The subjects of information legal relations are investigated in the scientific article. The authorities of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine (next – SFS of Ukraine) as a subject of information legal relations are separately considered. It is noted that the participation of the subjects of power authorities in information legal relations has its peculiarities, the main of which is the fact that the main prerequisite for the participation of such a subject in the information legal relationship is his competence.
The purpose of this article is to determine how the use of a bitcoin as an instrument of payment can affect the system of international financial payments and the banking system. The method of critical analysis of scientific and methodological literature is used and the materials of research executed by leading experts in the fields of international finance and IT in 2009-2017 are summarized. A bitcoin can become a serious competitor to banks, payment systems such as SWIFT in the implementation of major cross-border payments. It is even compared with gold because there is no risk for the counterparty in operations with it. We suggest that a bitcoin is an outstanding digital technology which can fundamentally change the world banking system, payment settlements and the global economy. The article proposes a classification of advantages, disadvantages and prospects of using a bitcoin as a means of payment between large financial institutions and banks. The perspective of increased competition between leading international payment systems in conducting large cross-border payments is substantiated. The prospects of further studies are determined. How do central banks need to reform the system of international financial payments in view of the inevitable introduction of cryptocurrency? How to implement new financial instruments based on blockchain technology and a bitcoin? What changes in legislation should be made to get the names of buyers and sellers of bitcoins, which will help to reduce financing of illegal activities?
The transformation of the system of public financial control should occur through applying the latest IT technologies and innovative practices of monitoring and analysis. The existing problems of the system of public control and management should be an impetus for the transformation, the use of the most advanced technological achievements. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of applying distributed ledger technology (blockchain), the stages and sequence of performing the tasks of its implementation as the basis for effective, transparent, reliable public control. There determined the content of the stages and the sequence of actions to transform the architecture of public financial control on the basis of new technological capabilities that give an impetus to the initialization of regulatory and legal support for using blockchain technology in Ukraine. There proposed a general algorithm for implementing blockchain technology in the system of public financial control, which realization is aimed at clarifying and synchronizing the processes of improving the system of public financial control, IT support for the control system, increasing the safety and transparency of control actions, monitoring and interaction of individual control bodies and tasks. It is proved that the only significant restriction in the implementation of blockchain may be the rules regarding disclosure of personal data and information constituting a commercial secret.
The article is aimed at improving and further developing the methodical provisions on the use of program-target approach in the formation of local budgets in the context of decentralization of the State finances. The article defines advantages and limitations on the use of the program-target approach in the sphere of development of programs and projects of regional socio-economic development, financing of which are supposed to be realized at the expense of local budget. The sequence of stages of strategic planning of socio-economic development of the region is generalized. The approach to development and implementation of target projects and programs of regional socio-economic development, based on the integration of provisions of the program-target approach and the concept of fiscal space, is proposed. It is proved that in distribution of budget financing the potential of expansion of fiscal space should be considered as one of the key criteria of structuring and ranking of target programs, display of ability of local budget to mobilize additional sources of funding and raise funds to meet the requirements of maintaining financial stability.
