an expanding Blockchain network, describing the participating agents, the transactions, and the verified add-only public ledger record achieving decentralized consensus. All of the essential details of the functioning of the Blockchain including the behaviors and decisions made by agents deciding to join as well as participate in the market are detailed in the prototype model. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the essential elements and functioning of a Blockchain system, implement a generalized simulation and a measure of Blockchain efficiency from an agent choice and energy cost perspective. Our preliminary results indicate that mining choice (transaction block to verify) coupled with proof of work incentives are critical for energy efficiency.

서주연

No abstract is available for this record.

Daniel Effer-Uhe

No abstract is available for this record.

Apoorva Mohite, Ajay Acharya

Blockchain is one of the technology that has created a disruptive change in many industries. Currently, Blockchain is being used in several places and there are many more applications of Blockchain yet to be discovered and implemented. Blockchain is characterized by its decentralized nature, integrity of the data stored in the chain and its openness. Due to these characteristics, another place where Blockchain can be used is to release government funds for a project. Usually when a project is allocated funds, there is no knowledge as to how these funds are being used and a large part of it is never shown in records due to corruption. To solve this problem, a system has been proposed using Blockchain to provide the transparency. This paper also gives a description about a prototype which was developed using Hyperledger Composer. It then discusses the future development of this prototype and finally, concludes with the applicability of Blockchain.

Aparna Ramalingaiah, Thaniya Sulthana

Blockchain is a deliberately spreading set of data called as Blocks, which are associated and assured by the use of Cryptography. Each Block of this Blockchain consists of cryptographic hash of the preceding block, a timestamp and transaction information. Modification of Data by fraudsters is highly challenging in Blockchain by its design. It is an accessible shared register that can store activities between two internet users securely. Such a technology is an easy way for one person using internet to send fragment of digital property to other person who is also using internet, such that transfer of data or communication will be very secure and none of the sensitive details would be leaked. With the usage of Blockchain technology, several people can write the data into the Record and also sector of users can manage how the Record should be added with new entries. This technology is now being employed in a variety of applications like digital currency, supply chain management, medical information systems etc. In this paper, we have studied the technology behind Blockchain and the application of the same in several use cases. We have also implemented fund raise use case using Laravel PHP Framework to illustrate the steps of using Blockchain to assure secure transactions.

Shin Morishima, Hiroki Matsutani

Blockchain is a distributed ledger system composed of a P2P network and is used for a wide range of applications, such as international remittance, inter-individual transactions, and asset conservation. In Blockchain systems, tamper resistance is enhanced by the property of transaction that cannot be changed or deleted by everyone including the creator of the transaction. However, this property also becomes a problem that unintended transaction created by miss operation or secret key theft cannot be corrected later. Due to this problem, once an illegal transaction such as theft occurs, the damage will expand. To suppress the damage, we need countermeasures, such as detecting illegal transaction at high speed and correcting the transaction before approval. However, abnormality detection in the Blockchain at high speed is computationally heavy, because we need to repeat the detection process using various feature quantities and the feature extractions become overhead. In this paper, to accelerate abnormality detection, we propose to cache transaction information necessary for extracting feature in GPU device memory and perform both feature extraction and abnormality detection in the GPU. We employ abnormality detection using K-means algorithm based on the conditional features. When the number of users is one million and the number of transactions is 100 millions, our proposed method achieves 37.1 times faster than CPU processing method and 16.1 times faster than GPU processing method that does not perform feature extraction on the GPU.

