This chapter explores the transformative nature of blockchain technology (BCT) on luxury fashion supply chain operations. It maps its evolution from a niche technology underpinning the Bitcoin cryptocurrency to one now seen as a strategic imperative across many industries. The chapter provides an overview of the novel characteristics of BCT and explores its role in supporting supply chain transparency, a vital aspect of sustainable supply chain management. Recent case studies illustrate practical BCT applications and explain the present barriers to widespread adoption in luxury fashion. Looking to the future, BCT’s envisaged role in the next phase of the internet (Web3) and the metaverse is discussed, emphasising key concepts such as tokenisation. It investigates how BCT innovations, such as non-fungible tokens, are enabling the sale of phygital products, offering customers dual value propositions through the combination of physical items and their digital twins for use within virtual spaces. These developments are already revolutionising luxury fashion supply chain operations, blurring the lines between physical and digital domains. The chapter touches upon recently introduced European Union Ecodesign legislation that includes provisions for the introduction of ‘Digital Product Passports’, assessing how these regulations could increase BCT adoption and help shape sustainable value creation and redefine competitive advantage in luxury fashion.
Mukkamalla Hari Naga Veni, M. Ashok Kumar, P.Ashok Reddy
The fast growth of the internet of vehicles (IoV), protecting data privacy and providing credible misbehavior detection have become major issues. Classical detection methods based on centralized servers are more prone to single points of failure, scalability bottlenecks, and privacy breaches. This project presents a privacy-preserving misbehavior detection system for IoV by combining federated learning (FL) and Blockchain technologies. In our solution, cars train machine learning models on their own driving data, and only model updates, instead of raw data are exchanged between the network, with user privacy ensured. The updates are hashed and stored securely on InterPlanetary FileSystem (IPFS) and registered on the Ethereum blockchain through smart contracts, making data immutable and transparent. The blockchain element, deployed through Web3.py and Ganache, ensures trustworthiness and tamper-proofing of misbehavior reports. Decentralized architecture, which does not only improve the robustness and security of the detection process but also avoids dependency on a central authority, making the system scalable and resilient.
D. Manju, Poorvi Gandham, A. V. B. Paavan, Kruthik Sai Garipally · 6 authors
The nature of cyber threats is advancing at a phenomenal pace and thus advanced solutions based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technology are needed. Security systems in existence have scalability, real-time threat detection and data integrity problems. The contribution of this research is a hybrid AI Blockchain framework with a higher level of threat detection and data security. Specialized algorithms, that use artificial intelligence, search through cyber threats, while the block chain makes it possible to ensure the tamper-proof storing of all the data. Such methods include usage of smart contracts, user entity and behavior analysis and anomaly detection techniques. The merger is useful in improving detection accuracy, response time, data integrity. The model is proven to be effective for real-world dataset experiments and detection accuracy is improved with fewer false positives. At the same time, the system includes a blockchain emulator, Ganache, which allows to set up a local Ethereum blockchain environment for connecting to Web3.
From the beginning of the World Wide Web, humanity has been demanding social interaction and online activity from the Internet. From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0, users have been offered participation and co-creation tools by the web to mold their internet. This change in the architecture of the internet is what Web3 introduces as decentralization is a leading concept now. The underlying blockchain technology used by Web3 has the possibility to revolutionize all the centralised models of trustless transfers, secure asset ownership, and decentralised administration. The use of smart contracts and DApps promotes transparency and automation and consequently minimises the role of intermediaries. The financial inclusiveness is enhanced and made accessible for unbanked access to global banking services using DeFi. Web3 also meets the Metaverse at a point where the virtual experiences in an immersive nature and user-controlled are actualized. This paper discusses blockchain in Web3 comprehensively from the technology building block, applications, issues, and research trends of the future. This research identifies the overall influence of blockchain on internet governance, economic systems, and social interaction during the decentralized era from the perspective of how the blockchain can reframe the entire portion of Web3.
