The study proposes a blockchain-based patient-centric EHR solution for India. The proposed framework would provide a secure health infrastructure system, make data tampering impossible, enable just-in-time availability of healthcare information, remove handwritten prescriptions, and of er end-to-end monitoring, and increase patient privacy and record management. The research connects to hospital databases to incorporate previous handwritten prescriptions into the new system. In the Hyperledger Fabric-based design, patients will view, write, and control authorization to their medical information through a web or mobile interface. During implementation, we used a network model with three companies and three peers. When write block duration is raised from 250 ms to 2s, 250 tps throughput improves by 4x. Block size 20 is 50% faster than block size 40, improving network performance. Since the network model's CPU utilization has remained steady over time, a drop in block size and an increase in block time will lead to a considerable decrease in network latency, boosting network performance.
Ashraf Mohey Eldin, Eman Hossny, Khaled Wassif, Fatma A. Omara
Blockchain is a distributed technology that introduced the well known Bitcoin cryptocurrency into action. Blockchain has been considered for research by many countries and industries. It is being applied in many fields such as the healthcare domain. Many companies started using Blockchain to increase the security and privacy of the Electronic Healthcare Records for their patients. The work in this paper discusses some existing healthcare problems and challenges. In addition, the paper reviews some related work models and provides a comparison that shows their objectives and limitations. Also, a proposed Federated Blockchain System (FBS) is introduced to provide solutions for these healthcare problems and elaborates the technical details of the system architecture. Moreover, the effectiveness of the system has been validated which showed an average of 68-100 ms for performing query operations and average of 0.944-19.041 s for performing writing operations on the system. Finally, a discussion of the system validation and future work are presented.
The typical method of keeping track of medical records uses paper and centralised systems, which introduces a great deal of uncertainty and can lead to inaccurate information, identity theft, a lack of accessibility, and other problems. With the use of blockchain technology, which offers us security, availability, and integrity, this study seeks to address these problems. Using this, the records can be safeguarded and accessible from anywhere, at any time. This blockchain-based solution can protect a patient's life in an emergency since all of the records can be viewed in one location without the inconvenience of running various tests. Re-chain a secure blockchain-based digital medical health record management system was developed to solve the problems with the centralized and traditional system. It is based on the Ethereum network and uses web3.storage which is an Interplanetary File System (IPFS) system to store files in a decentralized manner.
M Vanditha, Surendra R Hegde, K Snehith, Anitha S Prasad · 5 authors
Blockchain is a revolutionary technology where information is exchanged between different entities in a chain by using distributed software design and powerful computing. The Novel Method uses smart contract and Ethereum blockchain for tracing and tracking crops efficiently with complete security and business operations. The Technology terminates the requirement for an intermediary, transaction records and trusted centralized authority. Hence, Blockchain improves safety and efficiency by maintaining high reliability and integrity. Smart contracts are used in the proposed system to regulate and oversee all communications and transactions between the participants in the ecosystem of the agricultural supply chain. All transactions are preserved and recorded in the immutable ledger of the blockchain, which is linked to a decentralized file system called as IPFS. Data about images and locations are submitted by various supply chain participants which are then are utilized to ensure the transparency and traceability of the crops using IPFS.
E-Learning Education systems are gaining attention day-to-day because of their inclusive pertinence in the distance education system. Due to COVID-19, the online learning education system has become very popular. Most probably, all education systems have been using the IoT-based E-Learning system to continue the students’ education without hindrance during the COVID lockdown. Several E-Learning IoT schemes are explored that reflect privacy and security, but still, there is no detailed scheme; hence, it needs a sustainable, secure E-Learning IoT system. The characteristics and prospects of the Internet of Things are discussed in this article. By analyzing the various functions and capabilities of the Internet of Things, this article aims to provide an overview of the various advantages and challenges of using the platform for e-learning. This paper proposed the E-Learning IoT architecture with Blockchain technology, with layers of different IoT and Blockchain concepts to secure the online education system. Also, the block diagram of the proposed architecture demonstrates how students can securely access or interact with the online learning system through Blockchain technology. By implementing the proposed e-learning IoT architecture, universities and colleges can improve their distance learning programs and increase efficiency without affecting their academic activities. Finally, the study found that e-learning positively impacts students' learning experience and overall quality of education. It also exhibited a significant positive impact on their flexibility and academic productivity.
