Traditional healthcare systems are based on patients approaching physically to get themselves registered and avail of medical assistance. Also, the voluminous data entry into the centralized databases makes the process slow and insecure. Further, the system is unscalable and limited in nature. There are many instances where rural and remote area citizens were denied access to healthcare facilities due to a lack of technological reach. The advent of IoMT has proved to be a boon to the healthcare industry because they have facilitated Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) to store health information remotely in the form of Digital records or EHRs(Electronic Health Records). These devices are worn or implanted in the patients to get the data regularly and keep their health under scrutiny. However, these devices and the information they store are not secure. They are prone to malignant attacks, unauthorized tampering of health information, loss of vital and private information of the users, etc. Blockchain technology is an excellent solution to problems related to privacy and security, access and modification, control of information, forged information, and scalability. The blockchain offers decentralization of information distributed over a peer-to-peer network and stores data immutably. To a large extent, the problems currently faced in the healthcare industry are significantly mitigated. This paper proposes a smart healthcare system that uses IoMT devices coupled with blockchain in its back end. In addition, we have deployed a decentralized application to connect with patients remotely. We have proposed a method to run and deploy smart contracts using Ethereum and interaction between smart contracts and dApp. The results of the implementations are better than the existing systems regarding the security and privacy of patient data, eliminating intermediary costs while maintaining the quality of service through transparency and interoperability provided by Blockchain.
Abstract A blockchain based platform can be decentralized, meaning that it is not controlled by a single entity or organization. This can help to cut down the risk of data manipulation or fraud, and can also make the platform more resilient to cyber-attacks or other security threats. By automating many of the processes involved in data collection and analysis, blockchain technology can assist farmers to decrease their costs and increase profitability. Architecture for blockchain powered IoT platform for autonomous drone operations in smart farming is proposed. It has three layers which include data acquistion and encryption in IoT layer and creation and management of ledger in the blockchain layer and service provider layer that include user interaction and farming software. Agriculture integrates many of the new automation technologies already in their routine. The proposed architecture enriches the functioning of farming without affecting the current framework. Overall, the blockchain powered IoT platform for autonomous drone operations in smart farming can help farmers improve their efficiency, increase transparency and security, reduce costs, and ultimately achieve more environment sustainability and profitable farming practices.
A. A. Zaidan, Hassan A. Alsattar, Sarah Qahtan, Muhammet Deveci · 6 authors
Modeling of Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) smart-system-based blockchain in terms of security and privacy requirements is considered a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. Even though literature reviews have evaluated IoHT smart-system-based blockchain, informational ambiguity, vagueness and uncertainty remain open issues. In addition, the early MCDM techniques used to model IoHT smart systems-based blockchain have substantial theoretical shortcomings. First, the tuning parameters used produce different modeling outcomes. Second, the use of optimization theory increases the complexity of the modeling and decreases the stability of the results when the alternative numbers increases. Third, distance measurement and binary decision matrix are incompatible. Fourth, the modeling method used cannot prioritize the evaluation criteria. Therefore, this article extends the fuzzy weighted with zero inconsistency (FWZIC) method with interval-valued spherical fuzzy sets (IvSFSs) for weighting security and privacy requirements. Then, the developed IvS-FWZIC method is integrated with the complex proportional assessment method to model IoHT smart-system-based blockchain. IoHT smart-system-based blockchains 15 and 11 are selected as alternatives under remote patient monitoring systems and telemedicine systems, respectively. These alternatives are evaluated by six security and privacy requirements (criteria). The stability and robustness of the proposed methods are assessed by conducting sensitivity analysis and Spearman’s rho and comparison analysis. Researchers and developers of IoHT smart-system-based blockchain can propose more secure, private solutions with the help of this work’s implications.
This paper discusses how the combination of Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain technology can create a new paradigm for supplier management in manufacturing plants. IoT enables the comprehensive digitalization of an entire manufacturing plant while providing a trove of data about the daily operations and performance of suppliers, machine performances, and other related activities. Blockchain technology provides a distributed ledger technology to store, share, and manage this data with trust and security, ensuring that all stakeholders within the supply chain are accountable and have an immutable record of their activities and performance. The paper discusses the potential opportunities and benefits that this new paradigm promises for manufacturers through improved supplier management, automated processes, reduced costs, and enhanced transparency. It also examines the challenges associated with making this system functional such as legal issues, system integration, and security concerns. Finally, the paper provides an overview of potential uses of this technology and concludes with a discussion of the future prospects of using IoT and Blockchain in supplier management.
