Blockchain Papers

Juraj Fabuš, Miriam Garbarova, Iveta Kremeňová, Lukáš Vartiak

No abstract is available for this record.

Tabassum Tanzim Nawar, Farah Jasmin Khan, Joya Akter, Arnab Saha Authro · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Xue Ze, Tianyu Zhao, Isabella Hao, Lili Wei

No abstract is available for this record.

Tahiya Lisa, Chaiyachet Saivichit

No abstract is available for this record.

Ki Hyeon Hong, Byung Mun Lee

Unlike general passwords, user authentication technology using biometric data cannot be lost or forgotten, and it has the advantage of being impossible to forge or falsify by attackers. Since this biometric data contains sensitive information, a safe storage method is needed. However, if biometric data is managed on a central server, it is limited by being vulnerable to integrity infringement attacks by system attackers and persistent infringement attacks on the authentication service. To solve this problem, a model using blockchain-based information security technology is proposed in this paper. The aim is to safely manage the user biometric data by dispersing the storage of the biometric data feature information for user authentication in smart contracts and IPFS using Ethereum. We have verified that it takes an average of 1,472.733 ms and 217.829 ms, to register and authenticate a user in the proposed model and we expect that it will provide a reliable authentication service to the users compared to the existing authentication method in which the biometric data is managed by a single server.

Authors unavailable

The medical technology is being evolved for enhancing the healthcare information related to medication, diseases, medical images etc., by using Electronic Healthcare Recording (EHR). The details such as gender, age, and weight of patients are sensitive, and require protection against unauthorized access. Therefore, providing a robust security for medical data is indeed a challenge. The present research work proposed a Fully Decentralized Block chain (FDBC) model with the Proxy Re-Encryption Algorithm (PReA) with an Ethereum smart contract. The proposed FDBC-PReA allows the data to be visible only for the owner and the smart contract as the model is implemented in an Ethereum based test bed. Each time when the data is transformed, the data loss is obtained for the incorrect data which is taken care by the decentralized BC. The fully decentralized BC stores and checks whether each of the entity shares or accesses the real time data. The proposed FDBC-PReA Ethereum smart contracts, and proxy re-encryption algorithms are executed with a faster rate that consumed average block time of 5.48s, which is lesser when compared to average block times of Smart-Contract Ethereum Distributed Ledger-14s, Searchable

Krishna Prasad Rao, Sunilkumar S. Manvi

In the present times, the healthcare sector has seen an enormous growth in the usage of technology ranging from EHRs (electronic health records) to personal health trackers. Currently, there is a need for managing EHRs effectively with respect to storage, privacy and security measures. State-of-art technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) are applied in the healthcare domain. Innovation in AI is steadily advancing and is finding its place in different industries. The integration of blockchain and AI looks promising as there are several benefits. Blockchain can make the AI more secure and autonomous whereas AI can drive the blockchain with intelligence. The objective of this article is to explore the uses of blockchain as well as AI technology in the field of healthcare. We aim to survey the advantages, issues and challenges of integrating blockchain with AI technology, including future research directions in the healthcare domain. In this study, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) rules and an efficient searching protocol were used to examine several scientific databases to recognize and investigate every important publication. A solid systematic review was carried out on integration of blockchain and AI in the healthcare domain to identify existing challenges and benefits of integrating these two technologies in healthcare. Our study found that the integration of AI and blockchain technology has a potential to provide several benefits in terms of performance and security which conventional EHRs lack. The inherent benefits of blockchain and AI together are limitless, but the bare outcomes based on blockchain powered by AI technology are yet to be obtained. In addition, the outcome of our detailed study may aid researchers to carry out further research.

