cloud computing environments and multi agent systems has presented huge difficulties in creating a trust system, verifying securely and largely being transparent amongst the heterogeneous entities. The traditional centralized methods continue to become unsuitable with their vulnerability to the single point of failure, breach of data and unimpeccable auditability. The decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain technology has become a promising solution, but the currently operational blockchain-based systems still present severe constraints which are associated with scalability, high computation cost, disturbing latency as well as absence of adaptive trust mechanism.The current paper suggests a set of new conceptual frameworks on the use of an efficient and secure blockchain-based trust and verification system adapted to the distributed environment. The model uses a hybrid design that combines on-chain and off-chain processing to make the performance efficient and do not compromise security. An active screening system of trust is presented to determine the trustworthiness of each of the participating nodes on the basis of transaction history, behavioral patterns as well as their success rate of validation. Also, it includes a featherweight hybrid consensus which is based on Proof of Stake (PoS) and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) to ensure that it uses less energy to execute and also enhance the speed of transactions verification.The framework also includes smart contracts to verify and control access and use of data array of cryptography methods to guarantee the integrity of data and authentication. The proposed model offers a practical and flexible solution to the current distributed system since it tackles major challenge related to the system, namely scalability, efficiency and security. The framework is applicable to various areas which have been showcased in the IoT networks, management of supply chains, data sharing in healthcare, and e-governance. Future research possibilities include incorporating the element of artificial intelligence in the adaptive trust and quantum-resistant cryptographic research.
Blockchain technology has transformed distributed systems by enabling mutually untrusted nodes to reach agreement without a central authority. Such trustless decentralized paradigm relies on the robustness of system design mainly from two components: the consensus layer governing block production and the data layer governing data consumption. However, these pillars of robustness could be undermined in a Byzantine environment, where adversarial participants may strategically misbehave, leading to biased data production and compromised data access. This thesis systematically addresses robustness vulnerabilities across both layers, ensuring that blockchain systems remain fair, predictable, and verifiable throughout the entire data lifecycle. At the consensus layer, we first address selfish mining in Proof-of-Work (PoW), which allows adversarial miners to gain disproportionate revenue. We introduce an unfairness metric based on the divergence between computing power and mining revenue, and propose Tit-for-Tat (TFT), a block-promotion strategy that detects suspicious forking behavior and selectively delays block propagation. To optimize this defense, we formulate the Delay Vector problem and develops efficient approximation algorithms. Second, we study block withholding in Byzantine Fault Tolerant Proof-of-Stake (BFT-PoS), where proposers may delay blocks to extract additional Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). To restore predictable block generation, we propose InTime, an incentive mechanism that rewards timely proposals according to transaction arrival rates observed across the network. InTime combines an Arrival Rate Incentive, a Committee Time Witness workflow, and a Shift-Mean Estimation algorithm to collect and verify timing information under adversarial conditions. At the data layer, we propose the Merkle Bloom Filter Tree (MBFT), a framework for authenticated aggregate queries with keyword and range predicates. MBFT supports efficient verification for complex on-chain queries, including time-window queries, while controlling storage overhead. We design a novel Merge Bloom Filter (MBF) for space-efficient handling of dynamic sets during query authentication.
Healthcare systems increasingly rely on digital twin technology to create virtual representations of patients, medical devices, and clinical workflows. However, secure data sharing across medical digital twin edge networks faces critical privacy and security challenges when handling sensitive patient information and treatment protocols. This paper presents a medical digital twin blockchain sharding (MDTBS) framework that leverages blockchain sharding technology to address security and privacy concerns in healthcare data sharing while maintaining the real-time responsiveness required for clinical operations. The framework incorporates a novel dual-layer architecture combining local medical data sharing chains using directed acyclic graph consensus for intra-hospital communications with global medical data sharing chains employing delegated proof of stake consensus for inter-hospital collaboration. Considering the dynamic characteristics of medical environments and mapping errors between physical healthcare systems and their digital twins, we formulate an adaptive resource allocation model that jointly optimizes medical cluster head selection, hospital base station consensus access, and spectrum and computation resource allocation to maximize blockchain sharding transaction throughput. A medical digital twin edge network-empowered two-layer proximal policy optimization algorithm solves the complex optimization problems while adapting to time-varying medical workflows and equipment configurations. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the framework achieves superior performance across all evaluation metrics compared to baseline methods, including 15-25% improvements in transaction throughput with statistical significance (p-value less than 0.001), sub-three-second emergency response times, and 85%+ privacy preservation efficiency scores.