In Ukraine, the cryptocurrency is viewed as a monetary surrogate. In many countries of the world, operations with cryptocurrency are more or less permitted. You can name countries such as Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Brazil, Israel, Canada, China, Norway, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Germany, Croatia, Switzerland, Japan and others. On the basis of objective analysis and the study of examples from foreign experience, the legal regime of operations with the cryptocurrency is proposed to equalize with the legal regime of operations with foreign currency; legalize the mining of the cryptocurrency as a type of economic activity, introduce its licensing and taxation of income from it. Citizens of Ukraine are not forbidden to keep savings in foreign currency and exchange foreign currency for hryvnia and other foreign currency. Ukrainians can not receive wages or any remuneration in foreign currency on the territory of Ukraine, but they can earn or win foreign currency on the Internet. The same regime should receive cryptocurrency. And operations on mining of cryptocurrency should be licensed as highly profitable and requiring a special knowledge and skills type of economic activity. Applying income tax to miners is offered on general terms. Three ways of determining the amount of taxes are proposed: 1) granting access to representatives of the fiscal body to the computer program and purses of the cryptocurrency; 2) through the calculation by the representatives of the fiscal body of the average monthly volume of production of units of crypto currency for a certain equipment and, accordingly, in proportion to it, the amount of tax; 3) in proportion to the amount of electricity spent. The last two look the most real. In the case of taxation of operations on «mining» of cryptocurrencies, the state through the amount of electricity consumed can identify and control miners. It is concluded that the legalization of the state of the budget. REFERENCES Derevianko B.V. Ryzyky zdiisnennia operatsii z kryptovaliutoiu (bitkoinamy) hromadian i subiektiv hospodariuvannia Ukrainy. Forum prava. 2017. No. 3: 33—39. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/j-pdf/FP_index.htm_2017_3_8.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Protsenko A.T. Pravove rehuliuvannia obihu elektronnykh hroshei v Ukraini: dys. ... kand. yuryd. nauk : 12.00.07. K., 2016 [in Ukrainian]. Vyshnevska A.O. Rol kryptovaliuty dlia informatsiinoi ekonomiky Ukrainy ta svitu. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Cherkaskoho derzhavnoho tekhnolohichnoho universytetu. Ser. Ekonomichni nauky. 2017. No. 47: 13—17 [in Ukrainian]. Halushka Ye.O. Sutnist kryptovaliut ta perspektyvy yikh rozvytku. Molodyi vchenyi. 2017. № 4 (44): 634—638 [in Ukrainian]. Petruk O.M., Novak O.S. Sutnist kryptovaliuty yak metodolohichna peredumova yii oblikovoho vidobrazhennia. Visnyk ZhDTU. Ser. "Ekonomichni nauky". 2017. No. 4 (82): 48—55 [in Ukrainian]. Sokhatska O., Kurant T. Kryptovaliuty: zasib platezhu chy investytsiinyi instrument? Pershi naukovi chytannia pamiati S.I. Yuriia: zbirnyk nauk. prats. Za red. d.e.n., prof. O.P. Kyrylenko (26.11.2015. m. Ternopil). Ternopil: TNEU, 2015. S. 42—47 [in Ukrainian]. Yatskiv N.H., Yatskiv S.V. Perspektyvy vykorystannia tekhnolohii blokchein u merezhi internet rechei. Naukovyi visnyk NLTU Ukrainy. 2016. Vypusk 26.8: 381—387 [in Ukrainian]. Pro Natsionalnyi bank Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy vid 20.05.1996 No. 679-XIV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1999. No. 29. St. 238 [in Ukrainian]. Pro platizhni systemy ta perekaz koshtiv v Ukraini: Zakon Ukrainy vid 05.04..2001 № 2346-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2001. No. 29. St. 137 [in Ukrainian]. Roziasnennia shchodo pravomirnosti vykorystannia v Ukraini “virtualnoi valiuty/kryptovaliuty” Bitcoin: Roziasnennia Natsionalnoho banku Ukrainy vid 10.11.2014. Ofitsiinyi sait Natsionalnoho banku Ukrainy. URL: https://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=11879608 [in Ukrainian]. Konstytutsiia Ukrainy vid 28.06.1996 No. 254k/96-VR. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1996. No. 30. St. 141 [in Ukrainian]. Tsyvilnyi kodeks Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy vid 16.01.2003 No. 435—IV. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2003. No. 40—44. St. 356 [in Ukrainian]. Pro systemu valiutnoho rehuliuvannia i valiutnoho kontroliu: Dekret Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 19.02.1993 No. 15— 93. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1993. No. 17. St. 184 [in Ukrainian]. Pro litsenzuvannia vydiv hospodarskoi diialnosti: Zakon Ukrainy vid 02.03.2015 No. 222-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2015. No. 23. St. 158 [in Ukrainian]. Pro zatverdzhennia pereliku orhaniv litsenzuvannia ta vyznannia takymy, shcho vtratyly chynnist, deiakykh postanov Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy: Postanova Kabinetu Ministriv Ukrainy vid 05.08.2015 No. 609. URL: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/609-2015-%D0%BF [in Ukrainian]. Podatkovyi kodeks Ukrainy vid 02.12.2010 No. 2755-VI. 