The cab-sharing system provides a platform for drivers and riders with shared trip services, providing significant benefits, such as decreasing traffic congestion, reducing travel costs, and limicting energy consumption, which improve the business of transportation. However, existing cab-sharing systems mainly depend on the centralized authority to provide many services, increasing privacy concerns and facing the single point of failure issue. Also, these systems expose drivers’ or riders’ locations and personal information that increase security issues, and charge high fees for services due to the involvement of third-party providers. Therefore, this paper proposes a decentralized and secure cab-sharing system to provide ride-sharing services using blockchain technology without any trusted third party. The proposed system uses the blockchain structure to preserve the driver’s or rider’s information, such as personal details, travel price, pickup or drop-off locations, departure or arrival date, and time. Furthermore, it implements the reputation feature to rate drivers and riders based on their travel history or behaviors without any centralized authority that allows users to select them based on their past experiences on the system. The proposed architecture is deployed using the Ethereum platform and functionality is designed using smart contracts. The performance evaluation and experimental results show that the proposed system requires low computational overheads and provides an efficient cab-sharing platform.
Sujit Sangram Sahoo, Aravind R Menon, Vijay Kumar Chaurasiya
This paper aims to implement a blockchain-based, fully decentralized vehicle toll collection model. The resultant scheme uses a Global positioning system to track the vehicles, and the payment module is fully decentralized and uses Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum blockchain uses immutable documents called smart contracts to carry out business logic. It ensures that every transaction between vehicle owners and the authorities is traceable, immutable, transparent, and trustworthy. The Global Positioning System provides the location of an object using coordinates measured using satellites. The data from GPS is recorded constantly to ensure that the vehicle has traveled to the correct location and is stored in a publicly verifiable blockchain. The other vehicle owners work as location verifiers except for the particular vehicle. An automatic payment system is to be developed, which gets triggered when necessary conditions are met by the vehicle. Our proposed model is authentic and secure, ensuring penalties for malicious participants. The experimental results are based on the Gas consumption of all the smart contracts. This model can improve the current toll collection model of the National Highway Authority of India to make it more profitable and corruption-free.
With the advent of modern technologies, including the IoT and blockchain, smart-parking (SP) systems are becoming smarter and smarter. Similar to other automated systems, and particularly those that require automation or minimal interaction with humans, the SP system is heuristic in delivering performances, such as throughput in terms of latency, efficiency, privacy, and security, and it is considered a long-term cost-effective solution. This study looks ahead to future trends and developments in SP systems and presents an inclusive, long-term, effective, and well-performing smart autonomous vehicle parking (SAVP) system that explores and employs the emerging fog-computing and blockchain technologies as robust solutions to strengthen the existing collaborative IoT-cloud platform to build and manage SP systems for autonomous vehicles (AVs). In other words, the proposed SAVP system offers a smart-parking solution, both indoors and outdoors, and mainly for AVs looking for vacant parking, wherein the fog nodes act as a middleware layer that provides various parking operations closer to IoT-enabled edge devices. To address the challenges of privacy and security, a lightweight integrated blockchain and cryptography (LIBC) module is deployed, which is functional at each fog node, to authorize and grant access to the AVs in every phase of parking (e.g., from the parking entrance to the parking slot to the parking exit). A proof-of-concept implementation was conducted, wherein the overall computed results, such as the average response time, efficiency, privacy, and security, were examined as highly efficient to enable a proven SAVP system. This study also examined an innovative pace, with careful considerations to combatting the existing SP-system challenges and, therefore, to building and managing future scalable SP systems.