With the continuous development of blockchain technology, its applications have expanded into a wide range of fields. The consensus algorithm serves as the core of blockchain, with its performance directly influencing the overall efficacy of the blockchain system. Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) selects block producers through elections and offers advantages such as high performance, low energy consumption, and strong scalability. However, the election mechanism also brings several challenges, including vote bribery, low voter participation, and high degree of centralisation. To address these issues, we propose an improved DPoS algorithm based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS) decision-making method, named BKT-DPoS, which enhances the consensus mechanism from a new perspective of multi-attribute decision-making. Specifically, a dynamic balanced clustering algorithm is introduced to constrain the voting range of certain nodes; the voting results are transformed into node influence scores using complex network theory; and the historical performance of nodes is dynamically assessed based on block production outcomes. A TOPSIS model is constructed to select the final block producers by considering node influence and historical behaviour values as decision attributes. After each round, the behavioural values of nodes are updated to incentivise honest nodes and penalise malicious ones. We conducted extensive simulations on networks ranging from 200 to 5,000 nodes over 1,00 to 10,000 rounds, and performed a comparative analysis against other improved algorithms.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly improves decentralisation, enhances resistance to vote bribery, and effectively mitigates the impact of malicious nodes.
The research focuses on the mechanisms, challenges, and consequences that UHC reform in Kenya has, conceptualizing UHC as a long-term government policy project that cuts across the governance, financing, and state capacity nexus. Based on theoretical frameworks of policy learning, incrementalism, and institutional capacity, the article evaluates the effects of Kenya's devolved system of health and strategic purchasing mechanism on UHC implementation and equity outcomes. Using qualitative policy analysis of government reports and academic publications, the research unveils structural constraints of the social health insurance program over time, the presence of inequalities in the delivery of services, and constraints of governance that mitigate the effects of reforms. These results bring into focus the necessity to strengthen the institutional capacity, strategic purchasing, and intergovernmental mobilization to achieve equitable and sustainable UHC. The article is a policy theory contribution to intricate social reforms through the way in which iterative policy learning and governance structure frame reform paths in a lower- and middle-income setting.
DIGITAL ASSETS AND THE LAW: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE WITH COMPARATIVE LESSONS FROM THE US AND UAE Tassaduq Hussain, Fourth-Year, B.A.LL. B (Hons.) Student, School of Law, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.225 Digital assets have rapidly emerged as a defining feature of the global financial ecosystem. Cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and Digital assets have rapidly emerged as a defining feature of the global financial ecosystem. Cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), all rooted in blockchain technology, are reshaping our understanding of value, ownership, and financial systems. In India, while adoption has surged, the regulatory and legal framework remains fragmented, reactive, and ambiguous.
Open access
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
This article addresses the pressing issue of defining the legal nature and practical description of new types of civil law objects - tokens, NFTs (non-fungible tokens), and cryptocurrency - in notarized transactions. The author analyzes the existing legal framework of the Russian Federation, including provisions of the Civil Code and Federal Law No. 259-FZ dated July 31, 2020 “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency, and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. The focus is on the challenges faced by notaries in identifying the unique characteristics of these digital assets to unambiguously define them as the subject matter of the transaction in the contract and notarial inscription. The article proposes practical recommendations for formulating descriptions of such objects, considering the requirements of notarial law and the principle of legal certainty. Risks associated with incorrect description of the transaction’s subject matter are examined, along with ways to mitigate them. The conclusion highlights the need for developing unified methodological approaches and potential avenues for legislative improvement.