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The development of information technologies is accelerated in the modern world. The digitization of socio-economic relations is carried out on the basis of peer-to-peer blockchain technology. Bitcoin is a cryptographic protocol. The article shows that, to date, there is no common understanding of Cryptocurrency, in some sources they are treated as currency and other goods or raw materials in other. At this moment, cryptocurrency in Ukraine is not regulated at all. This article discusses the potential legal classification of Bitcoin and the consequences thereto. Bitcoin has been, and continues to be, used by some for the purchase of illegal substances and in furtherance of crimes. Nonetheless, Bitcoin possesses significant economic upside over traditional currencies and methods of transaction online. The National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) has not yet recognized bitcoin or other encrypted currencies. Several bills to regulate encrypted money have been submitted, but none has yet been passed. The Ukrainian parliament has been actively trying to find a solution for creating a legislative and regulatory framework specific to the cryptocurrency industry. Ukrainian draft laws give their own definition of crypto-currency, mining and other specific terms; stipulate those who have the right to engage in mining, how the activities of exchanges are regulated, and the attendant moments, such as legal responsibility and specific taxation. Yet, the proposed legislation has not yet been passed into the law. Ukraine should monitor world trends and not miss a chance to use new technologies and innovations in the financial sector. On the basis of the analysis of domestic and foreign practices, a number of non-regulated by Ukrainian law of the creation and circulation of cryptocurrencies have been identified by the law of Ukraine, proposed ways of resolving issues of determining their legal nature and legal regulation. The situation regarding the definition of legal status of cryptographic goods in foreign countries and Ukraine is analyzed. The main points to be solved in the course of approval of the right regulation of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine are determined. REFERENCES Liashenko V.I., Vyshnevskyi O.S. Tsyfrova modernizatsiia ekonomiky Ukrainy yak mozhlyvist proryvnoho rozvytku: monohrafiia. Kyiv, 2018 [in Ukrainian]. Cryptocurrency Market Capitalizations. Top 100 Cryptocurrencies by Market Capitalization. URL: https://coinmarketcap.com Ponsford M.A Comparative Analysis of Bitcoin and Other Decentralised Virtual Currencies: Legal Regulation in the People’s Republic of China, Canada, and the United States. Hong Kong Journal of Legal Studies. 2015. Vol. 9. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2554186 Kryptovaliuta: Zibraty po kryptakh. Kryptofakhivtsi roziasniuiut yurystam znachennia naiposhyrenishykh sliv “latyny maibutnoho” kryptomovy. Za materialamy vydannia “Ukrainskyi Yuryst”. URL: http://axon.partners/uk/blog/cryproalphabet/ [in Ukrainian]. Nermin Hajdarbegovic. Japan Makes First Bitcoin-Related Drug Arrest. Coindesk. May 9, 2014. URL: . https://www.coindesk.com/japan-makes-first-bitcoin-related-drug-arrest Pravove rehuliuvannia kryptovaliutnoho biznesu. Axon Partners, ForkLog Research. URL: http://axon.partners/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02/Global-Issues-of-Bitcoin-Businesses-Regulation.pdf [in Ukrainian]. The Federal Reserve System’s semiannual monetary policy report to the Congress. The U.S. Government Printing Office. September 17, 2015. URL: http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7231-15 Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union. L 267. 10.10.2009. P. 7—17. Court of Justice of the European Union PRESS RELEASE No 128/15. URL: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-10/cp150128en.pdf O razvitii tsifrovoy ekonomiki: Dekret Prezidenta Respubliki Belorus ot 21.12.2017 No. 8. URL: http://president.gov.by/ru/official_documents_ru/view/dekret-8-ot-21-dekabrja-2017-g-17716/ [in Russian]. V instytuti Patona pratsiuvala nezakonna fabryka Bitcoin. Informatsiinyi Aktsent. URL: https://www.infa.ua/v-insty-tutipatona-pratsyuvala-nezakonna-fabry-ka-bitcoin/ [in Ukrainian]. Prokuratura y SBU vyluchyly v Kyievi 400 bitkoin-ferm. Informatsiinyi Aktsent. URL: https://www.infa.ua/v-insty-tutipatona-pratsyuvala-nezakonna-fabry-ka-bitcoin/ [in Ukrainian]. Pro obih kryptovaliuty v Ukraini: proekt Zakonu Ukrainy vid 06.10.2017 No. 7183. URL: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=62684 [in Ukrainian]. Pro stymuliuvannia rynku kryptovaliut ta yikh pokhidnykh v Ukraini: proekt Zakonu Ukrainy vid 10.10.2017 No. 7183-1. URL: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=62710 [in Ukrainian].