Blockchain in Healthcare is a significant field that has gained attention over the years which focuses on privacy and security of patient's information and its supporting data. The existing scenario is a cloud-based centralized healthcare data which is maintained by every organization that attends its patients, is recorded for clinical, patient care and research purposes. This centralized system can be tampered or manipulated by hackers or internal conflict of interest, that can be addressed by decentralized blockchain technology. An immutable permissioned blockchain which secures data from malicious attacks that is acquired using Healthcare 4.0 with Internet of Things (IOT) that comprises of sensor data, machine communication and automation systems. Medical institutions can utilize this technology to obtain insight and improve the analysis of medical records. This paper elaborates solutions for Healthcare data security using permissioned blockchain with authorized access of personal that provides secure data storage, sharing and accessing from secured blockchain technology. It also provides significant benefits in healthcare, reduces fear of data theft and by enabling smart contract-based storage design with best security benefits.
Elham Abdulwahab Anaam, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Taher M. Ghazal, Su-Cheng Haw · 6 authors
Scalability, security, and communication delays in the Internet of Things can be resolved using blockchain technology, which is the final piece of the puzzle. Blockchain technology may provide the IoT sector with the panacea it needs. Blockchain technology can record massive amounts of access points, allowing for the recording of data and collaboration between equipment, and providing manufacturers in the IoT sector with significant cost reductions. By removing individual points of failure, this decentralized strategy would build a more robust environment for the operation of equipment. Wondering in the era of information technology. Blockchain has attracted a lot of interest in recent decades for its ability to provide decentralized, definitive, and auditable usage in the Internet of Things (IoT). The majority of Internet of Things (IoT) devices are facing significant adaptability and privacy difficulties. This study proposes an understanding of How blockchain works with IoT for security data records.
Blockchain technology has been used in the healthcare sector in a spectacular manner. Medical negligence is a worldwide problem that both developed and developing nations must deal with. Blockchain offers a safe and open system of coordinated medical management that puts patients first and enables the effective and efficient execution of national health insurance plans. This paper discussed about the 2017 National Health Policy of India. The social and technical barriers in the implementation of the scheme are examined in this paper. A Blockchain technology-based provider known as Aarogya Chain is suggested to remove these barriers.
Alexandru A. Maftei, Alexandru Lavric, Adrian I. Petrariu, Valentin Popa
The Internet of Things (IoT) concept involves connecting devices to the internet and forming a network of objects that can collect information from the environment without human intervention. Although the IoT concept offers some advantages, it also has some issues that are associated with cyber security risks, such as the lack of detection of malicious wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes, lack of fault tolerance, weak authorization, and authentication of nodes, and the insecure management of received data from IoT devices. Considering the cybersecurity issues of IoT devices, there is an urgent need of finding new solutions that can increase the security level of WSNs. One issue that needs attention is the secure management and data storage for IoT devices. Most of the current solutions are based on systems that operate in a centralized manner, ecosystems that are easy to tamper with and provide no records regarding the traceability of the data collected from the sensors. In this paper, we propose an architecture based on blockchain technology for securing and managing data collected from IoT devices. By implementing blockchain technology, we provide a distributed data storage architecture, thus eliminating the need for a centralized network topology using blockchain advantages such as immutability, decentralization, distributivity, enhanced security, transparency, instant traceability, and increased efficiency through automation. From the obtained results, the proposed architecture ensures a high level of performance and can be used as a scalable, massive data storage solution for IoT devices using blockchain technologies. New WSN communication protocols can be easily enrolled in our data storage blockchain architecture without the need for retrofitting, as our system does not depend on any specific communication protocol and can be applied to any IoT application.
