The International Journal of Computer Engineering in Research Trends (IJCERT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes high-quality research papers, reviews, short communications, and notes in the field of computer science engineering and its research trends. The journal covers a wide range of topics in computer science and engineering, including: Welcome to the International Journal of Computer Engineering in Research Trends (IJCERT), is a peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to publishing innovative research papers, reviews, short communications, and notes in the field of computer science engineering and related disciplines. IJCERT encourages conceptual, state-of-the-art, research, standard, implementation, experimental, application, and industrial case study discussions in various areas, including: computer architecture, computer networks, software engineering, information security, artificial intelligence, machine learning, data science, robotics, cyber-physical systems, the internet of things, and other areas of computer science engineering and Its Applications.
NFT (Non-Fungible Token) sebagai alternatif aset digital pada masa kini memunculkan permasalahan pelanggaran hak cipta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis perlindungan hukum hak cipta terhadap keberadaan NFT di Indonesia terutama pada platform Opensea. Metode penelitian yang digunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif, yakni merupakan penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hak cipta terhadap NFT di Indonesia belum secara jelas diatur didalam Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta. Namun demikian, perlindungan hak cipta atas NFT pada Platform Opensea, sudah diakamodir di dalam syarat dan ketentuan dari platform tersebut. Opensea berhak melakukan takedown atas konten yang melanggar kekayaan intelektual orang lain khususnya hak cipta.
Khiem Huynh Gia, Huong Hoang Luong, Hong Khanh Vo, Phuc Nguyen Trong · 14 authors
Current traditional shipping models are increas-ingly revealing many shortcomings and affecting the interests of sellers and buyers due to having to depend on trusted third parties. For example, the Cash-on-Delivery (CoD) model must depend on the carrier/shipper, or the Letter-of-Credit (LoC) model depends on the place of the Letter certification (i.e., bank). There have been many examples demonstrating the riskiness of the two models above. Specifically, in developing countries (e.g., Vietnam), the demand for exporting goods and trading between sellers and buyers have not yet applied the benefits of current technology to improve traditional shipping models. Two typical examples in the last five years that have demonstrated the risks of both sellers and buyers when applying CoD and LoC models are the problem of keeping the money of the seller of GNN Expresses (2017) as well as risks in losing control of 4 containers of cashew nuts when exporting from Vietnam to Italy (2021). A series of studies have proposed solutions based on distributed storage, blockchain, and smart contracts to solve the above problems. However, the role of the shipper has not been considered in some approaches or is not suitable for deployment in a developed country (i.e., Vietnam). In this paper, we propose a combination model between the traditional CoD model and blockchain technology, smart contracts, and NFT to solve the above problems. Specifically, our contribution includes four aspects: a) proposing a shipping model based on blockchain technology and smart contracts; b) proposing a model for storing package information based on Ethereum’s NFT technology (i.e. ERC721); c) implementing the proposed model by designing smart contracts that support the creation and transfer of NFTs between sellers and buyers; d) deploy smart contracts on four EVM-enabled platforms including BNB Smart chain, Fantom, Celo, and Polygon to find a suitable platform for the proposed model.
With the increasing adoption of the Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain, it is timely to study the economy created by such blockchain. In this chapter, we will survey recent progress on the trading and wealth evolution in a cryptocurrency where the new coins are issued according to the PoS protocol. We first consider the wealth evolution in the PoS protocol assuming no trading, and focus on the problem of decentralisation. Next we consider each miner's trading incentive and strategy through the lens of optimal control, where the miner needs to trade off PoS mining and trading. Finally, we study the collective behavior of the miners in a PoS trading environment by a mean field model. We use both stochastic and analytic tools in our study. A list of open problems are also presented.