Grigory O. Krylov, A. Yu. Lisitsyn, Leonid I. Polyakov
The article provides a comparative analysis of the volatility of the leading national fiat currencies and their transnational anonymous analogues, which received the slang name “cryptocurrency”.Volatility is the most important financial indicator in the management of financial flows, as a measure of the risk of using a financial instrument at a specified period of time. Cryptocurrency mining technology is available to the general public and has become an innovative phenomenon. The latest fi phenomena need to be investigated, so it is necessary to conduct a multilateral scientific analysis, identification and comparison of cryptocurrency with fi currency. The aim of this study is to obtain new estimates of cryptocurrency based on the use of tools such as GARCH-model, simple historical volatility (SHV) and developed by the author’s toolkit, which is based on the Chaikin method. The methodological basis of the research is logical, econometric, economic and statistical methods of analysis, technical and fundamental analysis, and method of scientific visualization. The calculated volatility estimates are based on the Central Bank’s data on currency rates and investigated using named three models. The article for the first time presents the results of comparison of volatility of the leading fiat currencies (uS dollar, euro, Chinese yuan and Japanese yen) and the most popular today so-called cryptocurrencies (bicoin, litecoin, ethereum, and monero). Estimation of volatility showed that the volatility of bitcoin is significantly higher than fiat money. In this regard, it is concluded that the recognition of cryptocurrency, in particular bitcoin, as a real money is premature, not only due to the lack of regulations of a certain cryptocurrency as a legal tender, but also on the grounds of violation of essential requirements for the properties of the currency, such as a low level of volatility.
Over the years, as a response to the increased demand for international clearing of transactions that are conditioned by globalization, it has inevitably led to the expansion of product assortments and, consequently, services. The economy and the finance of this century are characterized by innovation and recognition of new trends and needs for simple and maximum available non-border products. For example, as Google assumed the role of Yahoo, so in the world of finance it was looking for a single practical system to outperform the previous ones. With the emergence of cryptocurrency, we can consider that there has been a new global system without the involvement of mediators and expensive international transactions. The idea was to create an electronic payment system that would be decentralized so that individual entities do their job themselves. The use of cryptocurrency might be able to replace Internet banking and mobile banking to a greater extent. But, it is not yet known which will be the first cryptocurrency found on official financial stock markets, and which will be able to provide the easiest implementation and use today. So far, no cryptocurrency is in any official stock market yet, and the transactions are carried out through private sites. There are over one thousand cryptocurrencies in the world and, depending on the current market situation, and the adequate investment moment in a particular cryptocurrency, it can be gain, but at the same time it can be loss. Cryptocurrency have caused a real financial insanity in recent years. In that period, a handful of people gained great wealth, while others remained without millions of dollars due to unpredictable fall in prices. The basic parameters for deciding when investing in a particular cryptocurrency are numerous and some of them are: the stability of the currency in a certain period, the final number of coins to be released into circulation and their security of storage, the number of users and merchants who have accepted that currency as a means of payment and other. One thing is for sure, that there were a lot of comments and confusion when the cryptocurrency was introduced and when it became very popular. The aim of this paper work is to expand, as much as possible, the knowledge that new innovative changes in the world of finance are inevitable and, if they are good, to be acceptable and useful as soon as possible. The paper work will also show the types of cryptocurrencies, but among them the bitcoin will be distinguished as the most famous cryptocurrency of the world. Among other things, we will see the cryptocurrency market in Serbia, how we can buy bitcoin, types of bitcoin digital wallets and we will give a prognosis of the bitcoin rate by 2020.
Cryptocurrency is constantly increasing in popularity at global level. While it provides advantages such as limited government oversight and low transaction cost for the users, it can cause concern for the state and tax administrations. On the basis of this concern is the fact that cryptocurrency can not easily be placed in the legal categories of the country's legislation. From this point on this study; aims to evaluate the idea of taxation of cryptocurrency from the perspective of Turkish Tax System in the light of different country practices. Findings of work; the economic dimension of the crypto money is that it has a significant tax revenue potential. The results of the study show that cryptocurrency carries a significant tax revenue potential due to the economic size it has.