연세대학교 법학연구원 연구교수., Il Ho Lee

가상화폐, NFT(non-fungible token) 등 디지털 재화의 출현과 함께 이를 법적으로 어떻게 규율 할 것인지에 대한 논의가 활발하게 전개되고 있다. 애초에 기술에 의해, 또 규범적 검토 없이 나온 새로운 실체에 대한 법적 규율에는 어려움이 따를 수밖에 없다. 무엇보다 이들을 어떻게 정의하고, 어떠한 속성을 중요하게 다룰 것인지가 규범화의 관건이 된다. 이들은 법체계 안에서 매우 생경하게 다루어지기는 하지만, 이들에게 이미 모델이 될 만한 재산권이 있는데, 이것이 곧 지식재산권이다. 지식재산권은 전통적 재산인 물건과 비교하기 어려운 불완전성을 내포하고 있는데, 그럼에도 불구하고 ‘재산권법’체계를 형성하고 보호를 향유해왔다. 지식재산권의 보호 근거와 방법은 불완전한 자산, 화폐 혹은 재산으로 인식되는 디지털 재화에 인사이트를 주는 것은 물론이고, 관련 법제를 설계하는 데도 중요한 참고자료가 될 것이다. 한편 지식재산권 및 디지털 재화가 각기 가진 불완전성의 문제는 의외의 지점에서 해법을 찾을 수도 있다. 플랫폼, 그중에서도 규모와 경제력을 갖춘 이들은 사용자의 생활양식에 영향을 주는 것은 물론, 재산의 귀속과 행사방식에도 깊은 영향을 준다. 플랫폼이 만드는 메타버스 등 생태계는 지식재산과 현재 디지털 재화로 논의되는 암호화폐와 NFT의 통합까지도 가능하도록 한다. 이는 그만큼 편의성을 높여준다고 이야기할 수 있지만, 자칫 규범에 대한 주도권이 국가에서 플랫폼으로 넘어가는 계기를 만들 수도 있다. 우리는 가상자산, NFT 및 지식재산이 함께 디지털 재화로 편입되는 현상을 주의 깊게 관찰할 필요가 있고, 시기적절한 논의를 통해 법적 대응방안을 강구해야 한다. 지나치게 규제적인 입장 을 취할 필요는 없지만, 맹목적 보호론 내지 낙관론은 경계해야 할 것이다.

Kwang-Kyu Lee

인증 프로세스는 사용자가 합법적인지 확인하는 데 사용되어야 하는 주요 단계이며, 사용자가 합법적인 사용자인지 확인하고 해당 사용자에게만 액세스 권한을 부여하는 데 사용되어야 한다. 최근에는 로그인 프로세스에 보안계층을 추가하여 인증에 하나의 요소만 사용하는 취약점을 해결하기 위해 대부분의 애플리케이션에서는 이중인증과 OTP 체계를 사용하고 있지만, 이 방법도 허가 없이 사용자 계정에 액세스할 수 있는 방법이 알려져 보안에 취약하다. 본 논문에서는 최소한의 개인정보만을 노출 조건으로 사용자를 인증하는 블록체인의 Smart Contract 기반으로 영지식(ZKP:Zero Knowledge Proofs)개인정보 인증 기법을 구현한다. 이는 블록체인 기술을 기반으로 인증프로세스에 많은 보안 기술을 제공하고, 개인정보 인증을 기존의 인증방식보다 빠르고 안전하게 수행할 수 있다.

Authors unavailable

The emergence of new and improved technological advances created severe problems in the security state of the educational certification system. Throughout this paper, a proposal has been made to improve security. Here, Blockchain technology has been introduced as reliable secure storage for the educational certification system, providing an additional facility to the users. That is the validation and authentication of the student's academic records. Moreover, for security purposes, Blockchain technology can replace the traditional academic certification system and contribute to a new model for sharing student information. After completion of data inclusion and hashing, the blocks will be inserted into the Blockchain network. This proposed model enhances document security and fraud reduction and additionally reduces a significant amount of authentication time almost up to double the current speed. With this system, we will get a certification process in which all data will be digitalized and secured in an unbreakable database with proper authentication and with a noticeable amount of time efficiency.

Jeong A Park, Min Kim

우리 현대사회는 기술의 발전에 따라 삶의 전반이 디지털 테크놀로지(digital technology)에 의해 문화가 주도되는 디지털 시대를 살아가고 있다. 인터넷, 스마트폰 등의 과학기술의 등장과 디바이스의 보급으로 소비형태가 변화하면서 아날로그에서 매장 진열을 통해 이루어졌던 오프라인 시장은 플랫폼 형태구조의 온라인 기반 시장으로 사회 전반에 걸쳐 이동하며 문화 및 예술분야 역시 디지털 기술이 도입된 상품개발이 활발히 이뤄졌다. 소셜미디어(Social Media)플랫폼의 이모티콘 상품부터 소프트웨어(software) 디자인소스와 폰트, 최근에는 NFT(Non-Fungible Token, 대체불가 토큰)를 기반으로 디지털 작품이 고가에 팔리는 사례 등 계속해서 새로운 형태로 나타나며 시장에서 그 가치가 증명되고 있으며, 상품의 가치를 넘어서 경제와 문화적 측면에서도 큰 영향력을 가진다. 이러한 디지털상품의 촉발은 직접적인 소비자와의 유통환경을 넓혀주었고 디자이너들의 시장 진입장벽은 점차 낮아지고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구는 이러한 변화하고 있는 디지털 시장에서 상품의 동향과 IT 고유의 가상구조를 가짐으로써 파생되는 가치와 가능성에 관한 연구로 기초자료를 조사한 후 디지털상품이 거래되는 시장 중 하나인 크라우드 펀딩 플랫폼을 기반으로 개발한 직접적인 디자인 사례를 통해 그 특성과 가능성을 파악하고 시장구조를 분석하여 디지털 기술을 접하는 현시대를 살아가는 디자이너가 나아가야 할 디자인 발전 방향과 전망에 대해 탐구하였다.

