Noman Nasir Minhas, Muhammad Mubeen, Hasnain Khawaja
We propose using IOTA in electronic health-care systems to ensure better adaptability, anonymity, and compatibility. Quantitative results suggest that IOTA outperforms other blockchain solutions in terms of speed as well as energy consumption. Our middleware offers cross-platform compatibility and easy integration with any system.
Matheus Acauã Dias, Marco Aurélio Amaral Henriques
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e comparar o desempenho de dois mecanismos de consenso Proof-of-Stake para blockchains públicas: Casper (proposto pelo grupo da criptomoeda Ethereum) e Committeeless Proof-of-Stake (CPoS, proposto pelo grupo ReGrAS/Unicamp). O estudo se baseia em uma análise teórica e prática dos dois mecanismos, com o intuito de identificar vantagens e limitações de cada um, a fim de oferecer uma compreensão mais aprofundada sobre esses mecanismos identificando limitações e melhorias.
This research paper has explained the scenario of understanding the DLT process where it has accumulated different knowledge and ideas. Objectives have been prepared on getting the entire system verified along with nurturing the factors thoroughly. However, it has again incorporated its aspects of understanding sustainability along with making DLT as an efficient way of data storage. It has again explained the scenario of accelerating the ways to meet the research requirements and the process of developing cloud storage. Issues have been explained along with understanding the problems and issues with DLT and the proper recommended strategies as well.
Rajesh Kumar Kausal, Naveen Kumar, Shanti Makka, Kamal Saluja
Hyperledger Fabric is a highly advanced blockchain framework for enterprise level organizations. Hyperledger Fabric is designed to establish either permissioned or private blockchain networks. This means that only endorsed members and parties are able to join the network, and ledgers are only accessible to those parties that have been granted permission to access them. Such environment is ideal for organizations that needs a high degree of privacy and security in their ledgers. Another key feature of Fabric is its endorsement policy, which permits to define flexible and customizable transaction validation rules. As a result, organizations can define which members are required to sign off on transactions before they can be added to the blockchain. The Fabric framework also includes a numeral other features that make it suitable for enterprise-level use such as support for multiple consensus algorithms, modular architecture and private data collections that permits integration of external services. Its modular nature, support for several other consensus algorithms and customizable endorsement policy make it a suitable for businesses looking to setup their own blockchain networks. This research work is disclosing the practical approach to implement Hyperledger Fabric along with the approach to evaluate its performance primarily throughput and latency.
Ye Cheng, Yihao Guo, Minghui Xu, Qin Hu · 6 authors
A metaverse breaks the boundaries of time and space between people, realizing a more realistic virtual experience, improving work efficiency, and creating a new business model. Blockchain, as one of the key supporting technologies for a metaverse design, provides a trusted interactive environment. However, the rich and varied scenes of a metaverse have led to excessive consumption of on-chain resources, raising the threshold for ordinary users to join, thereby losing the human-centered design. Therefore, we propose an adaptive and modular blockchain-enabled architecture for a decentralized metaverse to address these issues. The solution includes an adaptive consensus/ledger protocol based on a modular blockchain, which can effectively adapt to the ever-changing scenarios of the metaverse, reduce resource consumption, and provide a secure and reliable interactive environment. In addition, we propose the concept of Non-Fungible Resource (NFR) to virtualize idle resources. Users can establish a temporary trusted environment and rent others' NFR to meet their computing needs. Finally, we simulate and test our solution based on XuperChain, and the experimental results prove the feasibility of our design.