This article examines economic aspects of managing territorial development. Themain principles of interaction between central and local authorities which exist in modern Ukrainian society have been defined. Some approaches to ensuring economic territorial development are revealed. The normative legal framework, on the basis of which the implementation of management actions in separate territories is carried out, has been examined. The decentralization reform and the activities of unified territorial communities that manage territorial development are characterized. The disadvantages that exist in the sphere of administrative decision-making concerning territorial development are considered. Particular emphasis is placed on improving public policy in order to intensify the decentralization reform at the sub-regional level, to increase the level of financing of unified territorial communities and improve control over the use of their budgetary funds.
Urgency of the research.The competitive position of the national economy depends on the power of human capital, the foundation of which is based on the system of secondary education. The reform of the decentralization of budgetary relations allows the local authorities to influence the financial provision of the Concept of the "New Ukrainian School", based on the needs and interests of each region. Target setting. The concept of the "New Ukrainian School" implies that the distribution of financial resources is based on the principle of "money goes after the child." In September 2018 the elementary school moves to a new content of education and financing. Budget decentralization is a powerful tool for creating a new educational environment. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Topics of reforming education and the specifics of its financing were investigated by I. Kohut, O. Kuklin, E. Stadnyi, A. Seitosmanov, L. Tsymbal, O. Fasolya, P. Hobzsey, N. Kholyavko and other scholars. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. There is an urgent need to research the regional aspects of financing secondary education in the context of budget decentralization. The research objective. To substantiate the conceptual approaches to financing decentralization of secondary education taking into account regional specificity. The statement of basic materials. Modern theoretical and methodological approaches and analytical materials concerning the reform of secondary education are analyzed. The economic and political preconditions of providing educational reform in conditions of decentralization are showed. Conclusions. The constructive implementation of the decentralization reform of the financing of the secondary education system and the implementation of the concept of the "New Ukrainian School", the transfer of significant powers and budgets from state authorities to local has been proved. The tendency to increase financing of education is revealed and specified directions for improving the provision of educational services.
Higher education governance reform is one of the greatest challenges for post-Soviet countries [1]. This is, in particular, true for Kazakhstan that has launched the State Program for Education Development in 2011 that has prioritized decentralization of higher education institutions (HEIs). According to the recent report of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), it underscored the first positive shifts in the decentralization of Kazakhstani HEIs [2]. This study is aimed to assess the current level of university autonomy of a joint-stock company (JSC) type of HEIs that is chosen due to its unique status. Previously, JSC was a public university but as a result of corporatization, now it is a for-profit organization that accelerates university autonomy of HEIs. Thus, the purpose of the study is to assess the degree of university autonomy at JSC and to define to what extent it is autonomous based on four dimensions of university autonomy (academic, staffing, organizational, and financial autonomy) adapted from the University Autonomy Scorecard II [3].The study employs the sequential mixed methods, where the qualitative data are obtained through the semi-structured interviews with senior administrative and academic staff of JSC involved in financial, academic, staffing, and organizational affairs. Afterwards, the primary data are converted into 0-2,5-5 point scale to obtain numerical scores for each dimension of university autonomy. This has allowed the researcher to compare each dimension of university autonomy against each other and to identify the most autonomous and restricted dimensions of university autonomy. Major findings of the study showed that the most restricted dimensions of university autonomy are financial autonomy (60 per cent) and organizational autonomy (62,5 per cent), whereas academic autonomy (80 per cent) and staffing autonomy (75 per cent) have scored higher. In other words, the relationship between the state and JSC has not changed dramatically after corporatization. Paradoxically, the state regulation still dominates in public funding allocation, and standard financial bylaws still regulate JSC regardless of its for-profit nature. Alternatively, the selection of the executive head of JSC is decided by the Board of Directors which is largely represented by line ministries of JSCs. Therefore, it is essential to allow the private sector to have at least 50 per cent of shares of JSC, which will increase their engagement in the institutional governance. Additionally, it is crucial to revise state regulations on JSC universities, which are flagship universities in promoting university autonomy in Kazakhstan.References:[1] R. Hartley, M.; Gopaul, B.; Sagintayeva, A.; Apergenova, “Learning autonomy: higher education reform in Kazakhstan,” High. Educ., vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 277–289, 2016.[2] OECD, “Higher Education in Kazakhstan 2017,” Paris: OECD Publishing, 2017.[3] T. Estermann, T. Nokkala, and M. Steinel, “University Autonomy in Europe II. The Scorecard,” Brussels: European University Association, 2011.