D C Saputro, Noor A Setiawan, Azkario Rizky Pratama, Avinanta Tarigan
The increasing adoption of blockchain technology in education has introduced alternative approaches to identity verification beyond centralized credential systems. This study proposes and implements a decentralized authentication mechanism for Moodle LMS using ERC-721 non-fungible tokens (NFTs) verified through MetaMask. Developed as a proof-of-concept following a design science methodology, the system links on-chain identity tokens to Moodle accounts without storing usernames or passwords. The architecture integrates Ethereum smart contracts, nonce-based digital signature verification, and Moodle’s Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) framework. Functional testing confirms that access is granted exclusively to users possessing valid ERC-721 tokens and verified wallet signatures. Replay attack simulations demonstrate effective resistance through nonce validation, while ensuring that no sensitive credential data is exposed during the authentication process, in contrast to default Moodle login mechanisms. Performance evaluation using Apache JMeter indicates stable operation under moderate loads. Although scalability and token management limitations remain, the results demonstrate the technical feasibility and enhanced security advantages of NFT-based authentication for learning management systems.
The impending arrival of superintelligent AI systems poses an unprecedented challenge to human institutions: how can governance structures that oversee self-improving agents remain aligned with evolving human values when those agents will rapidly and irreversibly surpass their regulators in capability? This paper introduces Recursive Meta-Governance (RMG), a formal framework that embeds self-stabilizing, provably aligned meta-level institutions capable of governing lower-level systems—including AI agents—through endogenous recursion. Drawing on mechanism design, category theory, typed lambda calculus, and the scalable oversight literature, we define a recursive language for governance protocols, establish a minimal axiom system, and prove key properties: stability, alignment preservation under bounded capability growth, compositional modularity, and non-corruptibility under adversarial coalition pressure. We demonstrate applicability through lightweight formal simulations (freely executable Python pseudocode) and four conceptual case studies: the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), the NIST AI Risk Management Framework, corporate board governance, and the failure modes of decentralized autonomous organizations. Unlike static external oversight models, RMG creates an adaptive, self-correcting governance layer that co-evolves with the systems it regulates, guided at every step by formally verified alignment invariants. This work establishes the foundational theory for a new field we term recursive institutional engineering, offering a mathematically grounded pathway to safe long-term human flourishing amid transformative AI. All analysis is conducted with zero-budget tools (public literature, free Google Colab pseudocode, Overleaf/LATEX), making it fully replicable by any independent researcher.
This paper presents the complete architectural blueprint for the Ternary Logic (TL) Smart Contract Constitutional Suite, defining the structural layout across three layers: the Logic Layer housing the ternary decision engine, the Execution Layer enforcing state transitions, and the Storage Layer providing immutable audit infrastructure. The blueprint specifies the precise components, interactions, and logic required to implement the unique triadic state model of the TL framework: Proceed (+1), Epistemic Hold (0), and Refuse (1). The Epistemic Hold state is introduced as a constitutional pause mechanism, transforming deliberation from an operational liability into a cryptographically verifiable evidentiary asset. The fail-closed default posture ensures that any transaction whose evidence has not been archived returns State 0, making uncertainty constitutionally visible rather than operationally invisible. The No Log = No Action invariant G(execute implies P(escrow_recorded and auditable)) is enforced across five independent layers from API schema validation through the on-chain terminal gate in TL_Ledger_Core.registerPermissionToken. The Dual-Lane Latency Architecture establishes a 2ms WCET hard ceiling for the Inference Lane and a 300ms hard ceiling for the Governance Lane, with the execution gate releasing only after a valid PermissionToken has been registered on-chain. The blueprint covers Solidity implementation patterns, a TLA+ formal verification specification proving the Epistemic Hold safety and liveness properties, an Oracle-Custodian asynchronous callback architecture, and the Ghost Governance prevention mechanism ensuring no contract call is made without a valid PermissionToken from the Governance Lane. Use cases are demonstrated across Central Bank Digital Currencies, decentralized finance, supply chain management, and AI-driven decentralized autonomous organizations, establishing TL smart contracts as constitutional code where the rules of economic interaction are harder to break than traditional legal agreements.