Blockchain Papers

Vipina Valsan, Naga Sushanth Kumar Vuppala, Sri Sai Harshith Koganti, Likhit Sai Eswar Kalla · 7 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Wenxue Ran, Yiting Duan

No abstract is available for this record.

Srinivas Odnala, Nihar Ranjan Pradhan, Sambhu Dutta Nanda

Electric vehicles (EVs) are the foundation of sustainable mobility, yet effective maintenance tracking and performance monitoring is still difficult, particularly in decentralized ecosystems. To fill these gaps, this study suggests a Sustainable Energy-Driven Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Blockchain System that combines blockchain technology, IoT-enabled EV systems, and renewable energy sources. The system lowers operating costs and minimizes the greenhouse effect by using sustainable energy sources like wind and solar to power blockchain nodes, EV charging stations, manufacturing, distributors and, service centers. The decentralized P2P blockchain network guaranteed transparent, immutable tracking of EV performance indicators and maintenance logs. The Istanbul Byzantine Fault Tolerance (IBFT) consensus method provides safe, effective, and energy-efficient transaction validation. EVs’ IoT sensors continually gather performance data, including mileage and battery health, which is then stored on the blockchain for computationally intelligent predictive maintenance. The Ethereum Smart contracts improve dependability and reduce administrative burdens by automating warranty monitoring, maintenance schedules, insuring renewal and, service provider communications. Furthermore, by offering verified service records, the blockchain makes ownership transfers easier and increases market trust for used EVs. In line with the objectives of smart cities and green technology, this integrated strategy promotes adopting sustainable energy and improves the lifetime, efficiency, and accountability of EVs.

Akshat Miglani, Khush Patel, Margesh Modi, Yana Gadhvi · 5 authors

As a theoretical foundation and overview, the paper explains how blockchain technology influences energy trade and finance through decentralized, safe, and transparent peer-to-peer transactions. It examines the current energy crisis that arises with a steep, rising curve of rather unorthodox consumption of energy and calls for cleaner, more reliable sources of energy. It also discusses how blockchain-based platforms could help eliminate persistent challenges in centralized energy systems. By combining the previous literature on distributed ledgers, smart contracts, and decentralized market mechanisms, we find that blockchain provides faster settlements, lower overheads, and enhanced resilience against single points of failure. This study will review how blockchain-enabled energy finance solutions speed transactions, build trust, and allow for innovative funding approaches, such as green bonds and energy banking. All in all, the findings support blockchain as a viable way of achieving a more flexible, customer-oriented, and environmentally sustainable energy sector while showcasing the technological, regulatory, and operational gaps that research and responsible policy actions must address. • Examines Blockchain's decentralized role in energy trade and finance. • Explores Blockchain's advantages and challenges in energy finance integration. • Reviews Blockchain models for platform, tech, privacy, and security solutions. • Highlights Blockchain's potential to enable trust and direct energy transactions. • Discusses future needs for advanced algorithms and supportive regulations.

Yasmine Snene Manzli, Mohamed Fakhfekh, Azza Béjaoui, Hind Alnafisah · 5 authors

This paper investigates the diversification, hedging, and safe-haven capabilities of Bitcoin and gold against blue economy and green finance assets using three different MGARCH models (DCC, ADCC, and GO-GARCH) during adverse events such as the COVID-19 health crisis and the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict. Blue economy assets, which refer to sectors that sustainably utilize ocean resources, are a key focus alongside green finance assets. The findings reveal that during crises, Bitcoin demonstrates robust safe-haven characteristics, particularly against blue economy assets like BJLE and OCEN. Conversely, gold exhibits pronounced safe-haven properties against specific blue economy and green finance assets such as BJLE and FAN. The GO-GARCH model highlights gold's strong diversification and safe-haven roles, especially against BJLE. Bitcoin, on the other hand, is more effective as a diversifier for PIO. Moreover, the GO-GARCH model consistently outperforms the DCC and ADCC models in terms of hedging effectiveness, showing that gold is the preferred hedging instrument for GNR and TAN, while Bitcoin is more effective for other blue and green assets. The results underscore the distinct roles of Bitcoin and gold in portfolio management strategies, offering insights for investors navigating market uncertainties in the context of sustainable investments.

Naveen Kandwal, Kusum Lata Agarwal, Divya Upadhyay

This paper presents a comparative analysis of Ethereum’s pre- and post-Merge performance, focusing upon energy consumption, GHG emissions, and scalability due to increase in block size. These findings contribute to understand the potential to change in consensus mechanism of blockchain technology for future years aligning with global sustainable development goals. This research analyses per-block energy consumption, size and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) before and after the Ethereum’s Merge event (September 2022). During the Proof of Work (PoW) age (2015-2022), Ethereum’s energy consumption surged from 0.01 TWh to 17.4 TWh, highlighting the environmental impact that inspired the transition. The transition from PoW to Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism noted the energy reduction of over 99.9%, with the energy consumption of 13.98 GWh and carbon dioxide emissions at 1.7 kilotons in 2024, estimated by Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI). Post-Merge block size analysis reveals a significant change in the block size over the period of years with cumulatively average block size expansion of 16,000% from 2015 to 2024.

