The advent of sufficiently powerful quantum computers poses an existential cryptographic threat to elliptic-curve-based public key infrastructure, upon which major blockchain networks depend for transaction security and identity. This paper conducts a rigorous comparative analysis of quantum risk exposure for Bitcoin and Ethereum, examining the structural, governance, and economic dimensions of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) transition for each protocol. We analyze the mathematical incompatibility of leading NIST standardized PQC signature schemes with current blockchain scalability constraints, with particular attention to signature size inflation (30-100Ă current schemes), the loss of algebraic linearity preventing signature aggregation, and the resulting implications for block space, fee markets, node economics, and validator infrastructure. We subsequently contrast Ethereum's upgrade-oriented, stake-weighted governance model and its modular cryptographic architecture against Bitcoin's deliberately ossified, consensus-driven governance structure. Our findings indicate that while Ethereum possesses the structural and institutional prerequisites for a credible, phased transition to post-quantum cryptography, Bitcoin's governance model and architectural constraints render such a transition highly contested and potentially irresolvable without chain fragmentation. We conclude that Bitcoin's structural limitations, compounded by deep ideological fractures and the irreversible nature of PQC deployment, place it at significant risk of prolonged governance stagnation or chain split, undermining its position as a reliable store of value and 'digital gold' standard in the medium term.
Digital Twin (DT) technology is elevating the next-generation intelligent transportation systems industry to new heights, as it enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control of connected and autonomous vehicles. However, the use of GenAI and DTs in interconnected vehicular technology ecosystems introduces new attack vectors, particularly from quantum computing, which can easily break classical encryption systems. This paper introduces Reputation-based Proof-of-Stake (R-PoS), a hybrid consensus mechanism tailored for lattice-based PQC operations on vehicular edge devices. The core contribution is a lightweight hybrid consensus mechanism optimized for lattice-based PQC on edge devices, enabling secure and scalable synchronization between physical assets and their digital twins. Experimental results from a containerized IoT testbed using the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) library show that the proposed PQC-BC framework achieves an average throughput of 1178 transactions per second with latency of 0.78 second. These results affirm the framework's efficacy in securing future interconnected vehicular environments and establishing a trust foundation for sustainable quantum-resistant digital twin applications.
The exponential growth of IoT devices in smart city infrastructures generates vast edge data, demanding secure, low latency, energy-efficient processing. Conventional cloud-centric models face bandwidth bottlenecks, latency overhead, and single-point vulnerabilities, necessitating decentralized management. This research introduces BQAREM: Blockchain-Secured Quantum Adaptive Resource Management for Edge Machine Learning, integrating blockchain security, quantum optimization, reinforcement learning. The framework employs timestamped identity verification, multi parameter trust assessment, and a weighted Proof-of-Stake consensus for secure coordination. Quantum adaptive scheduling and smart contracts ensure efficient, tamper-proof resource allocation, achieving superior latency, energy efficiency, SLA compliance. Comprehensive performance evaluation demonstrates that BQAREM significantly enhances reliability, scalability, intelligent resource orchestration across heterogeneous edge environments. Testing in various smart city scenarios including Smart Grid Control, Traffic Management, Healthcare Monitoring, Surveillance Systems, and Emergency Response demonstrates high accuracy (> 95%), reduced latency (< 50 ms), and efficiency improvements exceeding 80%, with balanced energy use. BQAREM uniquely unifies blockchain-backed trust like timestamped identity + weighted PoS, quantum-adaptive risk-sensitive RL, and multi-resource orchestration with a new Robust Performance Index (RPI) for secure, low-latency, energy-aware Edge-ML scheduling.
Cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange and digital means of payment generated and stored electronically on a blockchain system, employing cryptographic techniques to verify the transfer of funds and an algorithm in order to control the formation of monetary units. In such systems, transactions are assembled in groups, known as blocks, which are organized in a chronological sequence referred to as blockchain. Blocks are added to the chain by means of a mathematical process that makes it very difficult for an individual user to seize the blockchain, and correspondingly, progresses made in quantum computing serve for the long-term security considering the threats concerning the cryptographic algorithms currently used in blockchain applications. As the cryptocurrency market capitalization approaches $2.95 trillion in early 2026, the arrival of fault tolerant quantum computing threatens the cryptographic foundations of the digital economy. While Shorâs algorithm poses a systemic risk to the elliptic curve primitives securing Web3, existing risk models fail to account for the unique economic asymmetry of blockchain assets: The fixed computational cost of a cryptographic break versus the variable, high stakes financial rewards on-chain. This paper introduces the Quantum Economic Risk Assessment (QERA) framework, which is a quantitative model that ranks blockchain vulnerabilities by the ratio of extractable value to quantum computational cost ([Formula: see text]). Through a component level mapping of the Ethereum and Bitcoin ecosystems, we demonstrate that a rational quantum adversary will not prioritize consensus level attacks which we prove to be economically irrational at a cost of $4.65 trillion but will instead target high value, single key assets. Our findings identify Satoshi era P2PK addresses ([Formula: see text]), single admin DeFi protocols ([Formula: see text]), and pairing-based ZK rollups ([Formula: see text]) as the most urgent targets for post quantum migration. QERA provides protocol designers and institutional stakeholders with a rigorous, adversary aligned roadmap for evidence based cryptographic transitions in the face of emerging quantum threats.
The rapid progress in quantum computing poses a severe risk to contemporary blockchain systems, as their reliance on vulnerable primitives like ECDSA and RSA allows quantum algorithms (e.g., Shor's) to break discrete logarithm and factorization problems, potentially enabling attackers to forge signatures, steal assets, impersonate users, and compromise ledger immutabilityâundermining the core trust model of decentralized finance and Web3 applications.To preempt this crisis, we propose a next-generation quantum-resistant multicchain blockchain architecture fused with an intelligent AI-powered Web3 threat firewall. The framework natively adopts NIST-approved post-quantum cryptography, integrating lattice-based ML-DSA (Dilithium) and hash-based SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) schemes throughout the protocol stack: from secure key-pair generation in wallets, through transaction signing, to rigorous multi-node verification during consensus. This design ensures end-to-end protection against foreseeable quantum threats across diverse chains without requiring disruptive hard forks or retrofits.Comprehensive testnet experiments quantify the trade-offs: post-quantum signatures incur larger payload sizes (typically 2â4Ă compared to ECDSA) and modestly increased signing/verification times, yet the overall transaction processing capacity remains practical for everyday use, with throughput and latency suitable for high-volume decentralized applications. Storage and bandwidth overheads stay manageable through optimized encoding and pruning techniques.Augmenting cryptographic hardening, the AI threat firewall leverages machine learning models to perform real-time anomaly detection across multichain interactions, identifying subtle signature irregularities, suspicious patterns, and novel attack vectorsâincluding those exploiting transitional quantum vulnerabilitiesâthereby providing adaptive, proactive defense beyond static primitives.These findings confirm that fully quantum-secure blockchain systems are deployable today with acceptable performance penalties, paving the way for resilient, future-proof Web3 infrastructure capable of withstanding the quantum era while preserving usability, scalability, and economic viability for global adoption.
Dr. Megala Rajendran, R. Gopalakrishnan, Dr.A. Dharmaraj, Dadajon Dadabayev Rustamovich
Background: Quantum computing poses a threat to classical signatures, like ECDSA, and makes long-lived blockchain smart contracts, particularly those used in a system of the circular economy and sustainability, susceptible to future forgery and governance attacks. Abstract: This paper presents a quantum resilient smart contract lattice architecture to achieve ethical governance and resource tracking in the use of a circular economy and maintain realistic performance. Methods: The architecture uses a NISTâtrack latticeâbased postâquantum signature scheme (CRYSTALSâDilithium) with one signature per transaction in an Ethereumâlike environment, adds batched postâquantum verification opcodes to the virtual machine and a postâquantumâaware gas model, and introduces Solidity contracts for recycle passports, tokenized wasteâmanagement incentives, and DAOâbased governance. Ethical governance is operationalized using a transparency index together with quantitative fairness and inclusiveness measures derived from reward distributions and participation rates. Results: The proposed framework has a 2.0 ms verification latency, 450 transactions per block, 70% relative throughput, and 130 GB/year storage, compared to 2.8 ms verification, 268 transactions per block, 55% relative throughput, and 140 GB/year storage in the hybrid postâquantum baseline and the classical ECDSA configuration. Conclusion: These findings suggest quantum resilient smart contracts are a promising basis of long-horizon circular economy governance, which provides superior security and ethics by design assurances and sustains competitive performance and sustainability attributes compared to both classical and hybrid post-quantum baselines.