Rickie-Ann Legleitner

In Kendall Taylor's The Gatsby Affair, we find a biography that more carefully explores the life of Edouard Jozan, the French pilot who infamously had an “affair” of some sort with Zelda Fitzgerald in the summer of 1924 as her husband raced to complete The Great Gatsby, and who inspired numerous creative works from both Fitzgeralds while considerably impacting their marriage. Deborah Pike's The Subversive Art of Zelda Fitzgerald provides a serious treatment of Zelda's extensive writing and visual art, asserting her role as a legitimate modernist artist.Taylor's biography provides a detailed account of the lives of both Fitzgeralds and of Jozan, opening with a timeline that runs from 1896 to 2006, showing the progression of each individual's life—a helpful visual that traces when their lives met, overlapped, and diverged. Each dense chapter offers critical insights into the historical moment as well as compelling details about the lives of individuals who existed on the periphery of the famous duo, such as Jozan's friends Rene Silvy and Bobbe Croirer. Although every Fitzgerald biography offers its own interpretation of the minutiae of the Fitzgeralds' lives and complicated relationship, Taylor interviewed and carefully researched the family and friends of the Fitzgeralds and of Jozan, creating a more complete picture of the “affair” and its aftermath. As Taylor points out, “Although Edouard has always interested Fitzgerald followers, there has been little agreement about his impact on their lives, and in an otherwise well-researched case history, the pilot has remained a mystery” (xi). This book effectively fills that gap.Of course, in any discussion of the summer of 1924, one must put quotation marks around the word “affair” for the simple reason that available evidence neither confirms nor denies an actual physical relationship between the aviator and the 23-year-old wife who was bored and restless while her husband wrote. Were Zelda and Jozan lovers or was their five-week Riviera encounter a flirtation that trespassed into emotional adultery? Biographers typically take a stand at one extreme or the other and read texts such as The Great Gatsby and Save Me the Waltz for corroboration. To a certain extent Taylor sidesteps the ambiguity of the evidence and simply asserts that the summer romance was indeed a “petite aventure, a brief affair with a willing partner” that left Scott “the proverbial mari trompé, or cuckolded husband” (71). Readers expecting a case to be made and a position staked against claims in previous Fitzgerald biographies may be thrown for a bit of a loop; for a measured assessment of clues and presumed proof (or the lack of it), one must turn to Scott Donaldson's chapter “Summer of '24: Zelda's Affair” (172–86) in his The Impossible Craft: Literary Biography (2015).Refreshingly, Taylor does not come across as biased toward either of the Fitzgeralds, but instead offers an assessment that is critical and validating of both individuals' flaws, talents, aspirations, and misadventures. Following the contemporary trend, Taylor gives careful attention to Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald's upbringing in Alabama as well as to her time in various mental institutions at the end of her life, showing how her experiences run parallel to her husband's own pitiable downfall. She is not portrayed as secondary to her husband, and Jozan is also given substantial attention beyond his role in the couple's marital woes.Indeed, the major contribution of this book is its robust understanding of Jozan, including insights into his upbringing, disposition, romantic motivations, and career and marital aspirations. For this background, Taylor is deeply indebted to Jozan's daughter, Martine Jozan Work, who contacted the author shortly after the publication of her 2003 biography of Zelda, Sometimes Madness is Wisdom: Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald: A Marriage, offering insights about her father, who died in 1981. Additionally, Taylor provides a clear discernment of the cultural context, a large contributor to the drama that ensued: “It was accepted that a young officer, unprepared to wed, would take a mistress. Wives held particular appeal, rivaling single women, by offering pleasure without responsibility” (71). Taylor provides a reasonable and insightful assessment of what Jozan's intentions were in his brief pursuit of Zelda, why the relationship inevitably had to end, and why the Fitzgeralds were never able to recover.For Fitzgerald, Taylor sees this event as opening old wounds, as “He had not forgotten Zelda's reluctance to marry and her involvement with the aviator replicated Ginevra King's selection of a naval pilot over him” (79). Taylor astutely assesses the motivations and reactions of the Fitzgeralds, substantially building on her previous Fitzgerald scholarship in Sometimes Madness is Wisdom. She also provides closure to the narrative by investigating the suspicious circumstances surrounding Zelda's tragic death, and by exploring the misfortunes and deaths of the Fitzgeralds' family and friends. She recounts the much later passing of Jozan, a life that after Nancy Milford publicly identified him as Zelda's elusive French aviator in Zelda: A Biography (1970) was continually overshadowed by his brief involvement with the Fitzgeralds: “Instead of being celebrated for his own impressive accomplishments, Edouard and his fame became linked to the Fitzgeralds in the literary cosmos” (205).The one weakness in The Gatsby Affair is its secondary focus on the supposed sexual assault of Zelda Sayre during her teens in Montgomery, Alabama; while other critics have acknowledged this possible attack, Taylor goes further to suggest that this trauma resurfaced after Edouard's rejection, thereby causing her mental breakdown: “Trauma can generate psychoses, sometimes the brain's way of coping, and in this instance calamitous forces were released, a Greek tragedy—French style—triggering profound depression that culminated in Zelda's first suicide attempt” (xiii). She provides support for these claims by offering a close reading of Zelda's often autobiographical writing and by identifying similar events in the lives of her adolescent friends John Sellers and Peyton Mathis (the possible assailants). But it is difficult to prove any causal chain, especially one tied to a precipitous mental