Kirtirajsinh Zala, Hiren Kumar Thakkar, Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Neel H. Dholakia · 7 authors

Traditional healthcare services have changed into modern ones in which doctors can diagnose patients from a distance. All stakeholders, including patients, ward boy, life insurance agents, physicians, and others, have easy access to patients' medical records due to cloud computing. The cloud's services are very cost-effective and scalable, and provide various mobile access options for a patient's electronic health records (EHRs). EHR privacy and security are critical concerns despite the many benefits of the cloud. Patient health information is extremely sensitive and important, and sending it over an unencrypted wireless media raises a number of security hazards. This study suggests an innovative and secure access system for cloud-based electronic healthcare services storing patient health records in a third-party cloud service provider. The research considers the remote healthcare requirements for maintaining patient information integrity, confidentiality, and security. There will be fewer attacks on e-healthcare records now that stakeholders will have a safe interface and data on the cloud will not be accessible to them. End-to-end encryption is ensured by using multiple keys generated by the key conclusion function (KCF), and access to cloud services is granted based on a person's identity and the relationship between the parties involved, which protects their personal information that is the methodology used in the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme is best suited for cloud-based e-healthcare services because of its simplicity and robustness. Using different Amazon EC2 hosting options, we examine how well our cloud-based web application service works when the number of requests linearly increases. The performance of our web application service that runs in the cloud is based on how many requests it can handle per second while keeping its response time constant. The proposed secure access scheme for cloud-based web applications was compared to the Ethereum blockchain platform, which uses internet of things (IoT) devices in terms of execution time, throughput, and latency.

Dessanin Ewèdew Thierry Awesso, Marco Zolla, Alastair Marke

This chapter sets out the main functions of artificial intellgence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and distributed ledger technology (DLT) within the environmental sphere and how these technologies can be combined to create more effective climate solutions through weather-pattern prediction, increasing transparency and accounting, technical feasibility and carbon market resilience.

Youngmo Kim, Byeongchan Park, Seok-Yoon Kim

Theme, background and signal music is the music inserted into broadcasting contents of a broadcaster, and is recognized as a created content like normal music. Since there are lyricists and composers who have the rights of music, the copyright fee is distributed. However, there often occur problems with inaccurate monitoring results for theme, background and signal music usage due to the omission of usage details and non-transparent settlement method. In this paper, we propose a method of generating music usage monitoring information based on a blockchain, on which the usage information of music source is recorded by the usage monitoring tool based on the feature-based filtering technology of monitoring organizations. The framework proposed in this paper includes a blockchain network structure, a series of transaction procedures in which the theme, background and signal music usage history is stored and the recorded data format in the blockchain ledger. In the proposed framework, accurate music usage details can be created, details are stored in blocks without changes or omissions, and eventually transparent settlement and distribution are possible by processing smart contract, instead of previous non-transparent settlement practice.