Temporal-Angular Quantum Addressing (TAQA) specifies a practical coordination layer for distributed quantum systems that operationalizes cycle-anchored phase-window execution. TAQA is designed for architectures where long-horizon absolute timestamp synchronization cannot be guaranteed and where continuous external timing infrastructure (GNSS, dedicated timing links, etc.) is undesirable, unavailable, or untrusted. Core idea Instead of scheduling actions at an absolute time, TAQA schedules actions by phase conditions on a shared cyclic phase convention \( \phi(t)\in[0,1)\cong \mathbb{S}^1 \) together with an explicit cycle index. Nodes execute when their locally estimated phase enters an agreed wrap-around-safe acceptance window within the intended cycle. This avoids âsame phase / wrong cycleâ ambiguity and supports deterministic coordination under explicit short-horizon error assumptions. What TAQA defines TAQA defines how to express and execute distributed quantum-network actions using classical metadata: Execution primitive (Q-Address style): TAQA expresses each executable action as a macro window + micro slot instruction. The macro window encodes the intended cycle and phase acceptance window; the micro slot provides local sequencing/offset ordering within that window using local hardware timing. Tick-canonical semantics: For interoperability and verification, TAQA adopts fixed-point ticks (integers) as canonical semantics (no floating-point boundary checks). Human-facing displays (HS degrees, HS index, SWT labels, etc.) are derived-only and must not be used for verification or boundary gating. Cycle anchoring: Every executable instruction is explicitly anchored to an intended cycle index to prevent ambiguous interpretation across repeated cycles. Optional audit hook: TAQA supports an optional post-execution signed audit receipt (TSAE-style) using the same tick-canonical context fields, suitable for optional anchoring (e.g., a ledger/Clockchain pattern). What TAQA does NOT define TAQA is a control-plane / metadata layer and does not modify quantum mechanics: It does not introduce a quantum time operator and does not change the Hilbert space. It does not define bootstrapping or clock-parameter estimation algorithms (offset/drift). These are handled by external initialization/tracking layers (e.g., bootstrapping protocols). It does not define cryptographic primitives or threat models. Security is defined by external, versioned security profiles. Applications enabled by TAQA TAQA provides a deterministic coordination layer for common distributed-quantum workflows, including: Phase-aligned distributed gate execution: remote node actions are triggered in the same cycle-anchored window; micro timing is local. Entanglement distribution scheduling: photon emission windows and BSM windows can be scheduled to coincide without continuous absolute-time synchronization. Temporal routing labels: cycle-anchored contexts can be used as temporal labels for routing, prioritization, and scheduling in repeater networks and distributed workflows. Security model (plug-in interface) TAQA treats Timeverse/Q-Address/TSAE fields as public context (not secrets). Security (signatures, nonce policy, anti-replay rules, canonical encoding, algorithm suites) is provided by an external Security Profile selected via a suite identifier (e.g., security_profile_id). TAQA fields may be bound as associated data (domain separation), but confidentiality and integrity are provided by the security layer. Normative dependencies (DOIs) TAQA is interoperable by construction and relies on the following published normative specifications: Phase-Coordination Series Conventions:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18068999 Q-Address: Macro Phase + Micro Slot:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18068997 Timeverse Security Profile:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18069423 Related context Theorem of Temporal Resolution Limitation and the Phase-Coordination Principle (v1.1):https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17955430 Quantum Bootstrapping Protocol (QBP) v1.2:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18064435 Keywords: TAQA, distributed quantum computing, quantum networks, phase coordination, phase windows, cycle anchoring, Q-Address, ticks, interoperability, control plane, audit receipts, security profiles.