S Rashmitha, H. A. Sanjay, K. Aditya Shastry, K Jayaa Shree Laxmi
At the pace at which technology is growing in this day and age, it is vital to keep up with the trend and improve existing systems. Blockchain is one such domain and the research and development done in this area in the past few years has been extraordinary. The crowdfunding and fintech sectors can be impacted positively with the application of blockchain. Existing crowdfunding services currently do not provide an incentive for investors who are using the platform, making it a very one-sided gain for the person making the request. There is also the fact that farmers are still unable to receive capital easily when they are in need. This work proposes a blockchain based system that enables investors to receive a portion of their investment based on returns made by the farmer. The proposed system will ensure that farmers will receive capital easily when they are in need. The Credit Score system has been integrated with the system to build the trust in the system. Plasma based distributed Ledger framework will enable gasless transaction ensuring a cost-effective system which has been demonstrated in results section.
Parking problem has become a bottle neck of urban traffic management. On one hand, there is no effective way to get timely information of available parking lots. On the other hand, owners of private parking spaces are less willing to share their spare lots. To deal with the parking problem, a new parking sharing network named ParkChain is firstly proposed using blockchain to build a decentralized but trustworthy network. Herein, ParkChain provides a distributed autonomous infrastructure for both vehicle drivers and park granters, which can promote the extensive parking resource sharing and relieve the parking problem. A new blockchain consensus protocol named Proof-of-Planned-Behavior (PoPB) is proposed. It builds the model of the autonomous consensus process based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), derives a computable threshold for qualification of block data authorizers, and then develops a dynamic authorizer group mechanism for creditability and decentrality considerations. Furthermore, various smart contracts are developed to carry out the parking services transparently. Finally, the prototype has been successfully implemented in a university campus setting to demonstrate the effectiveness of ParkChain.
Ziqiang Tang, Hongping Xie, Changqing Du, Yinying Liu · 6 authors
Peer-to-peer electricity transaction is predicted to play a substantial role in research into future power infrastructures as energy consumption in intelligent microgrids increases. However, the on-demand usage of Energy is a major issue for families to obtain the best cost. This article provides a machine learning predictive power trading framework for supporting distributed power resources in real-time, day-to-day monitoring, and generating schedules. Furthermore, the energy optimization algorithm used in machine learning (EOA-ML) is proposed in this article. The machine learning-based platform suggested two modules: fuel trading and intelligent contracts based on machine learning implemented predictive analytical components. The Blockchain module enables peers to track energy use in real-time, manage electricity trading, model rewards, and irreversible transaction records of electricity trading. A predictive analysis component based on previous power usage data is designed to anticipate short-term energy usage in the Intelligent Contracts. This study utilizes data from the provincial Jeju, Korea’s electricity department on true energy utilization. This study seeks to establish optimal electricity flow and crowdsourced, promoting electricity between consumers and prosumers. Power trading relies on day-to-day, practical environmental control and the planning of decentralized power capitals to satisfy the demands of smart grids. Furthermore, it employs data mining technologies to obtain and study time-series research from the past electricity utilization data. Thus, the time series analytics promotes power controllingto better future efficient planning and managingelectricity supplies. It utilized numerous statistical methods to assess the effectiveness of the suggested prediction model, mean square error in different models of machine learning, recurring neural networks. The efficacy of the proposed system regarding the delay, throughput, and resource using hyperleader caliper is shown. Finally, the suggested approach is successfully applied for power crowdsourcing between prosumer and customer to reach service reliability based on trial findings. The actual and predicted cost analysis has been increased (95%). It minimizes the delay rate to (40.3%) by improving the efficiency rate.
Blockchain has been found of great use in various sectors and this technology promises much more because of the high level of security it provides and blockchain provides us trade without the need of any mediators so Land holding system seems to be a very promising area of interest. All the countries around the world are now implementing blockchain in the area of land registrations in India, we should also consider it as a viable option. The blockchain has provided major security benefits in diverse fields. Therefore, this land holding system is implemented using a blockchain architecture. In India main problems in traditional land holding system include space constraints, fraud in land registry, lack of uniformity and poor maintenance of land records, lack of single window title verification and investigation system, fear of destruction of records by force majeure events. Therefore, a blockchain is prepared to aid these problems in order to solve these problems we have analyzed, identified and developed an application with the help of blockchain smart contracts. In this paper we are developing a land holding System to encounter the problems in traditional systems.