Yeon Sook Park

본 연구는 인간의 뇌파와 컴퓨터의 연결로 가능해진 뇌 활동의 시각화가 인터렉티브 아트에 응용한 사례를 분석하여 BCI의 응용이 초래하는 인터렉티브 아트의 변화에 초점을 두었다. 본 연구는 BCI의 유형과 체계 분석을 근저로 하여, 인터렉티브 아트의 작품 연구로 연결되는 기술 이론 학문과 예술 실행 분석의 다학제적 연구를 중심으로 한다. 2장에서 인터렉티브 아트에 응용되는 BCI에서 인간의 무의식적 뇌 활동을 읽어내는 뇌파 전이 기록술 (Electroencephalography, 이하 EEG)가 현재 작품에 응용된 사례를 제시한다. 본 연구는 집단 감상자의 상호작용을 목표로 하는 인터렉티브 아트에 초점을 두면서, 프랑스 작가 모리스 베나윤의 인터렉티브 설치작품 〈Brain Factory, 2016〉와 〈Value of Values Project, 2018〉을 중심 사례로 분석한다. 그의 실험은 BCI를 응용하여 감상자의 행위 중심의 상호작용이 평가 중심으로 변화되고 감상 집단의 공동 평가가 공동 창의성(Co-Creativity)으로 연결되는 바를 보여 준다. 무엇보다 그는 BCI 중심으로 암호 화폐인 이더리움(Ethereum)의 거래 활동을 인간 행동과 감성의 동인으로 포착하고, 경제 활동을 감상 행위로 포섭하는 독창적 실험을 예술의 영역으로 확장했다.

Youn-A Min, Dong-Kyun Lim

As a method for learners to learn independently in distance education, the need for a problem recommendation learning guide that effectively reflects a learning pattern based on learner data is increasing. In this paper, based on blockchain Ethereum smart contract technology, we analyze and present problem recommendation patterns for individual learners by filtering, collecting, and transparently managing multiple learner data that can occur in a distance education environment. In this study, various weighting factors were assigned to each learning situation. The optimal problem recommendation path is presented so that learners can solve problems based on weight-based learning factors in various learning situations. For the performance evaluation of this study, a similar learning environment was set up, and learning satisfaction, usefulness of problem recommendation guides, and learner data processing speed were analyzed. As a result of the performance evaluation, it was confirmed that the learning satisfaction improved by more than 15% compared to the existing learning environment in the proposed environment. In addition, it was confirmed that the learning data processing speed was improved by more than 17%.

Seongho Hong, Heeyoul Kim

Credentials are one of the most important things to prove oneself in modern society. As the world goes digital, credentials change its form from paper to digital. However, digital data are easy to be forged and to be duplicated. To make digital data secure, cryptographic digital signature is the key technology ensuring its authenticity and integrity. And it is an inevitable choice for secure credential management systems. Recently blockchain has been raised as another key technology to guarantee data transparency. It is a decentralized and public ledger of transactions that anyone can participate and execute programs called smart contract. In this paper, we propose a credential management system based on Ethereum blockchain. This system provides users with a means both to manage their credentials by themselves and to prove their credentials without the issuer. We implemented its prototype on Ethereum, and analyzed the proposed system compared to previous systems.

Yangsun Lee

The hyperledger fabric is a modular blockchain framework used by private companies to develop blockchain-based products, solutions, and applications using plug-and-play components. The smart contracts operating in this framework is created by implementing a chaincode. When implementing a chaincode, there may be a security weakness inside the code, which is the root cause of the security vulnerability. However, when the contract is completed and the block is created, the chaincode cannot be arbitrarily modified, so the security weakness must be analyzed before execution. This paper conducted a study on chaincode intermediate code generation for security weakness analysis of chaincode operating in hyperledger fabric blockchain framework. Analysis of security weaknesses at the source code level is not easy because the code logic is not clear and the complexity is high. On the other hand, security weakness analysis at the intermediate code level is easy to analyze because the code logic of the source code is clearly represented and the complexity is lower than that of the source code.

Xiao-Xu Zhang, Runhua Shi, Wan-Peng Guo, Peng Wang · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Jongseok Ryu, Seunghwan Son, Joonyoung Lee, Yohan Park · 5 authors

During the COVID-19 pandemic, engagement in various remote activities such as online education and meetings has increased. However, since the conventional online environments typically provide simple streaming services using cameras and microphones, there have limitations in terms of physical expression and experiencing real-world activities such as cultural and economic activities. Recently, metaverse environments, three-dimensional virtual reality that use avatars, have attracted increasing attention as a means to solve these problems. Thus, many metaverse platforms such as Roblox, Minecraft, and Fortnite have been emerging to provide various services to users. However, such metaverse environments are potentially vulnerable to various security threats because the users and platform servers communicate through public channels. In addition, sensitive user data such as identity, password, and biometric information are managed by each platform server. In this paper, we design a system model that can guarantee secure communication and transparently manage user identification data in metaverse environments using blockchain technology. We also propose a mutual authentication scheme using biometric information and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to provide secure communication between users and platform servers and secure avatar interactions between avatars and avatars. To demonstrate the security of the proposed mutual authentication scheme, we perform informal security analysis, Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic, Real-or-Random (ROR) model, and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA). In addition, we compare the computation costs, communication costs, and security features of the proposed scheme with existing schemes in similar environments. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has lower computation and communication costs and can provide a wider range of security features than existing schemes. Thus, our proposed scheme can be used to provide secure metaverse environments.