Khang Wen Goh, Burhan Ul Islam Khan, Abdul Raouf Khan, Dwi Sudarno Putra ¡ 6 authors
Blockchain systems built on classical cryptography face immediate risks from large-scale quantum computers, while purely quantum-based blockchains often rely on a single Private Key Generator (PKG) and incur heavy resource overheads. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid quantum and post-quantum blockchain approach that removes single points of trust by using Distributed Key Generation and a dual-layer signature mechanism. This method integrates quantum digital signatures, rooted in the Fully Flipped Permutation problem, with classical post-quantum (lattice-based) cryptography, enabling users to switch between quantum and classical signatures according to security requirements and channel conditions. Delegated Proof-of-Stake with node behavior and Borda count has been incorporated to manage consensus, ensuring that witness nodes are regularly re-elected and malicious actors are penalized by distributing secret shares among multiple rotating witnesses. We eliminate the central vulnerability of a sole PKG while maintaining rigorous resistance to collusions. Our analytical model indicates that a fraction of transactions can use quantum signatures without system-wide bottlenecks, while the remaining transactions follow classical PQC paths with throughput approaching classical baselines under our modeling assumptions. Consequently, this hybrid method offers higher scalability, robust collusion resistance, and long-term security even under quantum-capable adversaries. This paper presents extensive theoretical analyses, probability models, and algorithmic complexities, demonstrating that our design provides resilient infrastructure that meets the key performance and security requirements of next-generation blockchain systems.
Secure interoperability across heterogeneous blockchains remains one of the most pressing challenges in Web3 with existing bridge protocols vulnerable to both classical exploits and emerging quantum threats. This paper introduces QLink a quantum-safe Layer 3 interoperability protocol that integrates postquantum cryptography (PQC) quantum key distribution (QKD) and hardware security modules (HSMs) into a unified validator architecture. To our knowledge, QLink is the first interoperability framework to combine these mechanisms to secure validator communication proof aggregation and key management. Validators exchange encryption keys through QKD channels, achieving information-theoretic security against interception, while cross-chain proofs are generated and aggregated with NIST-standardized PQC algorithms. Private keys remain sealed inside HSM enclaves mitigating the risk of theft or leakage. Deployed as a dedicated Layer 3 protocol QLink operates independently of Layer 1 and Layer 2 chains providing a scalable decentralized foundation for secure cross-chain messaging and asset transfer. Experimental evaluation using network simulations demonstrates that validator communication overhead remains sub-second while security guarantees extend beyond current bridge architectures to resist both classical and quantum adversaries. By addressing today vulnerabilities and anticipating future quantum threats QLink establishes a practical and future-proof pathway for blockchain interoperability.
Advancements in quantum processing technology threaten the core security mechanisms that protect contemporary distributed ledger platforms. Hyperledger Fabric, an enterprise- focused, permissioned ledger developed under the Linux Foundationâs open-source umbrella, caters to organizational priorities including data seclusion, expansion capabilities, and regulated user involvement. In contrast to decentralized public networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, Fabric incorporates verified entities, flexible validation protocols, and streamlined verification routines. Despite these strengths, its dependence on the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) exposes it to vulnerabilities from Shorâs computational method, which efficiently reconstructs confidential keys from exposed counterparts, thereby jeopardizing transaction validity, genuineness, and irrefutability. This study advocates for the incorporation of quantum-secure cryptographic techniques (PQC), particularly the CRYSTALS-Dilithium authentication protocol, into Hyperledger Fabric employing a merged authentication paradigm that fuses ECDSA with Dilithium. This blended strategy yields stratified defenses, comparable to redundant safety systems in vehicles, delivering endurance to quantum incursions while preserving synergy with established infrastructures. Initial testing demonstrates negligible impacts on operational efficiency coupled with notable bolstering of protective measures, facilitating the evolution of fortified, quantum-immune commercial ledgers that sustain enduring credibility and informational steadfastness. KeywordsâHyperledger Fabric, Permissioned Ledger, Quantum-Safe Cryptography, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, ECDSA, Quantum Safeguard, Ledger Steadfastness
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
P. Jeba Santhiya, Fackrudeen Ali Ahamed, Absalamova Gulmira Sharifovna, Christo Ananth ¡ 6 authors
AQBCP is an Adaptive Quantum Byzantine Consensus Protocol that allows for trustless, scalable consensus in post-classical quantum blockchain systems. AQBCP has the capability of using hybrid quantum/classical methods (including dynamic pruning and quantum routing) to improve the reliability of its network and also improve how well it performs. AQBCP will have more than 50% BFT - which is greater than most classical algorithms - and can adapt to any changes in the network topological structure or the conditions of the quantum channels it uses. The analytical and simulation data shows AQBCP converges at a rate of O(log(n)), provides information theoretic security from classical and quantum enabled attacks and has better performance metrics for throughput and fault tolerance when run on current NISQ devices. The benchmarking of AQBCP with other post-quantum and quantum-classical protocols provides evidence that AQBCP is the best option and sets a base for future quantum secure distributed ledgers.