break. Taylor goes on to examine the repeated misdiagnoses and mistreatment that Zelda faced while in various mental institutions: “Asylums dismantle people, rarely reassemble them, and Zelda's internment only worsened preexisting conditions, leaving deep psychic scars” (137). This investigation is an honest assessment of the shortcomings of the mental health system at this time as well as the damage it did to Zelda's life and art. However, it seems contradictory to assert the cause for a mental collapse and then to critique a system that offers rushed, generalized, and improper diagnoses.Overall, this biography is well worth reading for any seasoned Fitzgerald scholar or new enthusiast. It is carefully researched, and it delivers original considerations of the role Jozan played in the lives and art of both Fitzgeralds, while also acknowledging how his brief encounter with the couple would come to overshadow his many achievements. It establishes the affair as a pivotal moment that would markedly influence the lives and art of both Fitzgeralds, supplying new insight into a complex and often misunderstood relationship. As Pike claims, “Distinguishing fact from fiction is no easy task” (15), and Taylor provides a well-crafted biographical narrative.Pike's monograph offers a fresh and thorough interpretation of the life and works of Zelda Fitzgerald both in relation to her husband and as an artist in her own right. She contends that, “A serious artist on her own terms, rather than solely her husband's muse, she merits a place in literary modernism” (4). Pike's research is thorough, as is her knowledge of biographical, historical, and literary scholarship on both Fitzgeralds, making for a well-informed and nuanced analysis of Zelda's life, her published and unpublished writings, and her visual art.Pike employs Deleuze and Guattari's theory of minor language and literature to support her claim that Zelda's writing from the margins, be that from her husband's shadow, from her position as a Southern wife and mother, or from her time in mental institutions, enables her to speak in a unique voice that breaks with the conventions of major literature—or to create work that truly encapsulates the modernist ideal to “make it new.” As Pike states, “I see her work as violently alive, experimentally modernist, and offering a new mode of experience” (31). In her overview of scholarship on Zelda, she singles out the lack of serious studies of much of her work and the tendency to look at her writing only in comparison with that of her husband. She additionally utilizes Hélène Cixous's theory of uniquely feminine writing and Julia Kristeva's conceptions of madness in her feminist and psychoanalytic analyses, as well as many cultural, historical, and literary critics to support and complicate her arguments. Her book offers a sophisticated and serious look at the complete range of Zelda Fitzgerald's work.In her examination of Zelda's texts as reactions to her position in her marriage and in society, Pike dissects a transcript of the famous May 28, 1933, meeting between the Fitzgeralds and Dr. Thomas A. C. Rennie to address “the issue of Zelda's writing and its effect on their marriage” (121). This transcript is alluded to in Taylor's biography and elsewhere, but Pike offers numerous block quotations to show Fitzgerald's and Dr. Rennie's debasing of Zelda's art, especially for its lack of exchange value in a patriarchal, capitalistic society. She further uses this transcript to analyze the different depictions of madness in Tender Is the Night (glamorous) and Save Me the Waltz (experiential), affirming Zelda's writing in a minor language to validate her own experiences and assert her identity. Similarly, she frames Zelda's early letters and magazine publications in relation to modern capitalism and advertising, offering a close reading that boasts that “F. Scott Fitzgerald may have documented the Jazz Age, but it was Zelda Fitzgerald who defined the flapper through her keen journalistic observations” (60). Pike acknowledges Scott's contributions to major literature, but she also asserts Zelda's voice as a minor modernist.In her effort to position Zelda as an artist, Pike offers readings of many texts that have been critically neglected, markedly expanding Zelda's oeuvre. In Zelda's asylum letters, Pike finds that her “writing is subversive; it does not imitate current patterns but makes up a different language” (31); this language is uniquely her own, and through it “she reinscribes an authenticity into her being” (99). Pike examines Zelda's unfinished novel Caesar's Things as a surrealist autobiography that shares striking similarities to the autobiographies of Leonora Carrington and Unica Zurn in its unstructured depiction of madness, claiming that the text “shares the revolutionary potential of female surrealist writings” (152). She admits to the problem of Zelda not being a surrealist or her using methods of automatic writing, but her framework opens up new modes of analysis, and affirms that Caesar's Things has a critical place in Zelda's collected works. Pike identifies Zelda's artwork as “conservative American modernism” (183), and offers a fresh study of her drawings and paintings, which are provided as illustrations. In her examination of Zelda's diary from the last years of her life, Pike refuses to dismiss her religiosity as symptomatic of her madness, and contends that the diary is a mystic's “journey toward enlightenment, toward artistic and spiritual self-consciousness” (214). Pike is innovative in her approach to each of Zelda's texts, and while her readings are theoretically driven, they are also clear and compelling.Admittedly, some of the analyses in The Subversive Art of Zelda Fitzgerald become more difficult to follow as Pike focuses on works such as the unfinished novel and diary that are challenging to read and only available in the Princeton University archive. But her investigation provides a strong argument as to why these materials should be digitized or otherwise published for wider readership and additional scholarship. Moreover, her bibliography delivers a comprehensive list of valuable resources for Zelda scholars working across disciplines—including literature, women's studies, history, art, psychology, and linguistics. This monograph is a significant work that further legitimizes Zelda Fitzgerald as an artist and a modernist.