In the Uniswap Protocol, a price oracle is a tool used to view price information about a given asset over time and enables developers to build highly decentralized protocols with quantifiable manipulation costs using price feeds. With the adoption of Proof of Stake (PoS), oracles are theoretically less secure because a malicious validator knows whether they control the next block created, allowing them to avoid value lost to back-running an attempted oracle manipulation. However, manipulation on most Uniswap v3 TWAP oracles is not currently possible, because bad actors both need to source vast amounts of capital and then earn enough to make up for value lost to fees. This paper studies the difficulty, potential cost, and likelihood of oracle manipulations on Uniswap v3 under Ethereum PoS. We also discuss potential future innovations to create the next generation of PoS manipulation resistant oracles.
Modern economy faces one of its’ greatest challenges of all times and disruptive innovations are available to corporations as solutions to major business drawbacks (e.g., traceability, communication, data exchange, information modelling etc.). The Maritime Industry combines multiple supply chain stakeholders and operations, globally, generating critical data and exchanging important documents. Mostly, these are paper-based and proprietary. For this industry, digitally exchanged data, must be unambiguous, semantically aligned between trading partners and shared with resilience in real-time using a common operational language. This could be achieved through the prominent from Bitcoin Cryptocurrency Blockchain Technology as a digital verification mechanism complying with global identification, technical and data exchange standards. Acknowledging the difficulties faced in the Maritime Business Operations’ Management, this paper examines the strategic impact of Standards and Blockchain Technology in the industry’s processes.
Svrha je istraživanja u ovom diplomskom radu utvrditi što je potrebno za pravno i tehnološko unapređenje i usklađivanje pametnih ugovora kako bi pametni ugovori imali širu primjenu i pravnu prihvaćenost te bili ravnopravni s tradicionalnim ugovorima u pisanom obliku. Cilj je istraživanja dokazati spremnost tehnologije koja omogućava pametne ugovore te objasniti zašto pametni ugovori nisu do sad pravno regulirani i prihvaćeni. Analizom i usporedbom definicija za blockchain tehnologiju i pametne ugovore ponuđena je vlastita definicija za blockchain tehnologiju i pametne ugovore. Usporedili su se tradicionalni i pametni ugovori kako bi se istaknule prednosti i nedostaci pametnih ugovora te su se ponudila rješenja za nedostatke pametnih ugovora. Prijedlozi za tehnološko unapređenje pametnih ugovora su ponuđeni za Ethereum blockchain jer je to prva platforma za pametne ugovore koja je najveća i najpopularnija. Ponuđena su rješenja za prepreke koje su detektirali regulatori pojedinih država i organizacije. Pravna unapređenja pametnih ugovora su predložena na temelju analizi stava sudionika u pravnom sustavu.
Cristóbal Marinkovic, Julio López Fenner, Óscar Ancán, Carlos Cares
Smart contracts are contracts made of executable code running on Blockchain platforms. DasContract was introduced in 2019-2020 as a domain-specific language (DSL) for smart contract modeling with the ability to generate code in a programming language (Solidity), yet its environment exhibits various limitations, both in technical and design aspects. In this work, we propose a user interface with improved usability that includes tools for syntax verification, develop a software prototype, demonstrate its usage with a case study, and identify future lines of research.
Abstract There is much to be welcomed concerning the role blockchain technology can play in modernising and enhancing international trade, creating a more level playing field and reducing costs. However, it goes without say that the technology also brings with it the risk of abuse leading to trade-based money laundering. This article explores how anti-money-laundering legislation should respond to the use of blockchain technology in shipping and trade. Maritime trade poses unique challenges because of several significant factors: the fact that it concerns large sums but many linked trading transactions over the same goods; its use of documents and involvement of numerous faceless entities; and its cross-border setting. Drawing on tried and tested forms of blockchain technology-based trade transactions, this work examines the fault lines in the current regulatory system and questions how best these gaps should be remedied. It also stresses that even states that have banned the issue and trade of cryptoassets might not be immune to these new challenges.