To protect personal patient information and comply with regulations, data security is a necessary aspect of the healthcare business. Systems in the healthcare business that are based on the block chain are beneficial to both medical professionals and patients. The use of block chain technology in the healthcare industry as a useful tool for decentralizing patient health information, monitoring pharmaceutical goods, and increasing payment options is swiftly gaining support. Because patient data is written on paper and stored in filing cabinets, it is simple to protect and secure it. However, all data is now saved digitally, such as patient records, which are now stored on computers, servers, and storage devices. Poor wireless network security, data breaches, legacy system use, malware, viruses, and other hostile attacks are all risk considerations in health care. When compared to other businesses, one of the key reasons to safeguard health care data is that healthcare companies gather and keep extremely detailed patient records, including patient names, dates of birth, addresses, and social security numbers. This paper aims to discuss the issues and solutions to achieving digital healthcare using blockchain technology.
A common network image (COP) across the numerous applications of contemporary life was made possible by the internet with things (IoT). The development of wireless sensor network devices, which allowed data to be exchanged and numerous analyses to be carried out, allowed for the achievement of the COP. IoT raises security and privacy issues since data authentication and exchange are handled only via the central server. There might be a possibility of device spoofing, incorrect authentication, and decreased data exchange dependability. A central server’s model is dropped and cryptocurrency (BC) technology is added as a component of IoT to solve similar confidentiality and security problems. This study examines how the distributed ledgers based on block chain (DL-BC) technology contributes to potential security and privacy concerns in the context of IoT component interaction. Application of BC with regard to the targeted industries and categories were obviously examined here. To comprehend the role of blockchain technology, certain issues unique to IoT and IoT using BC also were explored.
Every development in communication standards up to this point has been driven by the need to provide end users with high-speed access. Although future-proof 5G and well beyond systems are being designed to accommodate the varying needs of a wide range of use cases, the emphasis has shifted significantly due to 5G. These requirements encompass Accelerated Wireless Internet, Massive Computer Telecommunications, and Special Low Latency Communications. It will be important to rethink the current deployment of cellular networks in order to realise these features in 5G and beyond, since just inventing new radio access methods and leveraging extra spectrum will not be enough. Application networking, content delivery network abstraction, computer vision, and data storage are just some of the technologies being implemented into 5G networks to satisfy the demands of a wide range of requirements. However, there are a number of challenges presented by these technologies because to concerns around decentralization, transparency, compatibility, privacy, and security. Block chain’s distributed ledger system, cryptographically secured data storage, audit ability, immutability, and transparency have helped it gain traction as a potential answer to these issues. In this research, we take a look at the most up-to-date deployment of Blockchain in 5Mobile communications and examine how it might help 5G and beyond smart systems to provide a wide range of services in the front-haul, border, and core.
Ahmad Y. A. Bani Ahmad, Sukhavasi Santha Kumari, S. Mahabub Basha, Shouvik Kumar Guha · 6 authors
Initially, coins used block chain solutions as its open digital ledger. Although, cryptographic protocols has lately been taken into consideration, the wide range of additional applications due to its unique combination of decentralization, reliability, accessibility, and vehemently anti features. Such characteristics are especially helpful for a range of significant problems encountered in the finance industry. Therefore, by changing how various financial services are provided ledger technology has the ability to completely transform the financial sector. In this article, we present five distinct finance sector use cases that the use of block chains is predicted to fundamentally disrupt. this paper investigates financial sector and security system implementations and its implications.