Xinjie Yang, Tianyi Xu, Fengbiao Zan, Ye Tao · 6 authors
Sharding is widely regarded as a highly promising solution to address the scalability limitations of blockchain. However, the scalability and throughput improved by using sharding are limited by the verification of cross-shard transactions. To reduce cross-shard transaction and improve the throughput of the blockchain, the existing sharding schemes are based on factors such as the edge-end structure of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) for sharding. But these schemes are centralized, leading to the problems of low sharding efficiency, poor scalability, and poor security. Moreover, these schemes adopt a nonoverlapping sharding architecture, so the verification cost of cross-shard transactions is significantly higher than that of intrashard transactions. In order to solve the above problems, this article proposes an overlapping self-organizing sharding scheme (deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-OSS) for large-scale IIoT blockchain. Based on local blockchain information, such as nodes’ information and transaction interaction frequency, DRL-OSS uses DRL to achieve self-organizing sharding with the aim to maximize the throughput and security of blockchain. In addition, based on the threat model, this article also designs a block complaint scheme (BCS) to further improve the security of the blockchain, thereby avoiding the reduction in resistance to 1% attack due to the poor anti-predictability of shards and the dilution of computing power. Through experimental verification and analysis, DRL-OSS improves the throughput by 50% when compared to state-of-the-art sharding schemes and has higher system security.
Today, the world of information systems and business processes is experiencing a shift in its status quo. Systems designed and operated in a centralized manner are now getting decentralized, either completely or partly, thanks to blockchain technology—specifically, distributed ledger technology (DLT), which is enabling this paradigm shift.
All Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) are subject to the "blockchain trilemma”, which states that the level of decentralization, security, and scalability cannot all be maximized at the same time. Thus, no single DLT can fulfill the requirements of all the use cases. However, linking multiple ledgers by an Interledger can help overcome this limitation. Unfortunately, there are three key problems affecting Interledgers: 1) they are solely focusing on transferring funds, 2) are only compatible with certain types of ledgers, and 3) are too complex (e.g. require changes to the ledgers to be connected), and most current solutions suffer from at least one of them. As a concept, bridging type Interledgers are the most promising approach, and specifically, the Decentralized Interledger Bridge (DIB) addresses all three problems. It is a lightweight solution enabling general-purpose atomic data transfer across heterogeneous distributed ledgers without having any restrictive assumptions on the client ledgers or requiring any changes to them, and the decentralized architecture provides trustworthiness and resiliency to the solution. However, the DLT used for coordinating the multiple nodes of the bridge creates a throughput and scalability bottleneck. This thesis optimizes the throughput and scalability of DIB with a new design that eliminates the coordinating DLT while still preserving the decentralized architecture for increased trustworthiness and resiliency. The results show that the throughput per node of the new design is an order of magnitude higher and the design also scales close to linearly as a function of nodes in the bridge, while the failure tests show that it maintains essentially the same resiliency and robustness as the original design.
This paper presents SymbIoT, an extensible hybrid simulation-emulation testbed to investigate the integration of blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT) within the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) continuum. By adopting a joint software and hardware-based approach, we amalgamate the flexibility of software solutions and the real-world applicability offered by integrating comparable IoT hardware. The versatility of SymbIoT lies in its extensibility, offering flexibility in parameters including consensus algorithms, block size, node count and topology, throughput limitation, and use-case application deployment. SymbIoT facilitates comprehensive empirical studies of blockchain implementations within IIoT, focusing on performance, scalability, and security considerations. The testbed provides a platform for innovative and pragmatic experimentation in blockchain and IIoT integration, holding promise for shaping future applications and solutions in this cross-disciplinary field. We also present results from preliminary experimentation, indicating the applicability of the testbed for IIoT and broader IoT-to-cloud scenarios.
This chapter discusses blockchain technology, how distributed ledger works, transactions function in blockchain, and how distributed transactions are operated. We then look at the consensus system of blockchain and digital signatures. Next, we look at the major industrial applications like cloud computing in blockchain, software engineering frameworks using blockchain, cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, energy trading using blockchain, supply chain management, healthcare, etc. We have proposed a model for manufacturing using blockchain-based distributed transactions, which aims to solve major industrial problems using techniques highlighted in the chapter.
Abstract A Blockchain is one distributed ledger system, and keeps the high redundancy of ledger copies to make the assurance of network security. However, the continuously duplicated full copies also impose a tremendous amount of demand on some nodes for data storage. The development of blockchain technologies in the IoT(Internet of Things) application scenario is hampered by the restricted storage capacities of terminal devices used in the IoT edge computing scenario, which makes it difficult to load the full copy with infinite growth. Our paper suggests a collaborative ledger storing model based on Chord Ring to address the issues with lightweight blockchains in data storage. On-chain blocks are split by Chord Ring structure and stored in various node clusters in a decentralized manner, and off-chain blocks at various levels are provided with PoW(Proof of Work) consensus asynchronously and archived centrally to the cloud storage on a regular basis. The theoretical and experimental analysis indicates that this model can reduce the data storage redundancy of blockchains while ensuring the high availability of data and the high decentralization of the network.