The article outlines the logical legal and regulatory sequence of building a highly civilized, highly developed and democratic Ukrainian state that will maximally facilitate the implementation of natural inviolable freedoms, rights, security and supreme power of a Ukrainian citizen and his social duties, rights and responsibilities in the family, community , nation and state. After all, Ukraine is shocked by populist speeches of immoral and illiterate government officials of different levels, their pseudoreforms, pseudo-decentralization and other chaotic actions lead the state to collapse, and people are lowering them to even greater poverty. The people are completely deprived of their property and state control. Prosecutors, judges, police, the SBU and other governing bodies of the state are not controlled by the people. The state's control went into the hands of criminal-oligarchic clans, which loose it uncontrollably and cynically. It should be noted that the management of a civilized state is the most complicated process in the world, which is tens of thousands of times more complex than the most complex computer and space technologies. Therefore, the management of the state categorically can not allow people with immoral reputation and without deep theoretical knowledge and practical skills in management science, micro-and macroeconomics, finance and freedoms and human rights. To build a Ukrainian state that will serve exclusively a man of honest work, he will constantly increase the welfare of his life and the power of the state and make it impossible for anyone to parasitize, and in any way, for another's account, one should link in one harmonious and dynamic whole such state-building mechanisms: socially-economic justice; the selection and appointment by the people of government personnel at all levels and control over their work; development of industrial production, entrepreneurship, agro-industrial complex and farming; wholesale and retail trade; communications and engineering; efficient use of all natural resources, recycled materials and private and public property; social infrastructure of settlements; foreign economic activity and investments; development of science and innovation; prophylactic, diagnostic and medical care of the population; the protection of freedoms, rights, security, the supreme power of man and the clear and unconditional compliance of all citizens and officials with the laws in force; internal and external security of citizens, communities of settlements and the state; operational and statistical control over the implementation of strategic and current programs for the development of settlements and the state, their diagnosis and improvement of management, systematic and comprehensive explanatory and educational work in Ukraine and abroad, as well as the formation of a highly civilized worldview of Ukrainians and their unification into a single monolithic highly professional and active National Community and state-building force.
The role of the state in the processes of European integration and decentralization is analyzed, the factors of threats for it are determined. The following common features of decentralization processes in the EU member states are highlighted as strengthening the role of the regional level, the need to choose between different models of separation of powers between different levels of government (exclusive or joint authority) and the search for ways to adequately finance transferred powers. Decentralization also actualizes the problem of territorial inequality and patronage for European countries. It is proved that the national state is a central actor in the process of decentralization, despite the fact that this process creates certain threats to the state itself. On the one hand, the EU as a supranational organization has already limited some aspects of the sovereignty of its member states, in particular, in the area of monetary policy. With the deepening of European integration, the powers of national states and in other areas are increasingly limited. On the other hand, the gradual increase in the share of powers conveyed by the state to decentralized and regional authorities further weakens its role. Moreover, the increasing influence of liberalism on state policy and the introduction of competition among the main providers of public services also limits the possibility of the state’s influence on its internal policies. Such a dynamics gives grounds for questioning the ability of states to effectively manage their territories. At the same time, it was noted that in most EU member states, the bodies of state power have long been the guarantor of national unity in both social and territorial terms. Such a “unity of opposites” (decentralization and centralization) is unlikely to change in the medium term.
he article presents the characteristic of the scientific genesis of public risk management in construction in Ukraine, in global and local dimen- sions. The essence of the working organization of risk management in the con- struction and operation of buildings, taking into account the transformational processes in society, is disclosed. On the basis of the analysis of risks in construc- tion and taking into account the current realities, scientifically grounded ap- proaches to the formation of the risk system in the construction and operation of facilities in the system of public administration. It is noted that the risks and crisis phenomena in the construction complex gave a powerful impetus to un- derstanding the causes of the problems of decentralization and finding mecha- nisms for their elimination, in general. The trilateral mission of the state in the conditions of decentralization is the regulation of the macroeconomic role of the construction complex, the mechanism of economic relations of its participants, and ensuring the effectiveness of design decisions in the construction sector, by extending their competences on prevention and risk reduction in the construction industry by the local self-government bodies. To form a state decentraliza- tion policy for construction is required on the basis of knowledge of objective regional macro- and microeconomic investment-construction processes in ci- ties, economic mechanism and indicators of development of investment-build- ing complex and dynamics of social and economic development of regions. The mechanism of the construction complex needs to be improved, using new sources and forms of financing, achieving the balance of the goals of decentralization and its financial support. In addition, taking into account the European integration course of the announced reforms, the European understanding of the essence of risk management in construction during decentralization becomes of paramount importance. Therefore, further research requires the study of the experience of European countries in the implementation of risk management processes in con- struction during the decentralization of power and the analysis of foreign systems of management mechanisms, in the context of their implementation in the na- tional practice of public administration.