Asysta Amalia Pasaribu

Investment is an activity that is popular nowadays. Profitable investments are the hope of every investor. By investing. investors expect the invested assets to generate returns and to obtain profits for future life In investment studies. the most frequently discussed topic is the fluctuations. whether increases or decreases. of an asset's price (stocks). The risk of investment is loss in financial. The fluctuations of stock prices represent risks in the investment field. One measure used to determine gains and losses from stock prices is the return. To know return from data. we may use the compound return formula. Returns have empirical facts that require several tests. In this study. the empirical facts of returns are that the returns are not autocorrelated (autocorrelation function) and that the returns are leptokurtic distributed (thick-tailed distribution). We use the price data of Bitcoin (BTC) and Gasoline (UGA) from January 1. 2019. to December 31. 2023. The main of purpose of this research is to show empirical analysis of the Bitcoin and Gasoline return data. The results of the empirical analysis show that the return of stock price for Bitcoin (BTC) and Gasoline (UGA) meet the empirical properties of returns so that they can capture a good volatility model.

Ardavan Babaei, Erfan Babaee Tırkolaee, Sadia Samar Ali

No abstract is available for this record.

Murray A. Rudd, Dennis Porter

We develop a flexible supply and demand equilibrium framework that can be used to develop pricing models to forecast Bitcoin’s price trajectory based on its fixed, inelastic supply and evolving demand dynamics. This approach integrates Bitcoin’s unique monetary attributes with demand drivers such as institutional adoption and long-term holding patterns. Using the April 2024 halving as a baseline, we explore model scenarios with varying assumptions about growth in adoption and supply-side constraints, calibrated to real-world data. Our findings indicate that institutional and sovereign accumulation can significantly influence price trajectories, with increasing demand intensifying the impact of Bitcoin’s constrained liquidity. Forecasts suggest that modest withdrawals from liquid supply to strategic reserves could lead to substantial price appreciation over the medium term, while higher withdrawal levels may induce volatility due to supply scarcity. These results highlight Bitcoin’s potential as a long-term investment and underline the importance of integrating economic fundamentals into forward-looking portfolio strategies. Our framework provides flexibility for testing different market scenarios, demand curve functional forms, and parameterizations, offering a tool for investors and policymakers considering Bitcoin’s role as a strategic asset. By advancing a fundamentals-based approach, this study contributes to the broader understanding of how Bitcoin’s supply–demand dynamics influence market behavior.

Indri Haryani, Indra Ardhanayudha Aditya, Almareta Harasti Nuraini, Sri Widiyanesti · 10 authors

The renewable Energy Certificate (REC) schemes play a crucial role in combating climate change and promoting sustainable living. However, issues such as traceability, lack of transparency, and user awareness limit its effectiveness. The current study aims to address such limitation by proposing a blockchain-based solution for Indonesia's electricity grid which can enhance end-to-end traceability, real-time data access, and tamper-proof records. The methodology encompasses interview with energy stakeholders, blockchain model development, prototyping, and evaluation of its efficacy. Results show that blockchain technology can revolutionize Indonesian REC market by improving security, traceability, and promote stakeholders' trust. The proposed framework addresses current system limitation and introduces a semi-fungible REC token for secure issuance, trading, and verification. Our solution offers a scalable model that can support Indonesia and global green energy adoption and sustainable living.

Benjamin Walwai Miba’am, H. Yusuf GÜNGÖR

Abstract The study attempts to add to the existing literature on the relationship between uncertainties and Bitcoin by determining the direction of the relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), Geopolitical Risk (GPR), Political Risk (PR) and Bitcoin returns. This is to ascertain if Bitcoin hedges and is a safe haven asset against uncertainties. We employed the use of Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) and Quantile Regression (QR) to achieve the research objective. Having discovered the existence of structural breaks after conducting the Zivot-Andrews unit root for structural breaks, the analysis was divided into full sample period, first sub-period and the second sub-period. Findings show that EPU, GPR and PR hedge and play the role of safe haven against uncertainties in the United States (US). We found that EPU exerts positive influence against Bitcoin returns while GPR and PR negatively influence Bitcoin returns. The result further shows that Bitcoin returns hedges against EPU in the lower and middle quantiles while Bitcoin returns hedges against PR only in the lower quantile. The study therefore concludes that uncertainty and risk in the US influence bitcoin returns. It supports the hedging ability and safe haven properties of bitcoin, emphasising that bitcoin returns react more to EPU US than GPR US and PR US, therefore recommending investment experts and financial analysts focus more on EPU US than GPR US and PR US.