ギョウシュウ ソク, レイ ゴトウ, Xiaozhou Shu, Rei Gotō · 6 authors

修士学位論文. 2022年度経営学 第3989号

Daehyoung Cho

최근 가상화폐 거래가 활발하게 이루어지고 결제 수단으로 이용이 확대되면서 디지털 통화에 대한 정부와 투자자의 관심이 확대되고 있다. 현재 국내외 많은 문헌들이 비트코인의 법적, 제도적인 측면과 블록체인 기술 등 이용의 측면에서 초점을 맞추고 있다. 반면 금융시장의 관점에서 가상화폐 시장의 효율성을 분석한 연구는 상대적으로 매우 부족한 상황이다. 이에 착안하여 본 연구에서는 가상화폐 가격의 시계열적인 특성을 잘 이해하기 위해 장기기억과 시장효율성을 분석하고 있다. 현재 가장 널리 알려진 가상화폐 중의 하나인 비트코인, 이더리움, 카르다노, 테더, 도지코인 등 5개 가상화폐를 분석대상으로 하였다. Variance Ratio, Conventional R/S, Modified R/S, GPH 검정 등을 실시한 결과, 비트코인, 이더리움은 시장의 효율성을 보여주는 증거가 발견되었지만 카르다노, 테더, 도지코인은 시장의 비효율성을 보여주는 결과가 일부 나타났다. 하지만, 분석 기간을 코로나19 팬데믹 이후로 한정하면 카르다노, 테더, 도지코인의 경우에도 모두 효율적인 시장으로 볼 수 있는 증거들이 발견되었다. 이러한 분석 결과는 현재 카르다노, 테더, 도지코인의 경우에도 점차 효율적인 시장으로 변화하는 과정에 있다는 점을 시사한다.

Sanghoon Jeon

공식 표준화 기구인 ISO, ITU-T와 민간/산업계 컨소시엄 단체인 IEEE, W3C 등과 같은 사실 표준화 기구에서 기술 표준화를 진행하고 있다. FG-DLT(The Focus Group on Application of Distributed Ledger Technology), FG-DFC(The Focus Group on Digital Currency including Digital Fiat Currency) 연구반에서 연구를 마치고, ITU-T SG17 연구반에서 개발 중인 블록체인 및 분산원장 기술 표준화 진행 상황과 ISO/TC307에서 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC27 정보보호 기술 분과와 공동 작업 중인 표준화 진행 과정 그리고 IEEE와 같은 민간/산업계 컨소시엄 단체 표준화 동향을 소개하고자 한다. 그리고 본문에서, 필자가 국내 대표 전문위원으로 ISO 및 ITU-T 기구에서 블록체인 및 분산원장 기술 국제 표준화 활동 수행하며, 현 시점의 표준화에 대한 의견을 제시하고자 한다.

Seong-Kyu Kim

In this study, future cars are attempting self-driving around the world. However, hacking, such as ECUs in automobiles, creates problems that are directly connected to human life. Therefore, this study wrote a paper that detects anomalies in such cars by field. As a related study, the study investigated the vulnerabilities of the automobile security committee and automobile security standards and investigated the detection of abnormalities in the hacking of geo-train cars using artificial intelligence’s LSTM and blockchain consensus algorithm. In addition, in automobile security, an algorithm was studied to predict normal and abnormal values using LSTM-based anomaly detection techniques on the premise that automobile communication networks are largely divided into internal and external networks. In the methodology, LSTM’s pure propagation malicious code detection technique was used, and it worked with an artificial intelligence consensus algorithm to increase security. In addition, Unity ML conducted an experiment by constructing a virtual environment using the Beta version. The LSTM blockchain consensus node network was composed of 50,000 processes to compare performance. For the first time, 100 Grouped Tx, 500 Channels were tested for performance. For the first time, the malicious code detection rate of the existing system was verified. Accelerator, Multichannel, Sharding, Raiden, Plasma, and Trubit values were verified, and values of approximately 15,000 to 50,000 were obtained. In this paper, we studied to become a paper of great significance on hacking that threatens human life with the development of self-driving cars in the future.