RODOLFO ANGELO MAGTANGGOL III DE GUZMAN, Mike K. P. So

This paper proposes the use of threshold heteroskedastic models which integrate threshold nonlinearity [Tong, H (1978). On a Threshold Model, pp. 575–586. Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff; Tong, H and KS Lim (1980). Threshold autoregression, limit cycles and cyclical data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 3, 245–292.] and GARCH-type conditional variance for modeling Bitcoin returns to provide an understanding on the huge volatility that Bitcoin has been famous for. Specifically, the model attempts to identify different regimes throughout the history of Bitcoin using the different available Bitcoin network characteristics, such as cost per transaction, number of transactions per block, number of active addresses and number of transactions. Estimation and diagnostic checks are performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. In the empirical analysis, we show that our model is able to identify periods of crashes as one of these regimes, which is also a period of declining returns and declining number of active users. We also find that the number of users and the number of transactions determine the magnitude or persistence of a crash period.

Daniel J. Marcus

Data breaches are an increasingly common part of consumers’ lives. No institution is immune to the possibility of an attack. Each breach inevitably risks the release of consumers’ personally identifiable information and the strong possibility of identity theft. Unfortunately, current solutions for handling these incidents are woefully inadequate. Private litigation like consumer class actions and shareholder lawsuits each face substantive legal and procedural barriers. States have their own data security and breach notification laws, but there is currently no unifying piece of legislation or strong enforcement mechanism. This Note argues that proactive solutions are required. First, a national data security law—setting minimum data security standards, regulating the use and storage of personal information, and expanding the enforcement role of the Federal Trade Commission—is imperative to protect consumers’ data. Second, a proactive solution requires reconsidering how to minimize the problem by going to its source: the collection of personally identifiable information in the first place. This Note suggests regulating companies’ collection of Social Security numbers, and, eventually, using a system based on distributed ledger technology to replace the ubiquity of Social Security numbers.