Kroz rad se analizira fenomen non-fungible tokena koji su u periodu od 2018. do 2022. postali široko popularni, a njihove vrijednosti dosezale su po nekoliko desetaka milijuna američkih dolara u određenim situacijama. Analizira se pozadinska tehnologija koja je bila osnova za stvaranje tehnologije NFT-jeva, te objašnjava kako je blockchain bio predložan za iste, kao i analizira kako je razlika između kriptovaluta i NFT-jeva u jedinstvenosti. Radi se i pregled tržišta NFT-jeva, kao i udjeli različitih tipova tokena na tom tržištu. Prolazi se kroz rast vrijednosti po godinama, korelaciju vrijednosti kriptovaluta i NFT-jeva, a spominje se i razlika u otpornosti kriptovaluta i non-fungible tokena na svjetske ekonomske krize. Analizira se i korelacija između velikih prodaja i količine pretraživanja na internetu te se dotiče utjecaja krizi na medijsku raširenost NFT-jeva. Za kraj, radi se pregled nekih zanimljivijih kolekcija i primjeraka NFT-jeva i prikazuju zanimljivi načini upotrebe istih. Potom se i prolazi kroz probleme i brojne prevare na tržištu non-fungible tokena, te dotiče manjka regulacija na cjelokupno tržište i naposljetku promišlja bi li potencijalne regulacije pomogle razvoju tržišta.
This chapter discusses the possible impact of blockchain or distributed ledger technology on private maritime law in the near to mid future. It suggests that tamperproof logs are likely to be relevant in four areas. These are (1) shipping documentation (especially negotiable documents of title); (2) payment in connection with letters of credit governed by the eUCP 2.0 and similar transactions; (3) cargo care and monitoring, especially in connection with claims between buyers and sellers, cargo claims against carriers, and possibly dangerous cargo suits against shippers; and (4) the monitoring of vessels themselves with a view to establishing the cause of casualties, a matter relevant in particular to charter disputes, insurance and collision claims. In all of these areas the use of distributed ledgers is likely to give rise to substantial savings in evidence-gathering and litigation costs, leading to the smoother and more efficient handling of claims.
Pametni ugovori su programi koji se na deterministički način izvršavaju na kriptografskom lancu blokova pomoću virtualnog stroja i zajedničkog mehanizma konsenzusa. Ti programi mogu implementirati vlastitu logiku te raspolagati kriptovalutama. Stoga je od iznimne važnosti osigurati da su pametni ugovori otporni na napade i zlouporabu. U prvom dijelu rada predstavljeni su osnovni termini i potrebne tehnologije za korištenje pametnih ugovora te je ukratko prikazana njihova povijest. U drugom dijelu prikazane su neke od najčešćih ranjivosti koje su prisutne u pametnim ugovora i načini na koji mogu biti iskorištene od strane napadača. Objašnjeni su načini kako se mogu preventirati spomenute ranjivosti te su navedeni neki primjeri napada koji su se zaista dogodili. Konačno, predstavljena je potencijalna Front Running ranjivost u ERC-918 pametnim ugovorima te je implementiran jednostavni primjer pomoću kojeg je simuliran napad. Također, predložen je jedan od potencijalnih načina zaštite od takvoga napada.
Asif Bhat, Rizal Mohd Nor, Md Amiruzzaman, Md Sayemul Islam
When trustworthy computing is necessary, several applications use blockchain. Trade finance is one of these fields that might greatly benefit from a decentralized method of conducting transactions. This study gives the first evaluation of Accepire-BT, a software platform designed for the practice of collaborative Trade Finance. Smart contracts enforce the suggested solution using Solidity, the core programming language of the Ethereum blockchain. Remix and MetaMask were used to assess the performance of the Rinkeby test network. Per cycle, smart contracts need less than one minute, according to the findings of the early test. Also included is a discussion of the fees associated with using the public Ethereum Rinkeby network.
