A construction of strong political nation and state is the multivectorial and complex task of modern power of all levels and forms, where moderate application of acquisition of modern civilization has be a main rule taking into account domestic public realities. Particular importance in recent years become the processes of information and development of information society, which contribute so much to the vast majority of important human areas that do not require proof of impact and the socio-political life, which can serve as an example: electronic form functioning of the state and its interaction with civil society with the latest communication media (e-government), in fact, electronic development of civil society (e-democracy). Also worth noting is that this influence increasingly gaining new, more powerful turns, eliminating «the market» form of mass communication that has gained some archaic features (analogue radio and television, written press, analog telephone). In such circumstances, there is also a transition to a postindustrial economy (or economic information society), where the main of production is the professionalism and creativity of man. Social and political life under such conditions requires an individual to maximize expertise and thus one becomes autonomous and highly organized, able to bring a modern civil society to a new level, significantly increase the effectiveness of public control over the institutions of public power for its high quality education and modern means of mass communication that increasingly integrating the international community into a single information space, making it impossible, or very shaky possibility that state censorship as perhaps the most important means of conquering people undemocratic regime. With the information and the role of specific people, its autonomy, self-organization, should establish criteria for the classification of forms of government in the degree of subsidiary, local government or decentralized government. This approach agree on the form of the state, including its polity, societal essence of the modern civilized state focused on man. According to this criterion the classic division of the state structure should be aligned with those of the above nature of the modern state, shift the focus from consideration of the government towards the public in general, to determine the proper seat of power of the community and the state as a secondary. Given this, it is proposed to consider the criterion of verification forms of government is not the degree of centralization of state power, and the degree of subsidiary bodies of the local community. According to that, the main types of territorial organization of subsidiary bodies may be subsidiary, delegated, competing and mixed.
Bulgaria is one of the first countries from the former socialist block, which adopted a new democratic Constitution as early as 1991. The Constitution affirms the model of modern democratic state and outlines the principle of decentralization, admitting the right of self-government to the municipalities. Development of the legal frame of the local self-government and the enlargement of its functions, including the regulation of the financial independence of the municipalities, was accepted as a good perspective for further development of the local self-government. \n \nBased on the above the paper analyses: \n• Political, administrative and financial decentralization in Bulgaria as an integral part of the process of making public institutions more efficient, responsive and accountable to citizens; \n• Historical background of the decentralization process - undertaken reforms; adoption of legal texts; Constitutional amendment for providing local authorities with taxation powers; establishment of a joint Working Group on Financial Decentralization; adoption of a Concept and a Program for Financial Decentralization; creation of a system of incentives which target higher local revenues, consolidated financial management potential, and maximum level of local autonomy to determine the type, scope and provision of municipal services; division of municipal budget financed public services into two groups (state delegated and local); development of Strategy for decentralization and a Program for its implementation; \n• The impact of national and international (Council of Europe, European Commission) institutions and NGO’s on the decentralization process. \n \nThe purpose of the paper is not only to reveal the past reforms, but to stress on the present results and to examine the intergovernmental fiscal relations and local financial management. Unfortunately despite the positive changes, made in the first years after the period of centralized economy and governance, nowadays the local finance system is almost unchanged. Some of the ascertained problems might be summarized in the following: \n \n- Presence of permanent structural deficit in the municipal budgets, caused by the discrepancy between expenditure responsibilities and the income base; \n- Complicated, non-transparent and frequently changing transfer system; \n- Insufficient financing of delegated responsibilities; \n- Reduction of the recourses for municipal investments. \n \nThe experience in our country shows that a number of former decisions and initial intentions in the sphere of decentralization end with stabilization of the centralization. In this respect the paper searches arguments, connected with the reasons for the above described situation – is it a result from: \n• the unpreparedness of local government institutions and local stakeholders to operate in a reformed environment and the limited capacity to design, implement and monitor decentralization policies; \n• or from the wish for realizing a lot of changes for very short period of time; \n• or the reason is in the lack of political will.