Gas inefficiency in smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain can lead to unnecessary expenses due to high gas fees. In this article, we address this issue by proposing GasOptiScan, an innovative web application tool to automatically detect all the possible Fusible Loop Optimization (FLO) patterns considering multiple loops at the same time within gas-inefficient code present in smart contracts. The findings revealed that a range of operations, such as comparisons and conditional jumps, can be minimized to reduce the number of opcodes and the associated gas fees. GasOptiScan harnesses cutting-edge static code analysis techniques to equip developers with valuable fusible loop pattern recommendations to optimize gas usage and minimize transaction costs in smart contract execution. With GasOptiScan's insightful analysis, developers can make informed optimizations that result in potential cost savings, ultimately enhancing the overall performance and affordability of executing smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. By leveraging techniques such as hexadecimal conversion, graph analysis, block detection, and variable identification, the tool identifies fusible blocks with varying upper bounds and lower bounds to minimize gas fees during contract execution. The GasOptiScan tool is designed with user-friendliness in mind, ensuring a seamless and intuitive experience for developers and enabling them to optimize their smart contracts and maximize efficiency on the Ethereum blockchain.
The blockchain establishes trust by maintaining a distributed appending-only ledger, which is widely applied to the nodes lacking trust in the edge environment. However, the full-replication storage mode of blockchain is a big challenge for resource-constrained edge devices. What is worse, system performance is also affected by the large storage overhead. Existing solutions to reduce blockchain storage overhead often require additional security assumptions, lack incentives, or fail to account for resource heterogeneity. To overcome these limitations, we design an auction-based storage resource allocation scheme. Winners are selected to store blocks, taking into account the block preferences of nodes, and the fairness of the system. Nodes are incentivized by implementing fairness and equity in distributed auctions and data transactions through smart contracts. Finally, extensive experiments show 65%–81% savings in storage overhead compared to fully replicated storage.
Traditional blockchain systems still struggle with limited throughput, particularly those compatible with EVM, which are crucial in many blockchain applications. One of the main reasons arises from serial execution, which doesn’t exploit parallelism in transaction execution. Although some recent literature introduced concurrency control mechanisms to execute transactions in parallel, they do not work efficiently in real-world blockchains where proposers and validators have different execution contexts, which means varying execution deterministic levels and execution quantities.
Blockchain technology is increasingly popular and has been widely applied in many industrial fields, due to its unique properties of decentralization, immutability, and traceability. Blockchain systems in different fields vary, with different block structures, consensus mechanisms and access permission models. These differences make it hard for different blockchain systems to interoperate with each other, which makes them isolated. Cross-chain technologies have been developed to solve this isolation problem in order to improve the interoperability of blockchains. Although some surveys on cross-chain technologies can be found, they are unable to keep up with the latest research progress due to their extremely fast pace of development. Moreover, the literature misses general criteria to evaluate the quality of cross-chain technologies. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review of cross-chain technologies is conducted by employing a comprehensive set of evaluation criteria. The preliminaries on blockchain interoperability are first presented. Then, a set of evaluation criteria is proposed in terms of security, privacy, performance, and functionality. The latest cutting-edge works are reviewed based on the proposed taxonomy of cross-chain technologies and their performance is evaluated against our proposed criteria. Finally, some open issues and future directions of cross-chain research are pointed out.
Chitturi Prasad, B. Srinivasa Rao, Jeevana Jyothi Pujari, Chindu Hema
This research study provides an overview of third-generation blockchain in comparison to first- and second-generation blockchain like Bitcoin and Ethereum, to obtain data on the third-generation Elrond blockchain's actual transaction cost and speed, and to assess the platform's financial viability in light of those costs. The research consists of a blockchain theory and hybrid application that adheres to Web 3.0 principles and is a Non-Fungible Token (NFT) marketplace platform on Elrond. The underpinning work includes project planning for the entire team, the development of the platform's front-end, back-end, smart contracts, and DevOps components, as well as the development of financial models for service to create a commercially viable platform. The app will be integrated with the back-end service, which uses the database as a persistence layer to provide the front end with the UI requirements it requires.