Joanie Arsenault, Myriam Ertz

À la fin de l’année 2017, le cours du Bitcoin a frôlé la barre symbolique des 20 000 dollars américains,créant ainsi un intérêt grandissant de la part des milieux d’affaires, des médias, des preneurs de décision, et du grandpublic. La communauté scientifique n’est pas en reste puisque des courants de recherche entiers sur le sujet sontapparus dans des disciplines aussi variées que la finance, l’économie, le marketing, l’éthique, l’informatique ou encorele droit. L’intérêt du duo cryptomonnaies – chaîne de blocs, en général, et du Bitcoin, en particulier –, s’est toutefoislimité à l’examen des aspects techniques, des capacités transactionnelles et des implications pour le commerce et lafinance. Très peu d’études se sont penchées sur l’examen des conséquences de ces systèmes d’échange décentraliséset pair-à-pair, tels que le Bitcoin et la chaîne de blocs, sur les configurations actuelles de la gouvernance mondiale.Cet article a pour objectif de faire un compte rendu commenté de l’ouvrage collectif Bitcoin and Beyond : Cryptocurrencies,Blockchains, and Global Governance. Dans cet ouvrage, Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn met à contribution plusieursauteurs afin de mettre en lumière la manière dont la chaîne de blocs déborde du strict cadre économique et financierpour s’intégrer dans la gestion des sphères politique, légale et juridique. Ce faisant, l’ouvrage lève le voile sur denombreuses implications des cryptomonnaies et de la chaîne de blocs pour la gouvernance mondiale, souventméconnues et très peu étudiées dans la littérature, mais d’importance capitale dans un monde de plus en plusmondialisé.

Rosco Kalis, Adam Belloum

Data manipulation is often named as a serious threat to data integrity. Data can be tampered with, and malicious actors could use this to their advantage. Data users in various application domains want to be ensured that the data they are consuming are accurate and have not been tampered with. To validate the integrity of these data, we describe a blockchain-based hash validation method. The method assumes that the actual data is stored separately from the blockchain, and then allows a data identifier and a hash of these data to be submitted to the blockchain. The actual data can be validated against the hash on the blockchain at any time. Several use cases are described for blockchain-based hash validation, and to validate the method it is implemented inside an application audit trail to validate the audit trail data. This implementation shows that blockchain-based hash validation is able to detect malicious and accidental changes that were made to the data.

Shanto Roy, M. Ashaduzzaman, Mehedi Hassan, Arnab Rahman Chowdhury

The paper presents an in detailed case study of integrating BlockChain (BC) in IoT ecosystems in order to achieve security and privacy. Since the use in cryptocurrency, BlockChain has gained tremendous attraction due to the versatile application prospects it raises. As internet of things (IoT) is emerging towards the smart city requirements, device or data security seems to be a major concern. Therefore, BlockChain based decentralized and distributed system can meet the privacy preserving management in IoT ecosystems. In this paper, we discuss the necessity of utilizing BlockChain for IoT security, privacy, management. We present a literature overview of current progresses and security enhancement in sensor networks using BlockChain; their scope, prospects and limitations as well. Finally, we suggest some future directions to indicate further areas of improvement.

Canhuang Dai, Xingyu Xiao, Yuzhen Ding, Liang Xiao · 6 authors

The security issue is one of the greatest challenges in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) attracting a great deal of attention. Malicious onboard units (OBUs) can attack other OBUs with various manners to obtain illegal gains, such as jamming, eavesdropping spoofing and so on. To reduce the potential attackers in the network, we propose an indirect reciprocity security framework with a scalar reputation assigned to each OBU to evaluate their dangerous level to the VANET. A blockchain technique that uses consensus mechanism and encryption algorithms to protect information from being tampered is applied for the transmitter to record the behaviors of other OBUs. We also propose a reinforcement learning based action selection strategy for an OBU in the VANET to choose a reliable relay OBU or determine whether to follow the request of a source OBU or not. A hotbooting technique is applied for the OBUs with prior knowledge to accelerate the learning speed. Simulation results show that the proposed action selection strategy can efficiently increase the packet delivery ratio, the reputation and the utility of the each OBU.