Many facets of contemporary life may be drastically altered by the confluence of AI, IoT, Big Data, and Blockchain. When combined, these technologies hold the promise of providing robust, safe, and efficient solutions to complex problems. To better serve customers, streamline internal operations, and maximise available resources, AI could examine the mountains of data produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Businesses now have the power to make data-driven choices in real time because to Big Data technology's ability to store, handle, and understand this data. By making transactions transparent and immutable on a distributed ledger, blockchain technology may improve the safety of these systems. Safer and more efficient methods of data exchange and cooperation may also be simpler to implement through decentralised networks. The impacts of integrating blockchain, big data, the internet of things (IoT), and AI are investigated in-depth in this paper. The objective is to comprehend the potential benefits and challenges brought on by the combination of these cutting-edge technologies. Manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and the financial industry are among those studied in order to assess the revolutionary consequences of integrating AI, IoT, Big Data, and the Blockchain. The study's findings add to our understanding of the synergistic potential of artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), big data (Big Data), and blockchain technologies, and they provide direction to firms seeking to use this potential.
Nowadays, Learning Management Systems (LMS) have become increasingly popular, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, offering enhanced effectiveness and efficiency. Online exams have emerged as a critical feature within LMS, serving as a means to evaluate students’ performance and assess their understanding of the course material. These exams play a crucial role in determining students’ eligibility for progression to the next grade or level of study. It is imperative that online exam results meet the standards of reliability and transparency. Any lack of reliability, such as the vulnerability to hacking, can have detrimental effects on students’ overall grades. Traditional online exam systems typically store data in centralized locations like MySQL databases, leaving them susceptible to unauthorized access by malicious individuals who may alter students’ exam results. This paper aims to propose a blockchain-based framework that facilitates the secure and peer-to-peer conduct and evaluation of academic exams. The framework employs hashing techniques to ensure the integrity of the data and utilizes proof of stake mechanisms to enhance security. Blockchain technology has proven to be effective in safeguarding data integrity by virtue of its decentralized data storage approach and the use of cryptographic hashing for every block within the chain. This paper demonstrates how online exams can be developed using blockchain technology, with each question asked and answered being directly stored on the blockchain. To achieve this, we have developed a module that integrates with the Moodle learning management system. Through a comparative analysis of the default centralized storage approach in Moodle, our module modifies the exam results’ storage method, ensuring secure and tamper-proof data storage on the blockchain network. By leveraging the blockchain network, the data associated with exam results is reliably secured, ensuring its integrity, and making it immune to manipulation. Our results indicate that the data stored through the blockchain achieved complete accuracy, with no discrepancies observed when compared to the standard approach employed by the Moodle LMS for storing results. The blockchain network provides a reliable and immutable platform that prevents unauthorized alterations or manipulations of student data. In conclusion, our blockchain-based framework offers a robust solution for enhancing the security and reliability of online exam results. By leveraging the decentralized and tamper-proof nature of blockchain technology, we can ensure the integrity and transparency of student data, ultimately providing a more trustworthy and accurate assessment of their academic performance.
People's health is adversely affected by environmental changes and poor nutritional habits, emphasizing the importance of health awareness. The healthcare system encounters significant challenges, including data insufficiency, threats, errors, and delays. To address these issues and advance medical care, we propose a secure healthcare prediction method, prioritizing patient privacy and data transmission efficiency. The Quantum-inspired heuristic algorithm combined with Kril Herd Optimization (QKHO) is introduced for healthcare prediction, along with a comparison to the Deep Forward Neural Network (DFNN) optimized using Krill Herd Optimization (KHO) and Quantum-inspired heuristic algorithm combined with Kril Herd Optimization. The proposed QKHO model outperforms conventional models and exhibits higher accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Blockchain technology ensures secure data transmission to the server, surpassing the security level of existing RSA and Diffie-Hellman algorithms.
The demand for electronic vehicles (e-vehicle) is drastically increasing in the recent times. However, the customer details for the charging of e-vehicles should be securely stored to prevent malicious and unintended access or manipulations, which may otherwise have an impact on the overall e-vehicle charging system. In traditional charging system, manual charging by the eligible and valid customers is in existence in because of majority of the chargings hailing from rural areas and unavailability of efficient technological access. However, these systems may lead to repudiation and fraudulent access by intruders due to anonymity of users. To overcome all these difficulties, a secure blockchain based system for efficient charging mechanism is proposed in this work, where transparency is ensured across all the participating entities by getting them all connected across the blockchain network. The work is developed to allow the deployment of a e-vehicle charging application that will help to keep track of the person who made a charging into the smart contract. The charging details are encrypted before storing in the blockchain and the time taken to carry out the encryption process for a varying set of customers is recorded. Experimental results are obtained by creation of an e-vehicle smart contract across both permissionless, and permissioned environments and the time taken to store and retrieve the eligible customers documents is analyzed. From the results, it is identified that the permissionless network such as ethereum poses a threat to security and non-repudiation aspects which can be overcome in the permissioned networks like hyperledger fabric as used to develop this work. It is also observed that as the number of eligible customers increases, the time taken to encrypt is also increased in a linear manner. The work is developed on a hyperledger fabric environment that serves to be a permissioned one, thereby strengthening the overall security of the e-vehicle chargings made across the network.