Blockchain has been widely deployed in various fields, such as finance, education, and public services. Blockchain has decentralized mechanisms with persistency and auditability and runs as an immutable distributed ledger. However, blockchain systems suffer from critical scalability issues. In this paper, we present three challenges of the scalability issues, namely, poor data synchronization, time-consuming query process, and excessive data load, and discuss possible research directions from the storage hierarchy perspective.
Due to its multivariate and multipurpose use and reuse, data’s worth is dramatically increasing, leading to an era characterized by the generation of data marketplaces towards accessing, selling, sharing, and trading data and data assets. However, most market vendors still follow a centralized monolithic cloud model for controlling most of the market for data services. Also, this strategy is incompatible with European objectives for cloud computing and the data economy, lacking data sovereignty and cross-cloud interoperability principles. Towards these limitations, the FAME project is introduced as a joint effort in the fields of data management, data technologies, data economy, and digital finance to develop, deploy and launch to the global market a unique, trustworthy, energy efficient, and secure federated data marketplace for Embedded Finance (EmFi). This marketplace is envisioned to alleviate the proclaimed limitations of centralized cloud data marketplaces towards demonstrating the full potential of the data economy. Security, interoperability, decentralized and regulatory compliant data exchange, data assets’ trading and pricing, as well as integration of trusted and energy efficient analytics are among the core functionalities of FAME, which aims to act as a single-entry point data marketplace for the EmFi domain. FAME will be evaluated upon different real-world use cases covering the financial industry, building a vibrant community of EmFi stakeholders around the envisioned marketplace.
This article establishes an edge computing architecture based on blockchain sharding to apply blockchain technology at the edge layer. The tasks offloaded to the edge layer are performed by a set of edge server nodes for consensus operations, which improves the security of offloading. At the same time, the nodes and offloaded tasks are divided into multiple shards, and the typical practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus is performed in each shard to improve scalability. In order to avoid the impact of malicious nodes in an unreasonable sharding scheme on network security and performance, we model the many-objective optimization sharding problems, which includes reducing consensus latency, energy consumption, sharding failure probability, and improving sharding throughput. Moreover, we design a many-objective evolutionary algorithm based on information entropy (MaOEA-IE) to solve the model. In the process of population environment selection, the distribution information of individuals is mapped to a Gaussian function, and we aggregate the distribution functions of all individuals and calculate the information entropy to measure the distribution of the population. The simulation results of benchmark test problems and model solving problems show that the solution set of MaOEA-IE has the best convergence, diversity, and comprehensive performance. This article provides an idea for the formulation of blockchain sharding scheme.
Blockchain technology has been widely used in supply chain finance, e-commerce, logistics management, and in-tellectual property protection. It establishes trust relationships among participants and maintains a traceable distributed ledger. However, at its core, the blockchain's decentralized consensus mechanism makes it ineffective in terms of performance and privacy protection. To address these issues, this paper proposes a solution for multi-enterprise business environment based on the Hyperledger Fabric framework. Different from the decentralized feature of traditional blockchain, this solution introduces an authentication mechanism and selects participants as managers to establish a semi-centralized business system. The paper analyzes the needs of multiple enterprises when they participate in business activities and describes the elements and components of the system consisting of them. Finally, simulation experiments are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Blockchain technology has given rise to various blockchains, each with unique characteristics and applications. However, these isolated and heterogeneous blockchains pose challenges for value transfer and data communication, creating disconnected value islands. To address this issue, cross-chain technology provides blockchain interconnection, improving interoperability and scalability. This paper explores cross-chain technologies, discussing their background, significance, and research status. It also introduces, analyzes, and compares mainstream cross-chain technologies and projects. Additionally, the paper identifies current challenges in cross-chain technology and suggests solutions, promoting discussions on its development trends. The paper aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of blockchain interoperability and relevant knowledge and application methods.