The article is devoted to the definition of problems using of blockchain technologies, and ways to overcome them to create distributed, secure applications. The paper considers the theoretical fundamentals of blockchain technologies and blockchain applications, new models of blockchain business, blockchain applications development platform, blockchain applications security, blockchain applications development problems, prospects for further research. The analysis of recent research and publications in the field of blockchain technologies are made in the article. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the blockchain industry has not yet completed the process of generating a generally accepted multilevel technology description. The overview of existing models of business blockchain, their characteristics and areas of application are done in the article. Software tools for creating and maintaining blockchain applications are considered. The article deals with the features, advantages and problems of using blockchain technology for creating distributed, secure applications. The problem of integration of new and existing private systems with an open blockchains is considered. A possible solution to this problem is the creation of a blockchain authentication service to implement a global security level. Such a service can become a standard security infrastructure for new models of mixed private and public systems that will be useful to all participants in different areas of the economy. The directions of development of protected blockchain applications in the sphere of public administration and private business in Ukraine are determined. In addition, the priority tasks that need to be solved for successful implementation of technology in Ukraine are determined based on the analysis of the current state of development of blockchains. There are three main areas of development of blockade technology: standardization, application security and integration of block systems with existing private systems and modern technologies of artificial intelligence, large data and the Internet of things, and described prospects for further research for them.
This thesis analyses the concept of private cryptocurrencies alongside the conduct of contemporary monetary policy. The technological development of blockchain and cryptocurrencies could imply a disruption in the global economic system and substitution of modern fiat money worldwide. This research aims to discuss whether the mass adoption of cryptocurrencies would lead to substitution of the fiat money system. The viability of such a proposition is analysed through the literature review and the discussion on the topic. \n \nLiterature review consists of a detailed examination of money history and its nature, the conduct of contemporary monetary policy and its critique, and the purpose of cryptocurrency as a solution to financial freedom. \n \nIt is then discussed, how much power over money people have and how it could be increased with the mass adoption of cryptocurrency. The problems of transcending network effects for mass adoption are addressed with the analysis of technical drawbacks. A regulatory approach is examined, and several proposals are presented. \n \nThough the libertarian approach to economies and financial management is virtuous, the contemporary implementation of cryptocurrencies is imperfect. In their pure form, cryptocurrencies are unlikely to gain widespread adoption and substitute fiat money under stable economies.
Машкаров Юрій Григорович, Коваленко Микола Миколайович, Коваленко Микола Йосипович, Петченко Владислава Юріївна
The analysis of financing Balakliia district of Kharkiv region in the conditions of decentralization is carried out for the period of 2015–2018. Based on the actual data and econometric tools, a mathematical model for planning and forecasting the district budget is developed. The ways to further improve the econometric model of the local budget formation under decentralization are offered.