Riya Kakkar, Jafar A. Alzubi, Amit Dua, Smita Agrawal · 9 authors
In most countries, traffic congestion has reached a level where managing traffic is tedious for regulatory bodies. The traffic management faced many issues such as route routing based on congestion, delivery of messages/emails to end-users, and real-time allocation of parking slots. There have been many works on predicting parking prices for traffic management, but most favor users or owners and are not secure. To address these issues, a blockchain and Interplanetary File System (IPFS)-based parking price prediction scheme (PADaaV) is proposed to facilitate the users to reserve a parking slot securely and efficiently. It mainly focuses on ensuring security, privacy, and transparency for parking slot owners and users. Furthermore, we employ a second price auction model to optimize the parking price for users, and parking slot owners can also get benefit from it. The performance of the PADaaV has been simulated for 100 users with 40 parking slots based on different auction models. The various performance parameters considered are profit for users, profit for parking slot owners, overall revenue of the system, scalability, computation time, and data storage cost. The performance results show that the PADaaV is secure and beneficial for users and parking slot owners.
In this paper, a collective residential building is considered in which the following points are taken into consideration: (i) a flexibility value of Contract Power (CP) is considered for each consumer; (ii) it is assumed a single CP for the entire building; (iii) an energy resource manager entity is considered to manage the energy resources in the residential building, such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), Photovoltaic (PV) generation system, and the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). Taking into consideration the previous assumptions, the major goal of this work is to minimize the electricity consumption costs of the residential building by using a Multi-Objective Mixed-Binary Linear Programming (MOMBLP) formulation. The objective function of the MOMBLP model minimizes the electricity cost consumption of each apartment. Then, a Goal Programming (GP) strategy is applied to find the most appropriate solutions for the proposed MOMBLP model. Finally, the performance of the suggested model is evaluated by comparing the obtained results from a Single-Objective Mixed-Binary Linear Programming (SOMBLP) approach in which the whole building consumption cost is minimized. The results show that using the GP strategy a reduction of 7.5% in the total annual energy consumption is verified in comparison with SOMBLP. Moreover, the GP approach leads to fair benefit among building consumers, by finding a solution with less distance from the desired level.
Awais Abdul Khaliq, Adeel Anjum, Abdul Basit Ajmal, Julian Webber · 6 authors
The privacy preservation has received considerable attention from organizations as the growing population is apprehensive regarding personal data being preserved.There are several privacy and security issues in existing systems, such as identity and location disclosure, availability, and authenticity. Smart parking systems utilize third-party parking recommender systems to offer customized parking space recommendations to its users based on user’s past parking experience. However, indiscriminately sharing a user’s data with a third party recommendation system may violate their personal information because their activity and node mobility can be deduced from their previous paring experience. Another problem with existing solutions is that most distributed systems need a third party to anonymize user data to preserve the user’s privacy. Therefore, this article provides three solutions that address the problems mentioned above; at first, based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), we proposed the mutual authentication mechanism using HMAC to provide anonymity and integrity during communication; secondly, given the risks to security and privacy posed by untrustworthy third parties, we used local differential privacy, which uses the Laplace distribution technique to add noise randomly and eliminates any necessity for a third party for data perturbation. And thirdly, in addition to LDP , we utilize the IOTA distributed ledger technology to provide a new level of security that ensures immutability, scalability, and quantum secrecy and decentralized the system. Our experiments demonstrate that, in addition to preserving the driver’s privacy and security, our proposed model has low storage overheads, computation, and communication costs.