This paper presents the significance of the issues related to the activity of territorial self-government for the social and economic development of Ukraine. The efficient operation of self-government in any country is unfeasible without financial resources. Polish experience in the development of territorial self-government is particularly valuable in relation to the reform of Ukraine’s self-government. The paper outlines the differences in the structure and operation of territorial self-government in both countries. The paper is concluded with numerous observations on the direction of selected reforms of Ukrainian self-government. It shows the weaknesses of local self-government in Ukraine, which result from the lack of decentralization of finance and the small amount of state-collected taxes. The conclusions end with the observation that a consistent development of the Ukrainian state is required for Poland to develop well.
This paper presents the significance of the issues related to the activity of territorial self-government for the social and economic development of Ukraine. The efficient operation of self-government in any country is unfeasible without financial resources. Polish experience in the development of territorial self-government is particularly valuable in relation to the reform of Ukraine’s self-government. The paper outlines the differences in the structure and operation of territorial self-government in both countries. The paper is concluded with numerous observations on the direction of selected reforms of Ukrainian self-government. It shows the weaknesses of local self-government in Ukraine, which result from the lack of decentralization of finance and the small amount of state-collected taxes. The conclusions end with the observation that a consistent development of the Ukrainian state is required for Poland to develop well.
The goal of decentralized decision making is to ensure that local governments deliver services consistent with local preferences, make the most cost-effective use of tax moneys, provide fair governance, and are answerable to local residents. Structuring fiscal and institutional arrangements to achieve such diverse objectives for merit goods such as education, health, infrastructure, and poverty alleviation while supporting decentralized decision making is the motivation for various chapters in this section. Health and education expenditures constitute some of the most important public services that governments provide. Their features are also particularly relevant for nations with multiple orders of government. The provision of health care and education services, and sometimes health insurance coverage for individuals, is typically entrusted to subnational governments. At the same time these services fulfill important national objectives. They contribute to redistributive objectives such as equality of opportunity and social insurance, and they also promote efficiency and growth in the national economy. The result is that, although the provision of health and education services are decentralized, the federal government maintains an interest in how they are delivered and engages in policies to influence that delivery. Chapter 11 is devoted to investigating in more detail some the issues that arise because of this shared responsibility. It discusses conceptual considerations and practices in decentralized assignment of health and education services and financing mechanisms to ensure that equity objectives are not compromised in pursuit of efficiency and matching services with local preferences.
Pointed comparative description separate rice of the systems of of public welfare of Ukraїni and some foreign powers; certainly advantages and failings in adjusting of the domestic system of public welfare of 90th years and the features of financing of social sphere of at are analysed modern terms of decentralization of management.
Analyzing parameters of efficiency of investments and the reasons of low interest of corporations in realization of researches and development in priority directions of development of a science and technics, the author proves that the most productive approach providing capitalization of the state and corporate assets enclosed in research and development the formation and development of integration forms of the state property management and gives a number of principles, allowing to raise their efficiency: joint financing of projects from the state while preserving management of the projects in the hands of business, decentralization of the state support and formation of a network of «institutes of development», formation of trust to new institutes through personal reputation of managing directors, realization of support functions through business-intermediaries, granting of services instead of money.
Human resource, one of the most important development resources of the world, is undoubtedly a basic precondition for entering the society of knowledge. The quality of human knowledge is determined by the quality of the educational system that enables knowledge, skill and competence acquisition required in the labor market. Quality educational system must be based on the quality financing. One of the problems that emerge is a disproportion between the educational needs and the possibilities of their financing. This problem is present in all countries, thus it shows that it is about educational financing crisis. Encountered with numerous severe consequences of this crisis, the countries undertake different measures, which basically represent the essence of the educational process reform. Public education financing reform measures are directed towards activating trade mechanism and financing decentralization. Croatia is not the exception where the education financing crisis is also pronounced and where numerous reform measures have been undertaken in order to surpass the crisis. This paper examines the measures which are directed towards the decentralization of education financing in Croatia.