Bitcoin: Opportunities and Threats for UkraineThe information technology world is constantly evolving.And Bitcoin has become one of the greatest innovations in economic decentralization since the late 20th century.Bitcoin is the first decentralized digital currency, which can be used through the Internet.Every country should decide what Bitcoin means for them: possibility or threat.First of all, Bitcoin has significant advantages for investors, companies, employers and employees, they are: solution of the problem of assets centralized nature; bilateral dealing system; it is not affected by inflation; geographic independence for transactions; transparency of bitcoin processes; comparative safety of cryptocurrency wallets; transaction fees and time level in comparison to SWIFT or SEPA; solution of the"double spending problem" of electronic currencies.The possible advantage for the country in case of bitcoin legalization is new business activity and new tax registration.It is important to notice that cryptocurrencies were created to be uncontrolled by any financial institutions.So the superfluous interference of the government can have detrimental effect on the development of this type of currency as a way of effective payment and accumulation facility.However, Bitcoin has some disadvantages: lack of awareness and understanding for society; risk and volatility caused by limited amount of coins and high demand; complexity and cost of cryptocurrency mining.The main threats of bitcoin distribution in Ukraine are: reduction of the state control over currency transactions and decrease of the importance of the existing currency circulation system in settlements between counterparties for goods delivered and services performed.Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency in the modern world, but, despite the achieved heights, it is in the phase of development and constant improvement.Considering the facts above, we can draw the following conclusion: the importance of bitcoin should not be underestimated for Ukraine with its developed shadow economy and instability in the east of the country.This can lead to the even greater share of shadow market and reduction of legalized transactions in the field of international payments.A careful study of the currency features and analysis of its advantages and disadvantages allow to conclude that it is impossible to effectively combat the expansion and development of the cryptocurrency in the world economy.Therefore, it is advisable to take it for granted and to take the process of its development under control by adopting appropriate legislative framework and establishing the main directions for its using in the national economy.
Valentyna Kostyuchenko, A. Malinovskaya, Anastasiia Mamonova
Introduction. The worldwide expansion of digital technologies and the development of the cyber economy led to emergence of a new digital assets – the cryptographic currency that rapidly growing popularity. The phenomenon of cryptocurrency is relatively new and little investigated. \n \nPurpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the preconditions for the introduction of accounting and taxation of transactions with cryptic currencies in Ukraine. \n \nResults. The article considers the economic preconditions for the introduction of accounting and taxation of cryptocurrencies transactions in Ukraine. The definition of the economic content of cryptocurrency has been researched. On the basis of the definitions analysis, an author’s definition of cryptocurrency is proposed. In particular, the cryptocurrency is understood as the digital (virtual) currency, with the unit “coin”, which is emitted in the network according to certain principles of cryptography to provide transactions and control the creation of new coins. \n \nThe advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency as a digital currency have been analyzed. The common and distinctive characteristics of cryptocurrencies and gold were determined. The mechanism of cryptocurrencies functioning was disclosed and a glossary of terms used in cryptocurrencies transactions was provided. The cryptocurrencies development in the world and in Ukraine was investigated. Legal and tax bases for the cryptocurrencies introduction into the activities of small business entities was given. \n \nConclusions. The cryptocurrency exists outside the jurisdiction of Ukraine and in the majority world countries. The state should adopt it, acknowledge either as a digital (virtual) currency or as another digital asset, to regulate the taxation system and introduce an accounting methodology of cryptocurrencies transactions for integration into the global economic environment.
The article analyzes the current problems of the formation of local budgets and systematizes proposals on the prospects of financial decentralization in the context of the need for reforming the power system in Ukraine. The priority directions of the management of public finances are defined: substantiated formation, transparent distribution and redistribution and effective use, which will promote effective management of budgetary funds in the country. It is proved that the improvement of the legal and institutional framework of the system of intergovernmental financing will contribute to the implementation of effective budget reforms.
The implementation of strategic planning of the development of united territorial communities in the conditions of decentralization in Ukraine is justified. The stages of strategic planning of territories development in Ukraine are described. The authors identified the features of the current stage of strategic planning of the development of territories. The problems of strategic planning of socio-economic development of communities are described in the article: methodical problems; organizational problems; economic problems; problems of personnel; social problems. The authors pay special attention to the characteristics of financing of the united territorial communities in the Donetsk region. The need to assess the financial situation in the united territorial communities, the right choice of priorities for community development is emphasized.
The invention of "BiT Coin (BTC)", by Satashi Nagamoto circa 2008, remains as a formidable task. There is a plenty of benefits to motivate a further development of BTC without the rare metal material as the token, as the early Digital Crypto Currency (DCC), e.g. ( "I owe you such under this reneging condition." The major difference in secured feature is taking the available World Wide Web broadcasting one-way to all memberships in the Cloud. However, only the (1) involved trading partners can read with their private keys, (2) no third party banking or broker fee, (3) no International currency exchange fee, and (4) no one can rob the digital bank, etc. These benefits have been endorsed by Small Business Innovative Research.