Brian wakasala

Abstract: This systematic review of literature bears the objective of exploring the potential of transformative novel blockchain technology, its regulation, and the substantive impact it bears on renewable energy firms' competitive advantage. The study provides a minutiae of the current trends in research, their implications, and blockchain implementation and innovation between 2019 to 2024. The methodology comprised a comprehensive search of scholarly databases, selection, and analysis of the relevant research studies. The findings revealed that Blockchain is essential based on its transparency, traceability, data privacy, and decentralization features which enhance trust, transparency, and traceability across the supply chain. Furthermore, blockchain technology is relevant in the renewable energy sector in Kenya ranging from p2p trading platforms, digitization by IoT, E-mobility, and decentralized trading platforms. The distributed ledger technology is a promising disruption for a wide area of service and product management in the energy sector ranging from the producers, transmitters, regulators, and distributors involved. The review concludes with future research recommendations and the practical implications for the industry players and the regulators.

S. S. Tyagi

The cryptocurrency market, known for its high volatility and immense data availability, provides an excellent opportunity for predictive modeling. This paper explores the prediction of Ethereum’s price using four distinct models: Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM), and CNN-LSTM hybrid models. The study evaluates the performance of these models based on metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Rsquared ( R2 ), and Accuracy (%). The findings highlight that Logistic Regression outperformed the other models with the lowest MSE (6741.12) and highest accuracy (98.66% ) [Table 1]. This research demonstrates the potential of combining traditional and advanced machine learning techniques to achieve robust price prediction in the cryptocurrency domain.

Pratyush Kumar Patro, Raja Jayaraman, Adolf Acquaye, Khaled Salah · 5 authors

The aviation industry's carbon emissions are forecast to rise to 22% by 2050, posing a significant challenge to the goal of achieving Net Zero Emissions by the same year. Regardless of the structural or agentic strategies implemented to reduce these emissions, ensuring effective traceability of emissions in airline operations is crucial, as it enables the development of effective mitigation measures. Existing systems fall short of effectively providing end-to-end traceability of emissions within an effective carbon accounting framework. Indirect emissions and the complexities associated with emissions tracking throughout the extended aviation sector also exacerbate carbon accounting and offsetting difficulties. In this paper, we present a blockchain-based framework to address these plausible challenges. The proposed work categorises both direct and indirect emissions under Scope 1, 2, and 3 classifications. A blockchain-based collaborative platform, also provides data transparency across all stakeholders, ensuring traceability and security in a decentralised and reliable manner. A prototype model of a blockchain-based system is therefore developed using Ethereum smart contracts. The paper presents a cost and security analysis of the system, while highlighting the challenges and opportunities for the development of sustainable aviation operations. The smart contract is made publicly available on Github for verification.

Yun‐Cheng Tsai

Net-zero emission targets require transparent and efficient carbon credit trading systems. This paper introduces a blockchain-based data visualization framework to enhance decision-making in the production and logistics sectors by simplifying blockchain transaction records and identifying potential arbitrage activities. The framework integrates real-time decision support tools, enabling production system managers to monitor carbon offset activities, detect fraudulent behaviors, and streamline operations. This research provides actionable insights into supply chain emissions management and operational risk reduction by leveraging advanced visualization techniques. The proposed approach offers innovative solutions to address the complexities of blockchain-based carbon trading, emphasizing transparency and sustainability. Our analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of these techniques in mitigating fraud and supporting compliance with international carbon trading standards. The findings contribute to integrating advanced technologies into sustainable production systems, offering practical implications for achieving global climate change mitigation goals and fostering a more efficient and secure carbon credit market.

Vittorio Capocasale, Maria Elena Bruni, Guido Perboli

Purpose Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are increasingly prominent, yet their adoption remains complex. This paper addresses the common misalignment between blockchain technology and actual needs, often leading to project failure. It introduces a decision-making framework focused on the technological aspects of blockchain adoption. Design/methodology/approach We designed the framework by analyzing key decision drivers from existing literature and applied it to a real-world use case in the electric vehicle supply chain. The blockchain solution was tested with live production data. Findings Blockchain is beneficial for use cases requiring decentralized governance, but it often needs to be supplemented with additional technologies in industrial applications. Originality/value The framework provides a set of managerial-level questions that simplify the decision-making process for those without deep technical expertise, helping determine when blockchain is appropriate, valuable and superior to other technologies.