Integrating blockchain into healthcare devices offers the potential for improved data control but faces significant usability and acceptance challenges. This study addresses this gap by evaluating CipherPal, an improved blockchain-enabled Smart Fidget Toy prototype, using a multi-framework approach to understand the interplay between technology, design, and user experience. We synthesized insights from three complementary frameworks: an expert review assessing adherence to Web3 Design Guidelines, a User Acceptance Toolkit assessment with professionals based on UTAUT2, and an extended three-day user testing study. The findings revealed that users valued CipherPal’s satisfying tactile interaction and perceived benefits for well-being, such as stress relief. However, significant usability barriers emerged, primarily related to challenging device–application connectivity and data synchronization. The multi-framework approach proved valuable in revealing these core tensions. While the device was conceptually accepted, the blockchain integration added significant interaction friction that overshadowed its potential benefits during the study. This research underscores the critical need for user-centered design in health-related blockchain applications, emphasizing that seamless usability and abstracting technical complexity are paramount for adoption.
In the era of web3, blockchain based technologies that leverage the essence of data security and content distribution are transforming the data storage mechanism by eliminating the reliance on centralized servers. Interplanetary File System (IPFS) is one such technology which provides the mechanism to distribute the data without centralization. Many critical applications are being constructed on the principles of blockchain technology to provide data security, integrity and privacy. They are facing storage challenges owing to the data volume growth of transactions. In this research paper, we propose the paradigm shift towards moving forward a more decentralized, secure and censorship-resistant internet, paving way for the next generation of Web3 applications. Our proposed framework works on the Integrated principles of blockchain and IPFS to ensure data security and eliminate the storage cost and challenges. The blockchain sharing mechanism is build using the concept of real time connection for web (WebRTC) where the connection is established between trusted peers. The block consists of essential information required for file retrieval from the IPFS nodes and the password to decrypt the files. As the files are encrypted before uploading to the IPFS nodes using a strong encryption mechanism AES-256, it makes the framework secure from man in the middle attacks which try to fetch the files from the network while being shared.
In this chapter the transformative power of blockchain technology is unpacked as the foundation for the decentralized internet. The chapter begins by tracing blockchain’s origins with Bitcoin, highlighting its revolutionary approach to solving the double-spending problem through a secure, immutable digital ledger. It explains the core principles of blockchain, including cryptographic hashing, public and private key mechanisms, and consensus protocols such as Proof of Work and Proof of Stake. The discussion extends to blockchain’s unique attributes – immutability, transparency, and decentralization – that enable trustless transactions and challenge traditional centralized systems. Real-world use cases are explored, showcasing blockchain’s impact across various sectors, from decentralized finance and digital identity to supply chain management and healthcare. Ultimately, the chapter provides actionable insights into how blockchain technology underpins Web3, setting the stage for a more secure and efficient digital ecosystem.
This chapter explores the emergence and evolution of Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) as a disruptive model for collective governance in Web3. It explains how DAOs leverage blockchain technology and smart contracts to enable token-based decision-making, eliminating traditional hierarchical structures. The chapter details various governance models – including weighted, quadratic, and liquid democracy – that balance inclusivity and efficiency. Through real-world examples and case studies, it demonstrates how DAOs are transforming investment, social causes, business operations, and community-driven initiatives. It also addresses challenges such as legal uncertainties, security vulnerabilities, and scalability issues, while providing actionable steps for individuals to engage with, contribute to, and even launch their own DAOs. Overall, the chapter highlights DAOs’ potential to foster transparent, democratic, and resilient organizational ecosystems in the digital age.
This chapter explores the convergence of artificial intelligence and decentralized finance, illustrating how these two transformative forces are reshaping the digital landscape. Through the story of Yemi’s innovative mobile application connecting farmers to urban markets, the chapter highlights AI’s evolution – from early theoretical ideas and AI winters to the modern era of deep learning and open-source tools. It examines how AI enhances efficiency and decision-making across sectors such as healthcare, finance, and creative industries, while also addressing ethical challenges like bias and data privacy. The chapter further investigates the synergy between AI and blockchain, revealing potential applications in dynamic risk management, yield optimization, and decentralized governance. Actionable steps guide readers on integrating AI into Web3 projects, emphasizing continuous learning, strategic scaling, and responsible innovation for a more inclusive digital future.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the legal and regulatory landscape surrounding Web3. The chapter explores the challenges that decentralized technologies face, including the application of traditional laws to crypto projects, intellectual property issues, and data protection in a transparent blockchain environment. It discusses various frameworks – from securities laws and e-money regulations to anti-money laundering (AML)/counter-terrorist financing (CTF) requirements and VASP guidelines – highlighting the need for robust compliance strategies as jurisdictions worldwide tighten oversight. Real-world examples, such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) actions and international regulations like Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA), illustrate how these rules impact project structure and operations. The chapter also emphasizes the role of smart contracts in automating compliance and the importance of risk management in a rapidly evolving digital economy. Ultimately, it underscores that proactive legal adherence and transparent governance are essential for building trust and ensuring the sustainable growth of Web3 initiatives.