Knut Erik Knutsen, Liang Qin, Nikita Karandikar, I.H. Ibrahim · 6 authors
Abstract In recent years, distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), especially blockchain technology, has become a popular topic and is being implemented in different industries. Ships are expected to be equipped with more advanced equipment and less crew onboard. The communication and information sharing between different maritime stakeholders such as business partners, port authorities, tax authorities, class societies, flag states, IMO and EU become more important than ever. Trust and authenticity are key properties when utilizing data for safety or business critical applications, and will only increase in importance as automation levels increase towards fully autonomous ships and trading systems. The implementation of DLTs as close as possible to the data source helps provide a reliable, trustworthy way to share, process and verify the data. The objective of this paper is to explore how tamperfree maritime data sharing can enable automated transactions between vessels and shore-based entities. Singapores TradeTrust platform has shown that digitalization of international trade has great potential. In this paper we explore how further enhancements may be implemented and how the distributed ledger VeChain, as compared to Ethereum, have some distinct advantages that may be beneficial for continued automation and efficiency gains. The electronic Bill of Lading was taken as an example to demonstrate the concept. Reporting requirements from the other maritime data sharing scenarios are also expected to require a way of ensuring tamperfree data.
The paper presents blockchain-based maritime supply chain system (BMSCS) and Blockshipping decentralized platform for containers' smart booking and releasing as one of BMSCS applications. The conceptual framework of BMSCS is discussed along with its actual benefits, frailties, and key players. In addition, Blockshipping global shared container platform (GSCP) is described at rather high level of abstraction; including its potentials to increase efficiency, reduce costs and environmental impacts through enhancing intelligent turnover of containers in the global trade. In addition, the results of a case study on adopting blockchain in emerging maritime economy in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa are presented and discussed. Some directions for further research in the field are given as well.
Recently, great attention has been paid to blockchain technology for creating new opportunities in international trade. Parties involved in international trade can now enter into transactions more securely thanks to immutable, distributed ledgers without necessarily relying on a third-party system provider while benefiting from the improved speed and cost of transactions. Blockchain technology has a decisive impact on the development of electronic transport documents. Pre-existing electronic bills of lading have relied on a system provider of “registry” whose nature has restricted them from being widely used in practice. Blockchain bills of lading are expected to address the shortcomings of their preceding generation by allowing anyone to use them and achieving a mechanism of transferring their control in a similar way to transferring the possession of paper bills of lading. At the same time, however, there are a number of practical and legal issues that might slow down the full application of blockchain bills of lading. To examine the potential issues in their use, this paper aims first to introduce blockchain bills of lading and how they carry out the functions of traditional bills of lading; secondly, the paper seeks to identify what the challenges are and how they may impede the use of blockchain bills of lading; and lastly, it investigates whether the proposed legal instruments could provide legal recognition of the use of blockchain bills of lading. These questions will determine the prospects for blockchain bills of lading: could they eventually render paper bills of lading a relic, or will they simply remain just another type of electronic bill of lading that has to coexist with paper bills of lading?