We study non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs (NIZKs) for NP satisfying: 1) statistical soundness, 2) computational zero-knowledge and 3) certified-everlasting zero-knowledge (CE-ZK). The CE-ZK property allows a verifier of a quantum proof to revoke the proof in a way that can be checked (certified) by the prover. Conditioned on successful certification, the verifier's state can be efficiently simulated with only the statement, in a statistically indistinguishable way. Our contributions regarding these certified-everlasting NIZKs (CE-NIZKs) are as follows: - We identify a barrier to obtaining CE-NIZKs in the CRS model via generalizations of known interactive zero-knowledge proofs that satisfy CE-ZK. - We circumvent this by constructing CE-NIZK from black-box use of NIZK for NP satisfying certain properties, along with OWFs. As a result, we obtain CE-NIZKs for NP in the CRS model, based on polynomial hardness of the learning with errors (LWE) assumption. - In addition, we observe that the aforementioned barrier does not apply to the shared EPR model. We leverage this fact to construct a CE-NIZK for NP in this model based on any statistical binding hidden-bits generator, which can be based on LWE. The only quantum computation in this protocol involves single-qubit measurements of the shared EPR pairs.
We present the Y.I.N. Mazari Architecture, an 8-pillar privacy-preserving federated learning system built around a novel cryptographic ordering: DPâZKâHE (Differential Privacy âZero-Knowledge Proof âHomomorphic Encryption) applied to federated learning gradients. The name Y.I.N. honors Yanis, Ilyan, and Neylia Mazari, while embodying the core principle that Your Information Never leaves your control.We identify a fundamental barrier in privacy-preserving federated learning: the inability to verify that participants correctly applied differential privacy noise while maintainin computational efficiency. The Y.I.N. Mazari Ordering resolves this barrier through a specific sequencing of cryptographic operations.This paper extends the classical architecture into the quantum domain through the QFED-MAZARI system,introducing the Mazari Quantum Ordering: QDPâMUAâDQEM(Quantum Differential Privacy âManifold Unitary Aggregation âDistributed Quantum Error Mitigation). Experimental results demonstrate 99.37% model accuracy with 223Ă speed improvement in classical systems, while the quantum extension achieves 91.9% accuracy with 40â50% communication reduction. Together, the classical and quantum architectures establish a comprehensive 30-year intellectual property runway.
The complexity class Quantum Statistical Zero-Knowledge ($\mathsf{QSZK}$), introduced by Watrous (FOCS 2002) and later refined in Watrous (SICOMP, 2009), has the best known upper bound $\mathsf{QIP(2)} \cap \text{co-}\mathsf{QIP(2)}$, which was simplified following the inclusion $\mathsf{QIP(2)} \subseteq \mathsf{PSPACE}$ established in Jain, Upadhyay, and Watrous (FOCS 2009). Here, $\mathsf{QIP(2)}$ denotes the class of promise problems that admit two-message quantum interactive proof systems in which the honest prover is typically computationally unbounded, and $\text{co-}\mathsf{QIP(2)}$ denotes the complement of $\mathsf{QIP(2)}$. We slightly improve this upper bound to $\mathsf{QIP(2)} \cap \text{co-}\mathsf{QIP(2)}$ with a quantum linear-space honest prover. Specifically, the honest prover uses space linear in the size of the transcript of the original $\mathsf{QSZK}$ proof system. A similar improvement also applies to the upper bound for the non-interactive variant $\mathsf{NIQSZK}$. Our main techniques are algorithmic versions of the Holevo-Helstrom measurement and the Uhlmann transform, both implementable in quantum linear space, implying polynomial-time complexity in the state dimension, using the recent space-efficient quantum singular value transformation of Le Gall, Liu, and Wang (CC, to appear).