In this chapter the focus is on how organizations can successfully navigate the transition into the Web3 ecosystem by aligning a robust corporate strategy with an innovative, decentralized culture. This chapter emphasizes that technology alone is not enough – businesses must integrate clear strategic roadmaps with a culture that embraces openness, collaboration, and risk-taking. Through case studies like Intel’s and Adidas’ Web3 initiatives, the text illustrates how traditional companies can adapt, innovate, and thrive in a decentralized environment. Key topics include identifying target audiences, leveraging blockchain, NFTs, and metaverse technologies, and using tools such as SWOT analyses to guide decision-making. Actionable steps are provided for fostering community engagement, implementing decentralized governance, and ensuring long-term sustainability, highlighting that a harmonious blend of strategy and culture is essential for success in the evolving digital landscape.
This chapter introduces the transformative shift from a centralized internet to a decentralized digital landscape. It begins by contrasting the static, read-only environment of Web1 with the dynamic, interactive realm of Web2, where user-generated content reshaped digital communication. The chapter then lays the foundation for Web3 – a paradigm built on blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFTs), decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and the metaverse. It explains how these innovations return control to the individual, redefining digital ownership, identity, and participation. The discussion also addresses the inherent challenges, such as technical hurdles and regulatory uncertainties, while drawing on real-world case studies of leading brands. Ultimately, the chapter invites readers to actively engage in shaping the future of a truly decentralized, user-empowered internet.
This chapter serves as a powerful conclusion that encapsulates the transformative potential of Web3. It reflects on the journey from centralized systems to a decentralized digital paradigm where blockchain, NFTs, DeFi, and the metaverse redefine ownership, control, and value. This chapter explores how Web3 democratizes data, empowers individuals through self-sovereign identity, and fosters more ethical and inclusive business models. It also discusses the profound societal shifts – redistributing power from a few corporate giants to a diverse, community-driven ecosystem – and addresses ongoing challenges like security, regulation, and scalability. Ultimately, it is a call to action for creators, entrepreneurs, and advocates to actively participate in shaping this future. Web3 is not a distant promise but a present reality, inviting all to build a more transparent, equitable digital world.
S M Mostaq Hossain, Amani Altarawneh, Maanak Gupta
As blockchain technologies are increasingly adopted in enterprise and research domains, the need for secure, scalable, and performance-transparent node infrastructure has become critical. While self-hosted Ethereum nodes offer operational control, they often lack elasticity and require complex maintenance. This paper presents a hybrid, service-oriented architecture for deploying and monitoring Ethereum full nodes using Amazon Managed Blockchain (AMB), integrated with EC2-based observability, IAM-enforced security policies, and reproducible automation via the AWS Cloud Development Kit. Our architecture supports end-to-end observability through custom EC2 scripts leveraging Web3.py and JSON-RPC, collecting over 1,000 real-time data points-including gas utilization, transaction inclusion latency, and mempool dynamics. These metrics are visualized and monitored through AWS CloudWatch, enabling service-level performance tracking and anomaly detection. This cloud-native framework restores low-level observability lost in managed environments while maintaining the operational simplicity of managed services. By bridging the simplicity of AMB with the transparency required for protocol research and enterprise monitoring, this work delivers one of the first reproducible, performance-instrumented Ethereum deployments on AMB. The proposed hybrid architecture enables secure, observable, and reproducible Ethereum node operations in cloud environments, suitable for both research and production use.
This chapter is the first chapter of the section focused on the role of blockchain tokens in startup finance. The chapter is designed to lay the groundwork for understanding tokens and tokenomics. The chapter starts with basic token concepts such as defining tokens and classification of tokens (e.g. security vs. utility tokens, fungible vs. non-fungible tokens). Then, we discuss the roles tokens play on Web3 platforms. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of tokenomics and a case study.
Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based video game offering players the chance to earn crypto tokens in exchange for their time spent playing the game. During the COVID-19 lockdowns, the game's popularity surged alongside the crypto market and stories of early adopters’ quick returns on investments circulated among online crypto and Web3 communities. As the game's rapidly growing userbase plateaued, the community experienced several growth-related crises, one of which saw the value of the game's tokens crash. But players were not passive victims of these developments. They responded by creating a “scholarship” program to secure the flow of new players to the platform and actively commented on their commitment to the “grind” of playing the game to recoup their investments. This article treats the trajectory of Axie Infinity as both an exemplar case study of broader dynamics in the crypto gaming landscape—a process we call the economization of play —and as a unique site in which players were not simply duped by the promise of the game, but were responding to crises proactively with risk mitigating and rationalizing strategies.
The increasing adoption of Decentralized Applications (DApps) and Web3 infrastructures has exposed critical security challenges, including malicious smart contracts, fraudulent transactions, and decentralized governance exploits. Traditional threat intelligence systems rely on centralized security models, which create single points of failure, reduce data sovereignty, and limit real-time risk mitigation. To address these challenges, we introduce a Decentralized Federated Risk Analysis (DFRA) system, leveraging federated risk aggregation, decentralized storage, and automated security intelligence retrieval to enhance cybersecurity in DApps. Our DFRA system operates through three primary components: (1) Federated Risk Aggregation, where a federated model retrieves and consolidates risk scores, flagged threats, and security insights across decentralized sources; (2) MinIOBased Decentralized Storage, which stores security intelligence in an object storage system to allow distributed retrieval; and (3) Automated Security Intelligence Retrieval, a server-based process that periodically fetches and processes security data in real-time.
Junliang Luo, Katrin Tinn, Şengül Duran, Di Wu · 5 authors
Tokenized U.S. Treasuries have emerged as a prominent subclass of real-world assets (RWAs), offering cryptographically secured, yield-bearing instruments issued across multi-chain Web3 infrastructures, with growing significance for transparency, accessibility, and financial inclusion. While the market has expanded rapidly, empirical analyses of transaction-level behaviours remain limited. This paper conducts a quantitative, function-level dissection of U.S. Treasury-backed RWA tokens, including BUIDL, BENJI, and USDY across multi-chain: mostly Ethereum and Layer-2s. Decoded contract calls expose core financial primitives such as issuance, redemption, transfer, and bridging, revealing patterns that distinguish institutional participants from smaller or retail users for the extent and limits of inclusivity in current RWA adoption. To infer address-level economic roles, we introduce a curvature-aware representation learning model. Our method outperforms baseline models in role inference on our collected U.S. Treasury transaction dataset and generalizes to address classification across broader public blockchain transaction datasets. The decoded transaction-level patterns in tokenized U.S. Treasuries across chains surface the degree of retail participation, and the role inference model enables the distinction between institutional treasuries, arbitrage bots, and retail traders based on behavioral patterns, facilitating future more transparent, inclusive, and accountable Web3 finance.
The rapid integration of blockchain, cryptocurrency, and Web3 technologies into digital banks and fintech operations has created an integrated environment blending traditional financial systems with decentralised elements. This paper introduces the CryptoNeo Threat Modelling Framework (CNTMF), a proposed framework designed to address the risks in these ecosystems, such as oracle manipulation and cross-chain exploits. CNTMF represents a proposed extension of established methodologies like STRIDE, OWASP Top 10, NIST frameworks, LINDDUN, and PASTA, while incorporating tailored components including Hybrid Layer Analysis, the CRYPTOQ mnemonic for cryptocurrency-specific risks, and an AI-Augmented Feedback Loop. Drawing on real-world data from 2025 incidents, CNTMF supports data-driven mitigation to reduce losses, which totalled approximately $2.47 billion in the first half of 2025 across 344 security events (CertiK via GlobeNewswire, 2025; Infosecurity Magazine, 2025). Its phases guide asset mapping, risk profiling, prioritisation, mitigation, and iterative feedback. This supports security against evolving risks like state-sponsored attacks.