Khoi Le Quoc, Phuc Nguyen Trong, Hieu Le Van, Hong Khanh Vo · 13 authors
The exchange of goods between countries is growing, contributing to the promotion of logistics-related technologies. More and more systems are adopting advances in science and engineering to reduce manual handling steps, thereby reducing transit time. Letter-of-Credit (LOC) is a standard method where the parties involved will enter into agreements for the sale and exchange of goods. Specifically, each party will receive a set of original documents and does not need to meet face-to-face under the bank’s witness. The process brings many benefits in terms of time and reduces records processing. However, the system faces a lot of risks when one of the parties is dishonest. On the other hand, the traditional LOC systems face a lot of risks related to the transparency of information about the goods, and also the supplier may lose the goods (e.g., 4/100 Vietnamese cashew nut containers are lost. stuck in Italy) or deposits in the hands of shipping companies (e.g., GNN Express - Vietnam) and many more. To this end, many research directions have exploited blockchain technology and smart contracts. Specifically, all information related to the transaction between the supplier and the demander including package, time, and delivery location. However, there needs to be a mechanism to ensure the smooth implementation of smart contracts, specifically for sanctioning when there is a conflict between a supplier and a demander. This role should be considered for the transaction manager, who directly designs and is responsible for their smart contracts. Currently, there is no mechanism to guarantee all interests of the parties involved in non-bank transactions. To increase the processing capacity and integrate with the Blockchain system, we propose the Letter-of-credit Chain that defines the agreements between the parties in international trade. We also deploy the proof-of-concept of the Letter-of-credit Chain on the three EVM-supported platforms (i.e., under ERC20), namely, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Fantom. By evaluating the actual execution of Gas for each platform, we found that our proposed model had the cheapest fee when deployed on the Fantom platform. Finally, we share the deployment/implementation of these platforms’ proof-of-concept to encourage further future research.
Distributed ledger technology has the potential to be highly significant in this respect, especially when combined with the fact that continuous surveillance of cargo en route is rapidly becoming the new normal. Distributed ledger technology is beginning to affect the charter market, especially when it comes to such logistical matters as the arranging of fixtures and the juggling of available dates. Professor of Commercial Law in the Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law, Swansea University. “Blockchain” and “distributed ledger” are often used as if they were synonyms. But technically the former is a subgroup of the latter. “Distributed ledger” is any system in which a database is distributed over a number of participants, rather than being dependent on a centralised server, with changes having to be made to all copies. Professor of Commercial Law in the Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law, Swansea University.
The impact of blockchains on maritime trade has been studied from economic and managerial angles. But their combined study from the legal, economic, and managerial angles has rarely been studied. If the economic stakes are beginning to be identified, the way in which the law defines blockchains is more delicate to understand; the international dimension of maritime transport associated with the various national regulations complicates the analysis. After studying the economic benefits of blockchains on maritime trade we analyzed the legal benefits and the outstanding legal issues. These analyses led to a study of the relationship between the maritime supply chain and blockchains. This study shows that the adoption of this innovative technology by maritime trade actors will have many economic, logistical, and legal consequences that cannot be dissociated and are nevertheless systematically dissociated; but that it is difficult to clearly identify or confirm due to the small number of case studies. JEL Codes: O33, R40
The topic of ‘trade and technology’ usually gives rise to discussions of the ways in which new technologies might be traded, and the limitation of current trade rules in adapting to rapidly changing innovations. In contrast, this chapter asks a fundamentally different question – what opportunities will technology present to change the modes and methods by which trade regulation is achieved? Specifically, the chapter considers how the World Trade Organization (WTO), or a future trade organisation, might itself take advantage of technology to restructure how it manages trade and fulfils its mandate. That mandate includes serving as a facilitator of trade agreements and market access negotiations, a forum for resolution of trade disputes, and a watchdog for national trade policies. It argues that technologies such as artificial intelligence, distributed ledger technologies, and the Internet of Things can be used in order to streamline and improve a range of WTO processes, particularly dispute settlement, negotiations, notifications, and monitoring.
This chapter examines the relevance of artificial intelligence (AI) for construction disputes, focusing on LegalTec related to AI, machine learning, Distributed Ledger Technology (blockchain), Integrated Engineering or Construction ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems and Building Information Modeling (BIM). Construction ERP and BIM use (virtual) central storage of all project data in databases that can be queried in real time and track all project related activities, which can also be more easily correlated by the operators. They create massive amounts of data in machine readable and standardized formats with potential for use in machine learning, AI and predictive technologies. If one considers the complexity, duration, the associated cost of most construction disputes and the often-voiced need in the construction industry for swifter resolution this kind of reduction of issues to be decided and the simplification concerning the establishment of facts seem to indicate that there should be a sufficiently great market for such functionalities that operate at the pre-legal dispute level.