Open access
Smart Parking Systems Research
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Roti Islam Shithy, Nur Mohammad, H.N.Ashiqur Ruhullah, S M Yeamin Oni · 5 authors
From the times of Satoshi Nakamoto's Bitcoins invention in 2008 Blockchain has become one of the most popular technologies to keep records secure, immutable, transparent and in distributed ledger. Blockchain is the underlining technology of Bitcoin. Blockchain technology has been used in many domains such as IoT, healthcare, education, business, Land management and so on. Among them Land Registration and Ownership Management is a very tough process all over the world. Land is a state immovable object and many frauds claim false ownership. It creates disputes among people. Also, many intermediaries are involved in this system. These intermediaries take huge amount of money to solve problems in time. For this reason, many people fail to achieve their own land. Blockchain technology has the all characteristics to solve these problems. It keeps data transparent, immutable and secure, at the same time it does not need any intermediaries. For the powerful characteristics of blockchain technology, the authors of this paper proposed a permissioned blockchain-Hyperledger based solution model to solve the problems of land registration and ownership management system. Here the authors present a system overview of the proposed system, a flowchart of working flow and an architecture. And last of all, some basic algorithms are also built to conduct a proper research.
D. Malathi, Vijayakumar Ponnusamy, S. Saravanan, D. Deepa · 5 authors
The Public Distribution System (PDS) distributes the subsidized food and non-food items to poor populations through fair price shops (FPS). The PDS has been criticized for its urban bias and its failure to serve the underprivileged sections of the community effectively. The Current system manual-based data management and ledger management gives rise to much corruption in the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy. There are chances for the block market because of the current methodology of data management. This article proposes a blockchain technology-based smart ration shop system that uses immutable smart contract-based transactions to overcome the issues. The proposed mechanism will provide more transparency and enable access to all the transactions by everyone. The system utilizes IoT technology for asset tracking while moving the food items from distribution centers to a particular ration shop, which avoids malpractice during the transportation of the goods. Voice-based and text-based user-friendly interfaces in local languages were also developed to provide an effective interaction and improve the usability of the system. The performance of the proposed blockchain network is evaluated and reported.
Roman Overko, Rodrigo Ordóñez-Hurtado, Sergiy Zhuk, Robert Shorten
In this paper, we describe an approach to guide drivers searching for a parking space (PS). The proposed system suggests a sequence of routes that drivers should traverse in order to maximise the expected likelihood of finding a PS and minimise the travel distance. This system is built on our recent architecture SPToken, which combines both Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) to realise a system for the estimation of an unknown distribution without disturbing the environment. For this, we use a number of virtual tokens that are passed from vehicle to vehicle to enable a massively parallelised RL system that estimates the best route for a given origin-destination (OD) pair, using crowdsourced information from participant vehicles. Additionally, a moving window with reward memory mechanism is included to better cope with non-stationary environments. Simulation results are given to illustrate the efficacy of our system.
An electronic toll collection (ETC) system is one of the most important parts of an intelligent transportation system (ITS), but existing ETC systems are not efficient and have vehicle fee evasion complications. Owing to the traceability and tamper resistance of a blockchain, the combination of a blockchain and ETC system is a feasible way to solve the above problems. However, traditional blockchain (e.g., Bitcoin and Ethereum) has high power consumption and low efficiency. Hence, it cannot be used in ETC systems with high throughput and is not suitable for power-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this study, therefore, we propose a blockchain architecture for the ETC system. To curb vehicle fee evasion behavior, thereby reducing the economic loss caused, we propose a vehicle behavior management mechanism based on credit value. Furthermore, to reduce the burden of storage and build a chain of evidence for auditing purposes, we propose an evidence chain framework. To protect the data security in the transaction process, we designed a data protection method to encrypt the transaction data. Additionally, this system is based on an open-source alliance blockchain framework called Hyperledger Fabric, which is more in line with the current application scenarios of ETC systems. We implemented the system on a Raspberry Pi and carried out simulations. The comprehensive evaluation results and analysis show that the system effectively reduces the number of illegal acts, completes the evidence inspection, and improves the security of the data.