This chapter delves into the fundamental concepts of distributed and non-distributed systems, laying the groundwork for understanding the intricacies of blockchain technology. A comprehensive overview of public, private, and hybrid blockchain networks is provided, highlighting their unique characteristics and applications. The chapter explores the concept of blockchain tokenization, with a particular focus on non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and their potential to revolutionize security, authentication, and asset digitization. A critical analysis of the challenges and future directions of blockchain technology is presented, followed by an examination of existing NFT-based CPS authentication mechanisms and gaps within the Web2 & Web3 architectures. The chapter concludes with a comparative literature review of NFT-enabled solutions for the cyber-physical environment, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
The traditional voting process, whether paper-based or electronic, is often criticized for its lack of transparency, susceptibility to fraud, and dependence on centralized authorities. Blockchain technology, particularly in the Web3 ecosystem, provides a decentralized, secure, and tamper-proof solution for digital voting. This paper explores how blockchain can enhance election integrity by leveraging decentralized applications (DApps), smart contracts, and cryptographic security. The proposed system employs Ethereum-based smart contracts to automate vote casting and tallying while ensuring voter privacy through zero-knowledge proofs. Decentralized Identity (DID) is integrated for secure authentication, preventing double voting and identity fraud. The paper discusses system architecture, security considerations, scalability challenges, and real-world applications of blockchain voting, highlighting how Web3 can transform democratic elections.
In this paper, we generalize the work of P.T.Landsberg\cite{web1,web2} and S.S.Sidhu\cite{web3} by providing an inequality that has its main motivation from the laws of thermodynamics, in the form of a theorem which is quite useful in generating different inequalities such as the weighted AM-GM-HM inequality, the p-th power inequality , Jensen's inequality and many other inequalities.In this paper, we have not only given the thermodynamic motivation behind the inequality but we have given the required mathematical justification in the form of a straightforward rigorous proof using basic real analysis , which was not present in the works of Landsberg and Sidhu. In fact, the first statement of the theorem mathematically proves the uniqueness of the equilibrium temperature that is attained when n different bodies at different temperatures are brought in contact. The second statement of the theorem gives a mathematical proof of the fact that the process in which n bodies at different temperatures when brought in contact equilibriate to a common temperature is spontaneous,i.e., entropically favourable. Thus, this article motivates the students to come up with different mathematical results by observing the phenomena already existing in nature and also helps them to appreciate the conventional inequalities taught to them at the secondary school and undergraduate level by associating relevant physical phenomena with those inequalities.
This article presents research on emerging global techno-libertarian networks for the establishment of venture-capital, crypto, and Web3-based jurisdictions and the new territorial and state projects they produce, including free private cities, charter cities, seasteads, and network states. Rooted in a self-professed anarcho-capitalist ideology, many of these projects paradoxically claim to eliminate “the state” in favor of decentralized and self-organized societies, while simultaneously proposing or producing different forms of centralized power. The article provides a critical analysis of techno-libertarian statecraft by examining the visual and discursive representations used to convey and obscure ideas of state, governance, and power. To do so, I look primarily at the use of metaphor (Semino 2008) and spectacle (Tsing, 2005) in techno-libertarian representations of territory. Finally, the article uses the Próspera Zone for Economic Development and Employment (ZEDE) located on the Honduran island of Roatán and in the Satuyé Port, La Ceiba as a case study in private statecraft. In addition to analyzing the structures created by Honduras Próspera Inc to govern the highly autonomous jurisdiction and the longevity biotech “network state” that it hosts, the article explores the visual representations that accompany actual structures of governance and state power.
E. I. Agbedo, R. O. Osanakpa, Salami M. O, C. O. Kayoh · 5 authors
This study explores the intricate dynamics of digital asset engagement, employing a Markov chain model to examine peer-influenced adoption (θ) and event-triggered abandonment (γ) across diverse network structures. The study gives hindsight into mixing time (time to stationarity) analysis, which represents the duration required to achieve a stationary distribution, and investigates its upper bound along with a revised linear programming proof. Simulations reveal the significant impact of network architecture on the spread of adoption and abandonment behaviors over time. Random networks typically demonstrate faster mixing, facilitating rapid information dissemination and market stabilization. In contrast, structured networks like small-world and scale-free exhibit more complex and often slower mixing patterns, showing distinct vulnerabilities or resilience based on the prevailing dynamic. Phase diagrams outline areas of sustainable adoption, critical decline, and swift abandonment, showcasing the long-term viability of various digital asset categories (such as Bitcoin-like, Meme coin-like, and NFT-like) within these network landscapes. The research underscores the crucial influence of network structure on market efficiency, information flow, and the enduring sustainability of digital assets. Additionally, this study aims to provide practical insights for Web3 project teams striving to cultivate sustainable asset ecosystems.