One of the main issues over the ages has been the lack of water. The water supply networks are now being affected by the increased deployment of IOT technology and devices. The development of a trustworthy, auditable, and transparent traceable system like Blockchain is the product of creative research. Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, introduces a fresh, creative strategy for the development of centralized, distrust-free systems. The use of blockchain technology eliminates corruption since it can keep track of every transaction. Blockchain has built-in capabilities for fault tolerance, immutability, transparency, and full transaction tracing for records that are saved, as well as for digital asset representation and transaction executions. The blockchain-based water management system described in this study is completely decentralized, with IoT devices collecting data as it is setup and adding it to the blockchain. We use the Ethereum blockchain to represent a supplier to consumer use case in our blockchain-based water management system. We also talk about the network's participants' duties in the water management system. Finally, we assessed the benefits of blockchain-based water management over existing ones and showed how it might benefit contemporary society.
P. Chinnasamy, D. Roja Ramani, Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy, B. Jency A Jebamani · 6 authors
The development of new technologies and also the provision of great connections are becoming increasingly important in all aspects of our everyday situations. This advanced technology also brings a variety of flaws, most importantly security-related problems. Distributed ledger technology, amongst the most prominent technologies in the previous few years, is gaining traction due to its ability to just provide privacy in a variety of domains, including logistics management, transportation, as well as other industries. The educational industry should also make use of the important features blockchain technology offers. This technology is now being considered by schools and universities, particularly universities, as an approach to enhance the teaching-learning process and encourage the participation of all stakeholders including such undergraduates, professors, and even family members. E-transcripts, digitized certificates and credentials, data storage, plus access control will all benefit from it. This detailed research analysis discusses the adaptability of blockchain technology in the education sector.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has got various applications in today's life. In IoT there is central server through which information and data passed between the connected devices. This will create many security and privacy issues. Phishing attack, Denial of service attack, false authentication etc are some of the security issues in IoT systems. To solve these issues, central server can be eliminated and technology like Blockchain, where there is no central authority can be adopted. In this paper various use cases of IoT and Blockchain are studied. IoT is vulnerable to many attacks. These vulnerabilities are studied and how blockchain technology and IoT can be integrated to enhance security are also discussed
IoMT sensor nodes, Internet of Things (IoT) wearable medical equipment, healthcare facilities, patients, and insurance firms are all increasingly being included in IoMT systems. Therefore, it is difficult to create a blockchain design for such systems, since scalability is among the most important aspects of blockchain technology. This realization prompted us to comprehensively analyze blockchain-based IoMT solutions developed in English between 2017 and 2022. This review incorporates the theoretical underpinnings of a large body of work published in highly regarded academic journals over the past decade, to standardize evaluation methods and fully capture the rapidly developing blockchain space. This study categorizes blockchain-enabled applications across various industries such as information management, privacy, healthcare, business, and supply chains according to a structured, systematic evaluation, and thematic content analysis of the literature that is already identified. The gaps in the literature on the topic have also been highlighted, with a special focus on the restrictions posed by blockchain technology and the knock-on effects that such restrictions have in other fields. Based on these results, several open research questions and potential avenues for further investigation that are likely to be useful to academics and professionals alike are pinpointed.
Amit Kumar Tyagi, Sathian Dananjayan, Deepshikha Agarwal, Hasmath Farhana Thariq Ahmed
Today, blockchain is becoming more popular in academia and industry because it is a distributed, decentralised technology which is changing many industries in terms of security, building trust, etc. A few blockchain applications are banking, insurance, logistics, transportation, etc. Many insurance companies have been thinking about how blockchain could help them be more efficient. There is still a lot of hype about this immutable technology, even though it has not been utilised to its full potential. Insurers have to decide whether or not to use blockchain, just like many other businesses do. This technology keeps a distributed ledger on each blockchain node, making it more secure and transparent. The blockchain network can operate smart contracts and convince others to agree, so criminals cannot make mistakes. On another side, the Internet of Things (IoT) might make a real-time application work faster through its automation. With the integration of blockchain and IoT, there will always be a problem with technology regarding IoT devices and mining the blockchain. This paper gives a real-time view of blockchain-IoT-based applications for Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. The last few sections discuss essential topics such as open issues, challenges, and research opportunities for future researchers to expand research in blockchain-IoT-based applications.