Abstract The integration of blockchain and machine learning has emerged as a promising paradigm that can revolutionize various industries and applications. Blockchain’s decentralized and immutable nature, coupled with the analytical capabilities of machine learning, presents new opportunities for secure and transparent data sharing, collaborative model training, and intelligent decision-making. This research paper explores the concept of synergistic integration of blockchain and machine learning, providing an overview of the underlying technologies, related work, and existing frameworks. It proposes a novel Decentralized Intelli- gent Learning Network (DILN) framework that combines the strengths of both technologies to create a decentralized and efficient ecosystem for collaborative machine learning applications. The paper presents case studies in healthcare, finance, supply chain management, IoT, and academic research to showcase the potential impact of this integration. Furthermore, it discusses technical approaches, challenges, and ethical considerations to address in the deployment of decentralized intelligent systems. The research paper concludes by encourag- ing further research and development in the field to unlock the full potential of this transformative technology.
Smart agriculture is quickly becoming into a big financial sector with broad global implications.The main forces behind this technical, ecological, and economical movement are the demand for greater food quality, real-time weather and soil condition monitoring, and these.In order to produce not just better agricultural goods, This study explores the exciting notion of fusing IoT, smart contract, and smart agricultural technology, but also enhancing the agriculture logistics and related supply chain, resulting in several advantages for all parties concerned.On the basis of numerical and optionally categorical data, This study explores the exciting notion of fusing IoT, smart contract, and smart agricultural technology.Additionally, Solidity provides an example implementation of one such measure, It is also demonstrated how to create smart contracts for the Ethereum Virtual Machine using a high-level language.Lastly, some digitalization of agricultural assets, A crucial step for smart contracts based on tangible objects is also covered
Industry 5.0 is seen as the next stage of the industrial revolution. However, the centralized management of the vast amount of data in Industry 5.0 poses significant security challenges. Because blockchain can provide a stable decentralized network for data in Industry 5.0, blockchain technology becomes an ideal solution for the security of data in Industry 5.0. However, with the explosion of data in Industry 5.0, the rapidly growing storage requirements are putting unbearable pressure on nodes and users, making it especially important to address the scalability of the blockchain. While using light nodes can alleviate storage pressure on nodes, it can also lead to data availability attacks. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a blockchain-based trusted data storage mechanism for Industry 5.0. The mechanism combines sharding and two-layer Merkle tree structures, and employs random low-density parity codes to code the tree. It enables light nodes to verify the authenticity of data and solve data availability attacks while improving the throughput of the blockchain. In addition, by using erasure codes to construct low-storage blockchain nodes, the network load of the nodes is effectively reduced, which solves the scalability issues of the blockchain.
FinTech has been widely coined to distinguish the substantial use of technology in the field of finance because technology has transformed the industrial age into the silicon age. One such potent technology that has accompanied Industry 4.0 is blockchain. Blockchain is a decentralized database made up of blocks that store data and enable the network's nodes to track any data transfer. Blockchain is a network of decentralized and distributed blocks that store information with digital signatures. Blockchain properties such as decentralization, consistency, accountability, and transparency make transactions more reliable and safer. Blockchain technology has been implemented in various areas other than bitcoin, such as financial services, risk management, and healthcare facilities. The purpose of this research is to describe the various advantages and disadvantages of implementing blockchain technology in the financial services business. This study also contributes to the development of a comprehensive framework that have highlighted the opportunities and challenges of blockchain in the financial services sector. There are three primary divisions within the chapter: 1) Industry 4.0 and blockchain, 2) influence of technology in the financial sector along with financial services, and 3) upcoming technological problems and obstacles.