Yongle Tian, Chunguang Bai

Low-carbon supply chain (LCSC) companies mitigate their carbon footprint through direct emission reduction (DER) efforts, such as using renewable energy, and through emissions trading for indirect offset. Blockchain technology, increasingly adopted in sectors, such as fashion and automotive, supports these methods by addressing key challenges. However, the optimal adoption mode—government, manufacturer, or retailer—remains unclear. In this article, we integrate blockchain's three benefits (reduced DER cost, lower transaction cost in emissions trading, and enhanced green trust) and its three costs (setup cost, operational cost, and usage fee) to compare these modes based on the LCSC's sustainability, profitability, and social welfare. Key findings are as follows. First, blockchain adoption typically boosts sustainability and profitability, although two tradeoffs require careful consideration. Second, retailer adoption outperforms the other modes by significantly enhancing sustainability, maximizing blockchain user profits, and achieving the highest social welfare outcomes. The retailer's profit can also be maximized if the setup cost coefficient and total carbon footprint level are sufficiently low. Another advantage of this mode lies in the flexibility of usage fee. Third, the impact of blockchain adoption varies across supply chains with different carbon footprint levels. These results remain robust in extension with risk considerations. This study provides valuable managerial insights, including guidance for LCSC on selecting the optimal blockchain adoption mode, and recommendations for policymakers to address the lack of economic incentives in low-emission supply chains and reduce the overreliance on indirect offset in high-emission ones.

Fettah Kaba

No abstract is available for this record.

B J Santiyano, V F Tanty, J Hariwinarta, Shinta Amalina Hazrati Havidz

Abstract This study investigated the effects of macroeconomic and environmental factors on Bitcoin return. The analysis included 31 lower-income countries selected based on their GDP rankings from 2012 to 2022. Using 341 observations, we applied Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) and One-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to evaluate the effects of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Inflation Rate (INF), CO2 Emissions (CO2E), Climate Policy Uncertainty (CPU), Global Price Energy Index (GPEI), and Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI) on Bitcoin return. The findings revealed a significant negative relationship between CO2E and Bitcoin return, reflecting investor concerns about Bitcoin’s environmental impact. CBECI showed a significant positive effect, suggesting that higher electricity consumption associated with mining activities led to increased Bitcoin return. CPU was positively associated with Bitcoin return, indicating that investors might have viewed Bitcoin as a hedge against climate policy uncertainties. GPEI had a significant negative effect, demonstrating Bitcoin’s sensitivity to global energy price fluctuations. GDP and INF showed no significant effect on Bitcoin return, suggesting that macroeconomic indicators did not significantly impact Bitcoin’s value in emerging markets. These results offered essential guidance for investors and policymakers in emerging markets.

Zhenxin Ren

No abstract is available for this record.

Janardhana Anjanappa

No abstract is available for this record.

Jingwen Wu, Yuting Yan, Shuaian Wang, Lu Zhen

The increasing pressure on global supply chains to reduce carbon emissions has driven the need for sustainable supply chain network design (SSCND). This paper proposes an innovative framework for SSCND that optimizes facility location and scale decisions under uncertainty using blockchain technology. By incorporating cap-and-trade regulations and carbon trading into a mixed-integer linear programming model, the study addresses both the economic and environmental objectives of supply chains. A two-stage stochastic programming approach is employed to optimize the SSCND. The first stage focuses on facility location decisions and the second stage on production adjustment, transportation, and carbon trading under demand uncertainty. The carbon trading decisions are integrated into the model by assigning a monetary value to carbon dioxide emissions and allowing for dynamic adjustments to real-time environmental impacts. A primal decomposition algorithm is introduced to address the computational challenges involved in solving the two-stage stochastic programming model. Numerical experiments based on data derived from SAIC Motor Corporation's supply chain demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and algorithm. This study provides an efficient approach for integrating environmental sustainability into supply chain management, offering valuable insights for industries aiming to achieve carbon neutrality.

Agustín San Román Guzmán, Diego Valdeolmillos, Carlos Álvarez López, Ricardo S. Alonso

No abstract is available for this record.

Mohammadhossein Lashkaripour, Seyed Mehdi Hosseini, Rizwan Ahmed

Bitcoin contributes to global carbon emissions on a scale comparable to entire countries in order to secure its decentralized network. This exposes Bitcoin to climate policies aimed at reducing emissions. This paper develops a general equilibrium framework to examine how the stringency of climate policy affects Bitcoin’s valuation and its relationship with the equity market. Our theoretical analysis delivers a key insight: a transition from a lenient to a stringent climate policy increases the conditional correlation between Bitcoin and equity returns, thereby compromising Bitcoin’s appeal as a hedge or diversifier against equity market volatility. Empirical evidence supports this theoretical prediction.