Blockchain was first conceptualized in 2008, but became all the rage with Bitcoin. Blockchain is a digital ledger that records the transactions, excluding any third party. It has many features like transparency, security, privacy, accuracy, reliability, and decentralization. In the present study, the process and applications of blockchain in healthcare, and how and where blockchain is helpful for the healthcare industry, are discussed. The study shows that blockchain helps in generating a private key for its use, which can be accessed by that key only, ensuring privacy and security. Blockchain can record and manage the data of patients, which improves doctor-patient interaction with accuracy. It can also keep track of any upcoming outbreak of disease by helping epidemiologists and can help in claiming health insurance, which is helpful for both parties, i.e., insurer and insured. Lastly, it can help trace and secure the medical supplies without any fraud or manipulation, which can increase the product lifecycle by protecting the rights.
In the recent years, blockchain technology has gained significant attention in the healthcare sector. It has the potential to alleviate a wide variety of major difficulties in electronic health record systems. This study presents an elaborate overview of the existing research works on blockchain applications in the healthcare industry. This paper evaluates 144 articles that discuss the importance and limits of using blockchain technologies to improve healthcare operations. The objective is to demonstrate the technology’s potential uses and highlight the difficulties and possible sectors for future blockchain research in the healthcare domain. The paper starts with an extensive background study of blockchain and its features. Then, the paper focuses on providing an extensive literature review of the selected articles to highlight the current research themes in blockchain-based healthcare systems. After that, major application areas along with the solutions provided by blockchain in healthcare systems are pointed out. Finally, a discussion section provides insight into the limitations, challenges and future research directions.
Meraj Farheen Ansari, Bibhu Dash, Swati Swayamsiddha, Ganapati Panda
Patients' medical files are electronically preserved and accessible through a network such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Numerous opportunities exist for EHRs to enhance patient care, clinical practice performance indicators, and potential future clinical research contributions. The techniques used to preserve EHRs have proved incredibly unsafe in the contemporary era of smart homes and urban areas. Data can be easily accessed by hackers and unauthorized third parties. Furthermore, the data is not accessible to patients or healthcare practitioners. These plans cannot balance the accessibility and security of the data. But with blockchain, these issues can be resolved. Any application created utilizing blockchain technology is secure and inaccessible to unauthorized parties thanks to the three critical characteristics of the technology: Security, Decentralization, and Transparency. In a blockchain network, it is nearly difficult to manipulate data. This research work utilizes blockchain technology to deploy EHRs and improve their security and privacy. With its decentralized structure and cryptographic techniques, blockchain technology will maintain control over who gets access to information. Furthermore, it will maintain a balance between accessing data and privacy. The advanced aspects of the EHR system are handled by this research using smart contracts. The comprehensive healthcare management solution across a network can incorporate several sectors, such as billing and transportation. A website program can be combined with it to increase interactivity. By adding pharmacists to the system as a participant, EHRs can help them track medical sales.
Internet of Things (IoT) is a future internet or amendment to existing internet with surrounding things as part of a network generally defines as networked smart things, where every physical "thing" or "node" is embedded with a digital element and working in a network. Each node in IoT monitor and senses the surrounding environment to collect the data and transfer it to the application layer to derive intelligence. The level of efficiency, automation, and comfort for human life will increase through existing IoT and future IoT opportunities. To effectively implement IoT with a rapid increase in IoT applications demands privacy, promising security, and authentication for all entire transactions in the network, and the system should be able to recover from any kind of attack. This study has presented a detailed review of IoT, layer base IoT architecture, and different threats for each layer of IoT along with all possible security and privacy risks for IoT along with existing solutions with the help of blockchain. The recent emerging technology, blockchain is a transparent, trusted, and decentralized P2P network with core properties of immutability, security, and integrity. The IoT can achieve better security with blockchain integration but need to address various challenges. This paper also presented various possible IoT and Blockchain integration for promising security and privacy.