C. Nagaraju, Bandi Doss, P. Balamuralikrishna, Dayadi Lakshmaiah · 5 authors
Advances in IoT enforces numerous smart real-time operation scripts. In the recent advancement, blockchain technology is one that is used in the recent advancement blockchain technology is one that is used in the current world to upgrade the all bumps. It excludes the detriment to the operation while executing the private process. In this, the work done by an individual and group enhances the authorization and apprehensive of the work in the network operation. In the blockchain system, the distributed tally used to modernize in real-time scripts. In the recent advancement blockchain technology is one which is used in the current world to upgrade the all bumps. It exclude the detriment to the operation while executing the private process. In this, the work done by individuals and groups enhances the authorization and apprehensive of the work in the network operation. The distributed tally is used to modernize in real-time script. The reuse of the agreement and software is constantly used to stop the illegal drug entry in the network. The cost is the advantage and internet of property towards security and sequestration. In online banking applications such as credit card transactions and trading also, the integrated blockchain and internet of effects will give more security and sequestration.
The IoT (Internet of Things) encompasses numerous networks and connected devices. One of the primary concerns surrounding IoT, according to researchers and security experts, is the potential risks to privacy and cybersecurity. Deep learning offers significant capabilities for self-adjustment, self-organization, and generalization. Recognizing this, advanced deep learning algorithms are employed in this research to address the privacy and security issues plaguing the IoT landscape. To address these concerns, a novel model called BC-Trans Network is proposed, leveraging the strengths of both Blockchain technology and a transformer component. The transformer plays a vital role in identifying abnormal data, enabling the system to take proactive measures against potential threats. In addition Hash-2 is introduced for the verification of IoT users, adding an extra layer of security to the authentication process. The Blockchain model is utilized to securely store user passwords and details, ensuring a robust and tamper-proof authentication mechanism. To validate the proposed model, a publicly available dataset CSE-CIC-IDS2018 is employed. Pre-processing techniques, including feature selection using the chi-square method, are applied to refine the dataset. The transformer module then classifies the data as normal or abnormal, allowing for accurate identification of potential security breaches. To further safeguard the data and protect the privacy of users, a Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) method is employed. This advanced encryption enables the encryption of categorized normal data, ensuring its confidentiality even during transmission and storage. The study's findings support IoT-cloud server security and privacy by demonstrating the effectiveness of the suggested paradigm in identifying and thwarting network threats. With detection times of 225.3 seconds, an accuracy of 99.25%, a precision of 99.53%, a recall of 99.32%, and an F1 score of 99.59%, the proposed system exhibits impressive performance. Furthermore, as the output numbers increase, the system's metrics improve, suggesting its scalability and flexibility.
R. Maruthi, D. Piriadarshani, Sankar Padmanabhan, M. Shanthi
In networking applications, security and privacy is an important concern and it is an ongoing problem in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Many security mechanisms like biometrics, two factor authentications etc, were recommended for IoT device. Since Security is one of the important characteristics of Blockchain (BC) technology which is familiar for Bitcoin and Ethereum, it is applied in IoT for data protection and data privacy. In an organization, the IoT data is shared between the various personnel. IoT uses non standard computing devices to send and receive the data from the sensors and other devices. In such circumstances, it is to be verified to prevent any disputes or problems among the users of the organization. The proposed study investigates how blockchain technology provides security and transparency in IoT applications and also discusses the issues and challenges.
The popularity of blockchain technology has grown rapidly since Bitcoin was launched in 2009. Blockchain has a tremendous impact and a huge scope. The objective of this paper is to examine the relevant literature regarding the implementation of blockchain platforms in the healthcare industry. It also aims to address electronic health record management issues using blockchain platforms. This is because of their extraordinary capabilities such as shared ledgers, cryptography, trust systems, and contracts that govern business operations. In the digital world, this technology platform facilitates trusted exchanges. A tool called Hyperledger is enterprise-grade distributed ledger technology that enables secure data management and integrated sharing between patients, payers, and providers. It solves the problem of electronic medical records (EHR) for secure data management and integrated sharing between the patient, payer, and provider. As a result, the work is aligned with existing literature on the implementation and monitoring of electronic health records in hospitals. A summary of the research work and findings is presented to evaluate recent blockchain technology platforms. In this work, blockchain technology is used in conjunction with the Hyperledger platform. This allows us to certify information and secure data exchange between health organizations and application vendors. In the design, the workflow tracks the medical record of a patient from the moment he visits a physician to the time he has a diagnosis and treatment plan. The validation of this work is carried out by testing the efficacy and feasibility of blockchain architecture for health-related services. Furthermore, to establish the feasibility of implementing Blockchain in healthcare, the ratio of advantages to disadvantages of Blockchain in healthcare is conducted. The EHR systems strategies were evaluated, and their performance factors were considered in their design and implementation.