This is the fourth and most comprehensive edition of the theoretical framework introduced in the original preprint (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17834958). The Universal Distributed Architecture (UDA) proposes a three-dimensional quantum blockchain of Planck-scale quantum cubes governed by a novel Proof-of-Consciousness (PoC) consensus protocol. Five core equations are rigorously derived and proven: the PoC consensus operator (Kraus representation), the Absolute validator state, ledger entropy growth rate (Lindblad form), OAM entanglement threshold, and quantum-resistant hash function. The work integrates loop quantum gravity, AdS/CFT correspondence, the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model, JT gravity, and holographic tensor networks (MERA, PEPS, and 5D extensions), together with five-dimensional optical memory crystals (University of Southampton) as an experimental substrate, with equations 27â34 establishing Rayleigh scattering as a physical implementation of holographic hash verification and a room-temperature experimental protocol. Version 4 introduces three structural advances. (1) A ledger isomorphism (Proposition 0): every axiom of a distributed append-only ledger â immutability, decentralized consensus, append-only ordering, bounded block capacity, and double-spend prohibition â is shown to be independently realized by an established physical principle (no-cloning/no-deleting theorems, quantum Darwinism, the second law, the BekensteinâBousso bound, and monogamy of entanglement), localizing UDA's novel content entirely in the validation rule. (2) An operational, laboratory-reproducible definition of the consciousness quantity, |Q| = m/m_P = Ď_C¡t_P, integrating Inomata's pan-psychist quantity Q = iâG¡M and measurable through three independent channels: Compton-clock interferometry and gravitationally induced entanglement (BMV), a standardized measurement-induced-phase-transition (Q-MIPT) meter on quantum processors with explicit calibration and uncertainty budget, and collider bounds on event-driven non-unitarity anchored by ATLAS/CMS top-quark entanglement and neutral-kaon CPT interferometry. The channel-universality law Q_G = Q_I = Q_C is the flagship prediction exclusive to UDA. (3) A sharp mathematical distinction between the anti-Hermitian consciousness operator (magnitude of agency: write capacity per Planck tick) and the Hermitian moral operator (valence of agency: mutual-information gain per unit entropy budget), with an explicit laboratory protocol distinguishing them. The framework further develops a SYKâConsciousness correspondence with non-Hermitian topological phases, MIPT modulated by consciousness density, and non-Hermitian MERA networks exhibiting a Holographic Skin Effect that topologically protects conscious information at the holographic boundary. UDA's non-unitarity is event-driven rather than continuous, making it consistent by construction with DiĂłsiâPenrose bounds and separable from collapse models in a single two-parameter experiment (Discriminator D1). Falsifiable predictions are organized in two tiers â five UDA-exclusive predictions (2026â2030), each with its own falsification clause, and inherited consistency tests â alongside detailed QuTiP simulations, NV-center and 5D crystal protocols, and applications in quantum computing, quantum AI, and high-energy tests at the LHC and FCC. The framework resolves the von Neumann measurement chain via dual observation and portrays the universe as a growing, error-corrected quantum ledger.