Gerald B. Imbugwa, Manuel Mazzara, Salvatore Distefano
This research proposes a smart parking system that is geared towards business entities. The system focuses on privacy, scalability, and performance for an enterprise system on a decentralized network(Blockchain). In a business setup, performance, scalability, and privacy should be at the centre stage. This research aims to improve on already existing work on smart parking using blockchain. Most of the research done focuses on single entity privacy, single point of failure for systems deployed on cloud databases, and geographical censorship. This research proposes a smart parking system with a decentralized network where six entities will interact and trade value with ease. The research focuses on privacy, performance, scalability, and multiple entity interaction in the system in a decentralized network.
This work presents a complex privacy-preserving solution based on attribute-based credentials and smart contract techniques for emerging parking services in city zones. Our system provides the full set of privacy-enhancing features such as anonymity, untraceability, and unlinkability of user parking registrations. Thanks to that it prevents the city and service providers from profiling and tracking the users (e.g., their movement). Furthermore, we involved smart contracts and the underlying decentralized Blockchain technology in payment and verification phases to prevent the presence of a single point of failure in those processes which can endanger the system’s security and availability. We provide the full cryptographic specification of the system, its security analysis, and the implementation results in this paper.
In the past few years, the use of the internet and mobile applications has rapidly increased. People use them for all of their needs, from online shopping to online bank transactions. With such enormous use, there comes a high risk of this data getting hacked and/or misused. Such attacks are quite common with applications that use a centralized server. Such shortcomings of centralized servers can be overcome by using decentralized networks like the block chain. Through this paper, I propose a solution that would help solve the problem of finding a parking lot for your vehicles. This solution has been created with the use of the Ethereum block chain (a distributed computing platform that is based on blockchain), and with the use of smart contracts. [1] This application is designed to provide an efficient way to further utilize the private parking spaces available in urban cities. It provides both the owners of parking lots and those who are in search of parking lots (in urban areas), a platform where they can exchange these resources. In the application, sellers lease out their parking lots while buyers book the parking lots.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Smart Parking Systems Research
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Nowadays, searching for parking is a tedious and cruising task. Also, static parking pricing leads to traffic congestion, air pollution, and illegal parking in parking areas because the driver always chooses the nearest parking. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) mainly focuses on roadside traffic and road issues, while parking problems are generally not considered. But, parking a vehicle consumes a major time of traveling trip. Hence, it is required to research parking management and pricing. In this article, we have proposed Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain (BC) based integrated architecture to predict parking availability and parking pricing rates based on vehicle type and nonpeak time (i.e., demand is low). Prices are predicted based on distance, time, provided services, vehicle type using intelligent algorithms. All parking service providers are connected to the BC Network (BN), which brings them at the same platform for fair and transparent pricing distribution. Also, BC ensures the security and privacy of parking service provider's and driver's information. We have also presented the performance evaluation and result analysis of the proposed model.
In this paper, we present a secure Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading system for residential houses that aims to maximize energy sharing and improve the operational effectiveness of utility vendors (UVs) in the Smart Grid (SG) environment. Here, we propose PRS-P2P scheme, i.e., a Prosumer Recommender System (PRS) for P2P Energy Trading (ET) using reinforcement learning and blockchain towards 6G. A reinforcement learning-based (Q-learning) algorithm is proposed to improve the decision-making process of the buyer (i.e., consumer) for the seller (i.e., prosumers, who can generate and consume energy) selection from multiple seller participants in a model-free way. During P2P-ET, data flow among different devices, which raises concern for several issues such as security, latency, and others. So, the proposed PRS-P2P scheme uses ethereum blockchain and 6G network, where the buyer sends a request for P2P-ET to the selected seller and trade executed securely using Smart Contract (SC) based on the ethereum blockchain. Then, it employs InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for energy data management at low cost and performs real-time settlement of trade with low latency. To justify the efficacy of the proposed PRS-P2P scheme, experimental results are compared to the existing approaches concerning different metrics like timesteps for rewards, penalties, and low communication latency.