M. Harini, D. Dhinakaran, Darshan Prabhu, S. M. Udhaya Sankar · 6 authors
India’s agriculture industry is diversified and has the capacity to feed the second-largest population in the world. Despite of its significance the existing agriculture methodology suffers due to various issues like no proper supply chain management and the transparency in the data. Thus, blockchain Technology has greatly increased in popularity across a variety of industries due to its distinctive qualities of immutability, transparency, and security. The work is concerned with remarkable growth of the agriculture sector with the help of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology can assist in lowering the number of middlemen in the supply chain, which will lower transaction costs and boost farmer profit margins. Blockchain technology can also help reduce fraud, improve food safety and quality management, and guarantee fair prices for farmers. It involves the use of IOT sensors to generate data from the crops like climatic changes, soil moisture etc. The generated data is analyzed by using machine learning algorithms like image processing for crop disease prediction. The organized content is subsequently saved as a block in the blockchain ledger. A smart contract is made between the stakeholders involved which leads to the transparency of the transaction and this promotes a good growth in the supply chain management. It also makes it easy for the farmers to claim their insurance as each data is stored in an immutable and transparent ledger. Thus, the proposed methodology of combining blockchain with agriculture boost the efficiency and potential of the agriculture sector.
As medical technology advances, there is an increasing need for healthcare providers all over the world to securely share a growing volume of data. Blockchain is a powerful technology that allows multiple parties to securely access and share data. Given the enormous challenge that healthcare systems face in digitizing and sharing health records, it is not unexpected that many are attempting to improve healthcare processes by utilizing blockchain technology. By systematically examining articles published from 2017 to 2022, this review addresses the existing gap by methodically discussing the state, research trends, and challenges of blockchain in medical data exchange. The number of articles on this issue has increased, reflecting the growing importance and interest in blockchain research for medical data exchange. Recent blockchain-based medical data sharing advances include safe healthcare management systems, health data architectures, smart contract frameworks, and encryption approaches. The evaluation examines medical data encryption, blockchain networks, and how the Internet of Things (IoT) improves hospital workflows. The findings show that blockchain can improve patient care and healthcare services by securely sharing data.
Blockchain technology has revolutionized many industries and has great potential outside of finance. This paper explores blockchain's applications and challenges in agriculture, electricity, transportation, healthcare, and finance. Blockchain technology can track agricultural product origin, quality, and safety to improve supply chain transparency in agriculture. Blockchain can also reduce intermediaries, improve payment systems, and expand financing. Blockchain can enable decentralized electricity management, peer-to-peer energy transactions, and lower transaction costs. It could boost renewable energy integration, grid efficiency, and energy access for underserved communities. Blockchain technology can improve transportation supply chain visibility and reduce fraud by providing a shared, tamper-proof ledger to track goods and prevent unauthorized access. Blockchain can secure, interoperable, and improve patient privacy in healthcare. It could let patients share their health data with providers and researchers while protecting their privacy. Blockchain implementation is also tricky. Scalability, interoperability, compliance, and data privacy Blockchain solutions must handle large amounts of data, integrate with existing systems, comply with laws and regulations, and protect sensitive data. Further research and development are necessary to explore blockchain technology's possibilities in these fields fully.
K. Swetha, Courtney Shareef, G. Sreenivasulu, K. K. Baseer · 5 authors
The recent technological innovation, Blockchain system is used to store data in a way that makes it difficult or impossible to edit, hack, or steal the data. It is an important part of technology with a decentralized architecture, distributed database, and continuously expanding records. There are many other technologies that are used along in blockchain. After doing critical study on many documents and understanding the technologies used by various studies, its necessities, and the issues encountered by it while building their respective models. The purpose of this study is to examine various tools and technologies that can be used in blockchain. Around 200 research works have been collected and up to 40 research studies are filtered. Research studies are filtered based on various factors. Some research studies were excluded based on title, few were excluded based on abstract and titles. This study is categorized in terms of Blockchain using Ethereum, Electronic Health records, Smart Contracts and Health monitoring.
Blockchain is one of the trending technologies in today’s world. All other technologies like IoT, bigdata use blockchain in order to provide efficient process. The main aim of this project is to describe the importance of blockchain with the help of IoT application, platforms and framework. It is acted as distributed based technology which can gain more attention in today’s world. This project explains with different types of method like gateway process and sensor device. By overcoming the existing issues in blockchain, IoT may enable lots of security service that are all explain in detail. Different authors provide some usual information regarding the usage of blockchain in IoT that helps to understand the concept deeply. Blockchain gives better security options and privacy in IoT platform. With the help of all resource and information that are mention in existing process is developed and produce some extra immutable leger in this project [1].