Development of the European integration through the European Union (EU) considers not only strengthening integration from the economic aspect (internal market). It also considers the political aspect of the integration i.e. strengthening political integration of member states and their citizens. Political segment of integration considers strengthening of the internal policies of the EU in which fiscal system, i.e. public finances have extremely important role. The EU fiscal system presents reflection of the extremely strong and often confronted interests between the economic and the political integration. These issues are closely related to the second component of the European politic and economic integration, that are the fiscal relations between the EU “central” level and the national “lower” levels which bring the all important decisions in the EU. According to the theory of public finance (fiscal federalism) and the criteria of economic efficiency, fiscal functions (allocation, redistribution, stabilization) and activities are assigned to the different levels of government, as well as certain resources for their financing. On the basis of fiscal functions carried out by national levels in the EU, and the manner of their financing, the EU is a prominently fiscally decentralized complex community. The traditional approach to the fiscal federalism that fiscal authorities are transferred from central to lover levels means that this is a process of decentralization, while in the case of the EU this means centralization of fiscal authorities from the level on national states to the EU as a supra-national level. The main goal of this paper is to analyze fiscal relations in the EU according to basic fiscal functions: allocation, redistribution and stabilization. Methodology would include analysis and comparison of positive EU aspect with normative aspect of public finances in multi-level community. Induction of gained results will confirm thesis that, because of political restraints, development of common (central) system of the EU public finances is based on alternative approaches of harmonization and cooperation.
The paper deals with hybrid systems, where human actors and non-human agents meet and interact. Different from most of the literature on autonomous technology, which mainly deals with the question of agency of non-humans, the paper puts forward the assumption that the release of smart technology may lead to a deconstruction of order or even a regime change, thus raising the question of how order emerges in hybrid systems. Discussing different sociological concepts, the paper identifies two modes of governance: central control and decentralized selforganization. However, smart technology allows implementing different system's architectures, some of which may go beyond this traditional distinction. Referring to a case study on collision avoidance in aviation (and especially the mid-air collision at Ueberlingen in 2002), the paper shows that hybrid systems create new opportunities, but entail new risks as well. The release of smart technology seems to intensify well-known problems of automation, especially when systems get out of control. Aviation is one of the societal fields, where experiments with new modes of governance currently take place that combine features of central control and decentralized self-organization.
The article considers the issue of correlation of centralization and decentralization process of off-budget university finance management and recommends regulations of university authorities and organizational departments interrelation in the area of formation, distribution and use of off-budget funds
Organizational research indicates that large organizations involved in many different activities can counteract the diseconomies of size and complexity, tendency to bureaucratization, and to increasing resistance to innovation by breaking up into relatively autonomous, self-contained units such as relatively autonomous, self-contained divisions, retaining mainly policy control at the centre and a powerful MIS as a monitoring device. States too can enhance their administrative capacity and innovativeness highly by decentralizing and by fragmenting themselves into relatively autonomous, self-contained units headed by professional managers with clear accountability and clear mandate. Such unbundling must, however, be in the pursuit of an integrating, shared vision of national excellence like social justice, economic growth, and improvement in the quality of life. Several case studies from a number of countries of government departments, agencies, and projects that were decentralized along the foregoing lines under a shared vision of state excellence demonstrate the efficacy of this strategy of fragmenting the state in certain effective ways. Several additional mechanisms can institutionalize the culture on innovation in governmental bodies, such as progressively higher goals, with potential conflict among goals. The operationalziation of a strong serving the “customer” commitment, an operationlized commitment to cut costs, to make increasingly technologically sophisticated offerings, to benchmarking, to entrepreneurship, to global scanning for innovations, trends, and opportunities, to periodic diagnosis of the organization’s functioning, to participative decision making and brainstorming for novel but workable solutions, to periodic, exonovation, and toa daunting developmental and growth vision are powerful mechanisms to make government bodies highly innovative.