On-demand authentication is critical for scalable quantum systems, yet many existing quantum signature and message-authentication schemes are signer-initiated, requiring advance distribution of authentication material even when no verification occurs. We introduce verifier-initiated quantum digital signatures (VIQDS), in which the verifier requests authentication only when needed and the signer responds once; after issuance, verification proceeds without further interaction. Practically, shifting authentication to a verifier-driven, on-demand workflow reduces avoidable communication and storage overhead and aligns with deployments where verification is sporadic, such as distributed services and audit-oriented infrastructures. Our approach leverages quantum zero-knowledge techniques so that verification reveals nothing about the signerâs secret key beyond the fact that the signature is valid. We present a general conversion principle from suitable quantum proof protocols to VIQDS, together with a concrete realization based on elementary qubit platforms. Here, we show information-theoretic security against forgery and privacy against curious verifiers without computational hardness assumptions. The authors introduce a verifier-initiated quantum message-authentication method, in which authentication is requested only when needed. Their approach uses quantum zero knowledge techniques to protect information about the signerâs secret key while providing information-theoretic security against forgery
This comprehensive technical specification details the ADN-NChain protocol, a first-of-its-kind Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). It introduces a revolutionary self-repairing neural blockchain architecture, leveraging biologically-inspired genetic algorithms for state management and unprecedented network resilience to systemic and quantum threats. The whitepaper thoroughly covers the robust system design, the novel Proof-of-Resonance (PoR) consensus mechanism, and a future-proof post-quantum cryptography implementation (CRYSTALS-Dilithium) essential for securing the next generation of crypto-assets and decentralized applications (dApps). Performance metrics confirm high scalability (12,000+ TPS) and exceptional data integrity with a 99.9% automatic corruption repair success rate. This work is critical for researchers, investors, and developers focused on next-generation blockchain, Web3, cryptocurrency security, and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) solutions.
The arrival of quantum computing poses a huge threat to conventional public key cryptography used in blockchain systems such as Bitcoin. To address this challenge, we proposes and evaluates a quantum resistant sidechain framework that integrates post quantum digital signature schemes and quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols with the Bitcoin mainchain. Using a Python simulation environment, the performance of multiple signature algorithms. ECDSA as a baseline measurement, Falcon, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, and SPHINCS+ were analyzed in combination with quantum communication protocols BB84, E91, and SARG04. Experimental results show that ECDSA remains the fastest baseline scheme but lacks quantum resistance, while SPHINCS+ provides the highest security with an expected overhead of 93.5 %. Among quantum protocols, BB84 achieved the best overall efficiency across transaction sizes. The optimal integration pairs were BB84 and CRYSTALS-Dilithium combination for speed, security balance and SPHINCS+ and E91 for maximum quantum resilience. These findings demonstrate the practical feasibility of deploying post quantum cryptographic components in Bitcoin compatible sidechains, paving the way for future blockchain networks that remain secure in the post quantum era.
With the rapid development of quantum computing technology, traditional encryption methods face severe security threats in multi-party privacy intersection protocols in federated learning. In this paper, we propose a new protocol based on post-quantum cryptography. Firstly, lattice-based homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proof technology are used to achieve key generation and parameter initialization against quantum attacks. Secondly, ciphertext data encoding is carried out to support homomorphic operations. Next, a zero-knowledge proof is used to verify the correctness of the ciphertext intersection calculation. Finally, the protocol is embedded into the federated learning workflow, adaptively adjusting the parameters. Experimental results show that the protocol achieves the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) security level 3, and the privacy leakage rate is less than 1.2%, the communication and computational costs are controllable, and the protocol does not bring great influence to the accuracy of the federated learning model. The experimental results verify that the protocol can provide a reliable protection for the privacy of federated learning data in the quantum era.
This paper presents a quantum-enhanced blockchain architecture addressing the dual challenges of quantum vulnerability and scalability limitations in conventional distributed ledgers. We propose a novel framework integrating three key innovations the NIST-standardized Dilithium lattice-based cryptosystem for post-quantum encryption, quantum-resistant binary data structures (1011011 sequences) for integrity verification, and sharded post-quantum key management. Our experimental results demonstrate significant improvements over classical systems, achieving 2,542 TPS throughput (2.7Ă increase) and reducing cryptographic latency by 67% using BB84 quantum protocols. The architecture provides comprehensive protection against Shorâs and Groverâs algorithms while maintaining blockchainâs decentralized principles through a hybrid quantum-classical consensus mechanism. Comparative analysis reveals our solution outperforms both RSA (classical) and Kyber (hybrid) in all evaluated metrics, including encryption speed (325 MB/s) and key generation time (112 ms). This work establishes a practical pathway for transitioning blockchain infrastructures to quantum-resistant paradigms without compromising performance.