Min Kim, Ah Ra Lee, Hwi Jun Kwon, Ji Woong Kim · 5 authors

Hospitals provide a considerable amount of questionnaires to patients, and their result data can be one of the significant measures to check a patient's current health. In many cases, however, such data utilization in another kind of healthcare services is unsatisfactory because patients cannot manage the data by themselves. We propose a blockchain-based medical questionnaire management system for data sharing. This system guarantees the integrity of questionnaire result data using characteristics of the blockchain. Furthermore, data in this system can be in interoperable with other systems because it is generated based on the international standard Health Level 7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources. This paper explores how to use medical questionnaire result data for the lifelong healthcare of patient and better quality of health care services and enhance the security of personal medical records.

Ben DuBose

No abstract is available for this record.

Louis-Daniel Muka Tshibende

Abstract: Considering that the internationality of a contract as well as its national character opens up opportunities for the contracting parties, particularly in the domains of dispute settlement mechanisms and applicable Law that they can eventually opt for, the present contribution analyses legal issues resulting from the fact that parties are nevertheless submitted to an obligation to comply with mandatory provisions and public policy rules depending on the location of some key elements of their agreement. This applies, even though it is about smart contracts and blockchain technologies. This article focuses on property and security rights issues (: defective title, informational defects and viruses … ) in the context of the Civil Law tradition. Résumé: Considérant que le caractère international d’un contrat, aussi bien que son caractère national, ouvrent des opportunités pour les parties contractantes, particulièrement dans les domaines de mécanismes de résolution des litiges et de loi applicable qu’elles peuvent éventuellement choisir, la présente contribution analyse les questions juridiques résultant du fait que des parties sont néanmoins tenues de respecter des dispositions obligatoires et de règles de politique d’intérêt général dépendant du lieu de certains éléments-clés de leur contrat. Ceci s’applique même s’il s’agit de contrats intelligents et de technologies de la blockchain. Le présent article se concentre sur des questions de droits de propriété et de sécurité (: défectuosité, défauts informationnels et virus … ) dans le contexte du droit civil traditionnel.

Mohamed Abdulaziz, Davut Çulha, Ali Yazıcı

Blockchain technology has been seeing widespread interest as a means to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data in a trustless environment. They are designed to protect data from both internal and external cyberattacks by utilizing the aggregated power of the network to resist malicious efforts. In this article, we will create our own decentralized messaging application utilizing the Ethereum Whisper protocol. Our application will be able to send encrypted messages both securely and anonymously. We will utilize the Ethereum platform to deploy our blockchain network. This application would be resistant to most suppression tactics due to its distributed nature and adaptability of its communication protocol.

Chi Ho Lau, Kai-Hau Yeung Alan, Fan Yan

IoT networks are designed to connect as many devices as possible. Since any device can be connected to an IoT network, it faces an authentication issue, which may be exploited by attackers to break into the IoT network. A solution discussed in this paper is to make use of blockchain technology to authenticate IoT devices before it joins an IoT network. Based on the characteristics of blockchain, it can be used to create the digital identification of IoT devices and authenticate them. Authenticated Devices Configuration Protocol (ADCP) is proposed to achieve this authentication process. All results of the solution have been demonstrated by a fully working implementation, and do not solely rely on theoretical considerations or simulations.

Yanjun Jiang, Ding Siye

Blockchain is an emerging decentralized infrastructure and distributed computing paradigm. Blockchain has been widely used in many industries including finance, energy, and cloud computing. Consortium blockchain is known as the permissioned blockchain, in which each user needs to be authorized. Distributed consensus is the core issue of consortium blockchain technology. In order to solve the disadvantages of using Proof of Work (POW) algorithm in consortium blockchain, such as computing resources waste, long block confirmation delay and low throughput, we designed and implemented a high performance blockchain consensus algorithm based on message passing technology called HPBC. HPBC algorithm can work well in asynchronous networks with Byzantine nodes. Results from theoretical analysis and performance evaluation show that HPBC algorithm provides safe and reliable distributed consensus services in consortium blockchain with low overhead. Finally, we summarized HPBC algorithm and briefly explore its further research directions.